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Judas Maccabreus.

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10 Mattathias being dead, Judas is made captain of the Jews in his stead. He vanquisheth Apollonius and Seron. Antiochus went into the east. Nicanor and Timotheus, two of his captains, vanquished by Judas.

11 Judas vanquisheth Lysias; recovers Jerusalem and the sanctuary; restores the daily worship; institutes the feast of the dedication, and fortifieth Bethsura against the Edomites.

17 149 1 Antiochus Epiphanes being dead in the east, is succeeded by Antiochus Eupator his son, under the tuition of Lysias. Judas vanquisheth the Edomites and Ammonites; overthrows and slays Timotheus, and relieves the Jews in Gilead.

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Ant. Eupator. Demetrius Soter.

2 Judas vanquisheth Lysias the second time, overthrows another Timotheus
in Gilead, and forceth Lysias, in his third expedition against him, to terms
of peace. Menelaus is slain, and Alcimus made high priest in his stead.
1 Demetrius returns from Rome; seizeth the kingdom of Syria, slays Eupator
and Lysias; sends first Bacchides, and after that Nicanor, against the
Jews.

2 Nicanor vanquished and slain by Judas, and all his army cut off to a man.
Bacchides, being sent to revenge this blow, slays Judas in battle, and
miserably oppresseth the Jews. Jonathan made their captain instead of
Judas.

3 Alcymus dying, Bacchides returns, and the Jews thereon enjoy peace for two

years.

4 Demetrius drives Ariarathes king of Cappadocia out of his kingdom, and makes Holophernes king in his stead. Eumenes king of Pergamus dies, and is succeeded by Attalus his brother.

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Bacchides came again into Judea; being worsted by Jonathan and Simon at the siege of Bethbasi, makes peace with the Jews, and returns.

6 Ariarathes is restored by Attalus, and Holophernes flees to Antioch.

7 Physcon obtains a decree from the senate of Rome against his brother.

8 By virtue whereof he lands with an army in Cyprus, is there vanquished and taken prisoner; but is restored to Libya and Cyrene by the kindness of his brother.

9 Demetrius giving himself wholly up to sloth and luxury, and neglecting the
government, loseth the affection of his people, whereon Alexander Balas,
an impostor, sets up against him.

10 He being owned by the Romans, lands at Ptolemais, and great numbers re-
volt to him. Jonathan declares for him, and is made high priest.
11 Demetrius, in the first conflict, gets the better of Alexander; but Alexander
having the kings of Pergamus, Cappadocia, and Egypt, on his side, is soon
again recruited by them.

12 Andriscus, another impostor, sets up in Macedon, pretending to be the son
of Perseus. The war is carried on in Syria between Demetrius and Alex-
ander.

1 Demetrius vanquished and slain in battle; whereon Alexander, being settled in the kingdom of Syria, marries Cleopatra, the daughter of king Ptolemy. 2 Onias, the son of Onias, builds a temple in Egypt like that at Jerusalein. A sedition at Alexandria between the Jews and the Samaritans.

3 Demetrius, the son of Demetrius, lands in Cilicia for the recovery of his father's kingdom. Apollonius, one of his generals, vanquished by Jonathan in Phoenicia.

4 Hipparchus of Nicæa in Bithynia, the famous astronomer, flourisheth.

5 Ptolemy comes to the assistance of Alexander, finding a plot laid for his life, is alienated from him, and joins with Demetrius. Alexander being vanquished, flees into Arabia, and is there slain, and Ptolemy dies of his wounds.

1 Physcon succeeds in Egypt, and reigns cruelly. Demetrius doth the same in Syria; the Antiochans mutiny against him, are quelled by three thousand Jews sent to Demetrius's assistance. Jonathan besiegeth the fortress at Jerusalem, but cannot take it.

2 Tryphon brings Antiochus the infant son of Alexander into Syria, and claims for him his father's crown. Multitudes revolt to him. Jonathan declares against Demetrius, and twice defeats his generals; is treacherously murdered by Tryphon.

3 Simon succeeds Jonathan. Tryphon having made away Antiochus, declares himself king. Simon defeats his designs upon Judea, and declaring for Demetrius, hath a grant from him of the sovereignty of Judea.

4 Simon takes the fortress of Jerusalem, utterly demolishes it, and digs down the hill on which it stood.

5 Demetrius goes into the east, and is there taken prisoner by the Parthians. The sovereignty of Judea confirmed to Simon and his posterity by the unanimous consent of all the people of the Jews in a general congregation met at Jerusalem.

4 140 4 6 1731 Queen Cleopatra, on Demetrius's being taken prisoner, sent to Antiochus

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Sidetes, the brother of the captive king, and offers to him herself in marriage, and the crown of Syria with her.

2 Antiochus accepting of the offer, lands in Syria, marries Cleopatra, and having vanquished Tryphon, takes him and puts him to death. Cendebæus is sent by him against Simon, and is vanquished by Judas and John, Simon's sons.

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Attalus, king of Pergamus, being dead, is succeeded by Attalus, the
son of his brother Eumenes. He was a monster of cruelty, and
Physcon continued to be the like monster in Egypt.
Antiochus Sidetes, with great wisdom and temper, restores the affairs
of Syria, and makes that kingdom again to flourish.
The Alexandrians, to avoid the cruelty of Physcon, most of them de-
sert the place. Whereon other inhabitants are invited to repeople
it. An embassy from Rome came thither to him at the same time.
Simon is basely murdered with two of his sons by Ptolemy his son-in-
law. John succeeds his father, and defeats the murderer of his de-
sign of usurping the government. Antiochus Sidetes besiegeth Jeru-
salem, and maketh peace with John. This John is called Hyrcanus.
Ambassadors from Antiochus Sidetes address themselves with presents
to Scipio Africanus, junior, being then at the siege of Numantium
which he puts into the public treasury.
Attalus, king of Pergamus, dies, and makes the people of Rome his

heirs.

Jesus, the son of Sirach, translates out of Hebrew into Greek the book called Ecclesiasticus, written by Jesus his grandfather.

Antiochus Sidetes marcheth into the east against the Parthians, and at first gets several victories over them.

Antiochus Sidetes is vanquished and slain in the east. Demetrius
Nicator returns and recovers his kingdom. John Hyrcanus shakes
off the Syrian yoke, and makes himself independent. Takes Se-
chem, and destroys the temple on Mount Gerizim. Physcon expelled
out of Egypt for his cruelty.

Hyrcanus conquers the Edomites, and makes them all embrace the
Jewish religion. Phrahates, king of Parthia, slain by the Scythians.
Ptolemy Physcon vanquishes the Egyptians, and recovers his kingdom.
Demetrius marcheth into Egypt, and besiegeth Pelusium. Hyrcanus
renews his league with the Romans.

Physcon sets up Alexander Zebina, an impostor, against Demetrius, to
claim the crown of Syria. Whereby Demetrius is recalled from the
siege of Pelusium to defend his own kingdom.

Demetrius, vanquished by Zebina in battle, flees to Tyre, and is there slain. Zebina thereon becomes king of Syria.

A great plague in Libya, Cyrene, and adjacent countries, caused by a multitude of locusts.

Seleucus, the eldest son of Demetrius, succeeding his father, is slain
by Cleopatra his own mother. Mithridates Eupator succeeds Mith-
ridates Euergetes in the kingdom of Pontus.

Antiochus Grypus, second son of Demetrius, is set up to be king of
Syria against Zebina.

Antiochus Grypus vanquisheth Zebina, and recovers all Syria. Zebina
taken in his flight and slain.

In this year was made the famous Opimian wine.

Cleopatra, preparing poison for her son Grypus, was forced to drink it herself, and so died.

Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt, dies. Ptolemy Lathyrus succeeds, in conjunction with Cleopatra his mother in Egypt and Cyprus; and Apion, a bastard son, in Libya and Cyrene

10 1 Antiochus Cyzicenus, son of Antiochus Sidetes, by Cleopatra, and half-brother of Grypus, seizeth part of the Syrian kingdom.

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Ptolemy Lathyrus sive Soter.

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Grypus gets a victory against Cyzicenus. Alexander, the second
son of Physcon, made king of Cyprus, by Cleopatra his mother.
Cyzicenus having recruited his army, fights another battle with
Grypus, and gains the victory. Grypus flees out of the kingdom to
Aspendus.

202 13

Antiochus Cyzicenus.

4 Grypus returned from Aspendus, and recovered part of his former dominions; henceforth Grypus reigned at Antioch, and Cyzicenus at Damascus.

203 14 5 Aristobulus and Antigonus, sons of Hyrcanus, besiege Samaria. Cy. zicenus, coming to its relief, is vanquished by the two brothers.

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6 Cyzicenus, having received six thousand auxiliaries from Egypt, again attempts the relief of Samaria, but without success. Samaria is

taken and demolished: hereon Hyrcanus makes himself master of all Judea, Samaria, and Galilee.

7 Hyrcanus breaks with the Pharisees, and goes over to the sect of the Sadducees.

8 Hyrcanus dies, and is succeeded by Aristobulus his eldest son, who first of his family wore the diadem, and took the name of king. Lathyrus expelled Egypt, reigns in Cyprus, and Alexander in Egypt.

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9 Aristobulus conquers Ituræa, slays his brother Antigonus, dies, and is succeeded by Alexander Jannæus his brother. Pompey and Cicero born at Rome.

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10 Alexander Jannæus besiegeth Ptolemais. Lathyrus passing from Cy.
prus into Palestine with an army, forceth him to raise the siege.
11 Alexander Jannæus, vanquished by Lathyrus, lost most of his army in
the defeat, and is brought to great distress; calls in Cleopatra, queen
of Egypt, to his assistance.
12 Cleopatra comes with a fleet and army into Palestine against Lathy
rus her son, besiegeth Ptolemais. Lathyrus invades Egypt, ex-
pecting to make himself master of it in his mother's absence in Pa-
lestine.
13 Lathyrus is beaten out of Egypt. Cleopa'ra takes Ptolemais. Jan.
næus there waits on her. After this, passing over Jordan, he lays
siege to Gadura.
14 Ptolemy Lathyrus returns into Cyprus, and Cleopatra into Egypt.
Grypus marrying Celene the daughter of Cleopatra, and receiving
great sums of money with her, renews his war with Cyzicenus.
Jannæus takes Gadara and Damathus, but is defeated by Theodorus.
15 Jannæus takes Raphia and Anthedon, and blocks up Gaza.

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Seleucus.

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17 Jannæus besiegeth Gaza, which is vigorously defended.

18 Jannæus takes Gaza, puts the inhabitants to the sword, and razeth the place to the ground. Grypus treacherously murdered by one of his own domestics, is succeeded by Seleucus his eldest son.

19 Ptolemy Apion, king of Lybia and Cyrene, dies, and leaves the Roman people his heirs. Cyzicenus, on the death of Grypus, seizeth Antioch. Seleucus makes head against him.

20 Tigranes begins to reign in Armenia. The Jews mutiny against Alexander Jannæus in the temple at the feast of tabernacles, where on he slew of them six thousand persons.

21 Janneus made the inhabitants of Gilead and the land of Moab to become subject to him. Seleucus having vanquished Cyzicenus, took him prisoner, and put him to death.

1 Antiochus Eusebes, the son of Cyzicenus, vanquisheth Seleucus, and forceth him to flee to Mopsuestia, where he is slain. Philip his brother succeeds him, is vanquished by Eusebes at the River Orontes, but again recruits.

2 Eusebes marries Selene the widow of Grypus, is vanquished by Philip, and flees into Parthia. Demetrius, a fourth son of Grypus, seizeth Damascus. Jannæus vanquished by Obodas, an Arabian king, with the loss of almost all his army. 21 Hereby the Jews, being encouraged to rebel, begun a war against him, which lasted six years. Mithridates begun those hostilities upon the allies of the Romans, which produced the Mithridatic war.

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Demetrius Eucharus,

Antiochus Dionysius.

2 Mithridates marries his daughter Cleopatra to Tigranes king of Armenia; whereon Mithridates draws him into confederacy against the Romans, and seizes Cappadocia and Bithynia.

3 Mithridates vanquisheth three Roman armies, and seizeth all Lesser Asia. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, murdered by Alexander her son; whereon Lathyrus is recalled. The Jews, by the help of Demetrius Eucherus, vanquish Alexander.

4 Demetrius being vanquished by his brother Philip, and sent captive into Parthia, Alexander recovers strength against the Jews. Mithridates passeth his army into Greece, there to make war against the Romans.

1 Demetrius Eucharus dies in Parthia. Eusebes returns into Syria, and again recovers some part of that country. Antiochus Dionysius, the youngest son of Grypus, seizeth Damascus. Alexander Jannæus gains a decisive victory over his rebel subjects.

2 Alexander Jannæus having taken Bethome, in which the remains of the rebel party were shut up, crucifies eight hundred of them, and thereby puts an end to that war. Sylla, the Roman general, gets three victories over the forces of Mithridates, and drives them out of Greece.

3 Mithridates forced to make peace with the Romans on their own terms, and Sylla thereon returns to Italy. Philip takes Damascus. Dionysius again recovers it, but is afterward slain in Arabia, and Aretas king of Arabia Petræa is made king of Damascus. He van. quisheth Jannæus in battle, but afterward gives him peace.

VOL. II.-55

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Tigranes.

9 Alexander Jannæus recovers many places that had revolted from him dur
ing his war with the rebels, and much enlargeth the borders of his king-
dom. After Sylla's departure, Murena, whom he left in the government
of the Proper Asia, begins war again with Mithridates.

34 230 1 The Syrians, weary of the wars caused among them by the Seleucidæ, ex-
pelled them all, and chose Tigranes, king of Armenia, to be their king.
Eusebes fleeth into Cilicia. But Celene, his wife, still holds Ptolemais,
and some other parts thereabout. Alexander Jannæus takes Gaulana,
and other places beyond Jordan.
2 Alexander Jannæus still carries on his conquests beyond Jordan; and, after
having been absent three years from Jerusalem on these wars, returns
thither with triumph. After this, giving himself up to luxury and drunk-
enness, he contracts a quartan ague, which he could never get rid of
3 Ptolemy Lathyrus having reduced Thebes in the Upper Egypt, which had
rebelled against him, dies, after having reigned thirty-six years. Ptolemy,
a bastard son, succeeds him in Cyprus, and Berenice, his only legitimate
child, in Egypt.

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4 Alexander, the son of that Alexander who slew his mother, marries Berenice, and in her right becomes king of Egypt; but a few days after slew her, and reigned as in his own right fifteen years.

5 Alexander Jannæus, after having been afflicted with a quartan ague three years, dies of it, and is succeeded by Alexandra, his wife, who reconciles the Pharisees to her, and by that means reigns peaceably to the end of her life.

6 Alexandra being settled on the throne, makes Hyrcanus her eldest son high priest, and puts the ministration of the government in the hands of the Pharisees. Tigranes, having built Tigranocerta, depopulates many cities in Lesser Asia, Assyria, and other circumjacent countries, by carrying the inhabitants thence to people it.

7 The Pharisees having gotten the management of all affairs under Queen Alexandra, grievously oppressed all that were of the party opposite to them.

8 Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, dying, leaves the Romans his heirs, who thereon reduce that kingdom into the form of a province under them; and at this time do the same with Libya and Cyrene, formerly left them in the same manner by Ptolemy Apion, the last king of those countries

9 Mithridates seizeth Paphlagonia, and draws the other provinces of Leaser Asia into revolt from the Romans, whereon began the third Mithridatic

war.

10 M. Cotta and L. Lucullus are sent against Mithridates. Cotta bad Bithy-
nia, and Lucullus Proper Asia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia, assigned them for
their provinces. Cotta begins the war unfortunately, being beaten with
great loss both at sea and land.
11 Whereon Mithridates besiegeth Cyzicus. Lucullus forceth him to raise the
siege with the loss of the greatest part of his army. Selene sent her two
sons, which she had by Antiochus Eusebes, to Rome, to claim the king.
dom of Egypt in her right.

12 The Jews which were of the party of Alexander, are placed in the forts and
garrisons, there to be secured from the oppressions and cruelty of the
Pharisees. Herod the Great is born. Mithridates, after the raising the
siege of Cyzicus, flees into Pontus, and his forces which he left behind on
the Asian coast are vanquished by Lucullus both by sea and land. Lucul-
lus pursues Mithridates into Pontus, and besiegeth Amisus.

13 Lucullus vanquisheth Mithridates, and forceth him to flee out of Pontus into Armenia. Aristobulus being sent by his mother against Ptolemy, prince of Chalcis, seizeth Damascus.

14 Selene enlarging herself in Syria, Tigranes comes with an army against her, shuts her up in Ptolemais, and having there taken her prisoner, puts her to death. Lucullus declares war against Tigranes, takes Synope and Amisus, and marcheth into Armenia. Alexandra, queen of Judea, dies. Hyrcanus her eldest son seizing the crown, is forced to quit it, after three months, to Aristobulas, his younger brother.

15 Lucullus vanquisheth Tigranes in Armenia, and takes Tigranocerta, but neglecting to pursue the advantage of it, lost the opportunity of ending the war, which displeased the Romans, and lost his interest with them both in the camp and city.

16 Tigranes, with the assistance of Mithridates, gets another army into the field, and is again beaten by Lucullus, whereon Lucullus would have marched to Artaxata, the metropolis of Arminia, but being hindered by his soldiers refusing to follow him so far north, he marched back, and passing Mount Taurus, winters at Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, where his army mu tiny against him.

17 Of which Mithridates taking the advantage, recovers several places in Pontus, and distresseth the Romans, left there to keep the country; whereon Lucullus with difficulty prevails with his mutinous army to march to their relief, but before their arrival, Triarins was beaten with the loss of seven thousand men. After this, Lucullus's army would no more obey him.

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18 Pompey sent from Rome to succeed Lucullus, receiveth from him the army,
and Lucullus returns home enriched with great spoils. Pompey makes
alliances with Phrahates, king of Parthia. Vanquisheth Mithridates, and
forceth him to flee into Scythia. Whereon marching into Armenia, he
forceth Tigranes to submit to him, and thereon gives him peace.
Pompey conquers the Iberians, the Albanians, and the Colchians: in the
interim Mithridates flees into his kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosphorus,
where Pompey, not being able to follow him, marcheth into Syria, and
reduceth it to the form of a Roman province. The Egyptians, having ex-
pelled Alexander, make Auletes their king. Hyrcanus renews the war
upon Aristobulus for the crown of Judea. Pompey winters in Pontus, and
there sets out a fleet against Mithridates.

On his return into Syria in the ensuing spring, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus,
each by their agents, apply to him for assistance. He orders them to ap-
pear personally before him for his taking cognizance of their cause; and
returns again into Pontus to provide against the designs of Mithridates,
who was making great preparations in Bosphorus for a new war. But
while he was eagerly labouring herein, his army revolt, make Pharnaces
his son king, and the old king is forced to kill himself to make room for
him to ascend his throne.

On Pompey's coming to Damascus, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appear before him, each to make good their pretensions. Pompey promiseth to come to Jerusalem, there to decide the matter. Aristobulus, suspecting sentence would go against him, provides for war; whereon Pompey enters Judea, makes Aristobulus his prisoner, takes Jerusalem, and restores Hyrcanus; returns into Pontus, and makes peace with Pharnaces. Augustus Cæsar

is born.

Scaurus being made the first president of Syria, invades Arabia Petræa. By
the means of Antipater, peace is made between him and Aretas, the king
of that country. Pompey having wintered at Ephesus, returns to Rome
in the spring. Marcius Philippus is made president of Syria.
Pompey celebrates a very splendid and glorious triumph at Rome for his
victorious finishing the Mithridatic war. He chose for it his birth-day,
being then forty-five years old.

Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Cæsar, confederate together for the supporting
of each other, and the dividing of the Roman empire between them. Dio-
dorus Siculus the famous Greek historian flourisheth. Lentulus Marcel-
linus succeeds Marcius Philippus in the presidency of Syria.
Julius Cæsar, being consul, procures a decree of the people for his having
Illyrium and both the Gauls for his province, to govern it as proconsul
for five years, which was the foundation whereon he built all his future
power and grandeur.

Gabinius, being consul this year, obtains Syria for his province. Cato is
sent to drive Ptolemy out of Cyprus, and to take the confiscation of all his
goods. The Egyptians expel Auletes their king, and make Berenice, his
daughter, queen. Cicero is banished Rome and Italy.

Berenice, queen of Egypt, marries Seleucus Cybiosactes, the last of the Seleucian family; but, disliking him for his ill behaviour, puts him to death, and marries Archelaus, high priest of Comana in Pontus. Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, and after him Aristobulus himself, having made their escape from the Roman fetters, each in their turn raise new troubles in Judea. Gabinius vanquisheth them both, and sets up a new form of government in the land.

Orodes, having murdered Phrahates his father, succeeds him in the king.
dom of Parthia. Gabinius having undertaken to restore Auletes to his
kingdom of Egypt, marcheth his army that way. Antony, one of bis
lieutenants, being sent before him, takes Pelusium. Cicero is recalled
from his banishment.

Gabinius, on having notice hereof, enters Egypt with all his forces; van-
quisheth and slays Archelaus in battle, and restores Auletes. On his re-
turn, he suppresseth Alexander, who had raised new troubles in Judea
during his absence in Egypt. Crassus, being consul, obtains the province
of Syria for five years, and resolves on a war with the Parthians.
Gabinius, on his return to Rome, is there for his maleadministrations in his
province, condemned and banished. Crassus, on his coming into Syria,
plunders the temple of Jerusalem, passeth the Euphrates, to make war
upon the Parthians, and gains several advantages over them, placeth gar-
risons in several places in Mesopotamia, and then brings back the rest of
his army into Syria, and there puts them into winter-quarters.
Crassus again passeth the Euphrates to carry on his war against the Par
thians, is vanquished and slain by them in a great battle, with the loss
of twenty thousand men slain, and ten thousand taken prisoners. Cassius
his questor escapes, gathers together the remains of his broken army, and
with them defends the province.

Cassius defeats an army of the Parthians that invaded Syria, marches into
Judea, takes Terachea, forceth Alexander to terms of peace, and sup.
presseth the faction of Aristobulus in that country.

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