CLASS II.-Drugs Used Externally for Action on the Skin.

(a) To allay irritation.-Bland oils (almond oil, cocoa butter, olive oil, petroleum oils, wool fat); boroglycerin; glycerin; dry powders (bismuth preparations, boric acid, lycopodium, starch, talcum, zinc oxide, zinc stearate).

(b) To

cause hyperemia

(counterirritation).—Alcohol; ammonia; capsicum preparations; tincture of iodine; liniments; mustard preparations; turpentine; volatile oils (especially oil of wintergreen (natural or artificial, methyl salicylate), oil of peppermint, etc.).

(c) To blister.-Cantharides preparations.

(d) To destroy tissue (escharotics).-Carbon dioxide snow; chromium trioxide; glacial acetic acid; nitric acid; potassium hydroxide; salicylic acid; silver nitrate; trichloracetic acid.

CLASS III.-Drugs Used for Action on Mucous Membranes. (a) To allay irritation.-Barley water; egg albumin; flaxseed infusion; milk; starch water; slippery elm infusion; sodium chloride (.9 per cent.) solution.

(b) To inhibit secretion (astringents).-Bismuth salts; silver (weak) solutions; tannic acid.

(c) To stimulate.-Copper salts; silver salts; zinc salts. CLASS IV. Drugs Used for Local Action in the Stomach. (a) To increase the appetite.-Cinchona, gentian, and nux vomica, liquid preparations.

(b) To aid digestion.-Diastase; hydrochloric acid (dilute); pancreatin (under certain conditions); pepsin.

(c) To reduce acidity (antacids).-Ammonia preparations; chalk; lime water; magnesia preparations; sodium bicarbonate. (d) To relieve irritation.-Bismuth preparations; milk of magnesia; demulcents.

(e) To cause vomiting (emetics).—A pomorphine (acting on the vomiting center); copper sulphate; ipecac; mustard; zinc sulphate.

CLASS V.-Drugs Used for Local Action in the Intestinal Canal.

(a) To increase peristalsis (carminatives).—Asafetida; capsicum; ginger; peppermint; all spices.

(b) To cause evacuation of the bowels (cathartics).—These may be well sub-classed as:

Laxatives; agar: aloes (aloin); cascara sagrada; fel bovis; licorice (compound powder); magnesia; petroleum oil; podophyllum; rhubarb; phenolphthalein; senna; sulphur.

Purgatives: calomel; castor oil; large doses of any laxative. Saline purgatives; magnesium citrate; magnesium sulphate; potassium and sodium tartrate; Seidlitz powder (compound effervescing powder); sodium phosphate; sodium sulphate.

Irritant purgatives: colocynth; croton oil; elaterium; jalap (c) To diminish intestinal putrefaction.—Betanaphthol; lactic acid bacilli (Bulgarian bacilli); salol; sugar of milk; yeast.

(d) To remove parasites (anthelmintics).-Aspidium; betanaphthol; emetine; pelletierine tannate; pumpkin seed; quassia; santonin; spigelia; thymol; wormseed oil.

SECOND DIVISION

FOR SYSTEMIC ACTION

CLASS 1.-Drugs Administered Internally for Their Action on the Skin.

(a) To stimulate the activity of the skin.-Arsenic; thyroid.

(b) To increase perspiration (diaphoretics).—Alcohol; antipyrine; pilocarpine.

(c) To decrease perspiration.-Atropine.

CLASS II.-Drugs Used for Their Action on the Genitourinary System.

(a) To increase the amount of urine.-Buchu; caffeine; digitalis; scoparius; squill; theobromine sodio-salicylate.

(b) To render the urine alkaline.-Potassium citrate; sodium bicarbonate; sodium citrate.

(c) To render the urine acid.-Hydrochloric (dilute) acid; acid sodium phosphate.

(d) To prevent the growth of bacteria in the kidneys and bladder.-Hexamethylenamine; methylene blue; salol.

(e) To stimulate the mucous membranes.-Oil of santal.

(f) To increase menstruation (emmenagogues).-Corpus

luteum; iron, manganese dioxide (precipitated); ovarian extract, thyroid extract.

(g) To contract the uterus (oxytocics).—Ergot; hydrastinine; mammary extract; quinine; pituitary extract.

CLASS III.-Drugs Used for Action on the Respiratory Tract.

(a) To increase the secretion of the mucous membranes (expectorants).—Ammonium chloride (small doses); ipecac;

iodides.

(b) To decrease the secretion of mucous membranes.Ammonium chloride (large doses); atropine; codeine; morphine; ter pin hydrate; various balsam and aromatic oil inhalants.

(c) To relax spasm.-Atropine; bromides; chloral; morphine; nitroglycerin; stramonium; suprarenal preparations (in some conditions).

CLASS IV. Drugs Used for Action on the Circulation.

(a) To accelerate the heart.-Atropine; camphor; caffeine; strychnine.

(b) To depress the heart.-Aconite; coal-tar drugs veratrum viride.

(c) To strengthen the heart.-Caffeine; digitalis; strophanthin; strychnine; pituitary extracts.

(d) To contract the blood-vessels (vaso-constrictors).— Atropine; caffeine; ergot; pituitary extracts; suprarenal

extracts.

(e) To dilate the blood-vessels (vaso-dilators).-Alcohol; nitrites.

CLASS V. Drugs Used for Action on the Central Nervous System.

(a) To stimulate the brain and spinal cord.-Atropine; caffeine; camphor; strychnine; thyroid.

(b) To depress the brain and spinal cord.-Acetanilid; antipyrine; aspirin; bromides; chloral; gelsemium; opium and its alkaloids; phenacetin.

(c) To stop acute pain (analgesics).—Opium and its alkaloids; chloroform; ether.

(d) To cause sleep (hypnotics).—Bromides; chloral; paraldehyde; scopolamine; sulphonal; veronal (barbital).

(e) To cause general anesthesia.-Chloroform; ether; nitrous oxide gas.

(f) To cause local anesthesia.-Cocaine; ethyl chloride; ice; menthol; phenol; procaine (novocaine).

CLASS VI.-Drugs Used to Lower the Temperature of the Body
(antipyretics).-Acetanilid; antipyrine; cold; phenacetin.
CLASS VII.-Drugs and Preparations that are Specific.
Antidiphtheritic serum in diphtheria.
Antitetanic serum in tetanus.

Antimeningococcic serum in meningococcic meningitis.
Arsphenamine and mercury in syphilis.

Calcium in tetany.

Oranges and lemons in scurvy.

Quinine in malarial fevers.

Serum in bleeding.

Thyroid extract in cretinism and myxedema.

CLASS VIII.-Drugs Used as Specifics.

Colchicum in acute gout.

Salicylic acid in acute rheumatism.

CLASS IX.-Drugs Used to Modify Metabolism.

Arsenic to stimulate metabolism.

Alkalies to combat hyperacidity.

Calcium to promote bone nutrition.

Iodides to modify sclerosis.

Iron to combat anemia.

Phenylcinchoninic acid (cinchophen, atophan) to increase the excretion of uric acid.

ACTION AND USES OF VALUABLE DRUGS

Under this section only the most important drugs are briefly described. All other drugs named in the classification and many not named will be found tersely mentioned and commented upon in Part II, the section on the United States Pharmacopoeial drugs and preparations.

In describing the important drugs in this section it is aimed to give briefly the positive activity of each useful drug; to describe its over-action; to suggest the treatment of poisoning from it; to recommend its use in certain conditions; and to state how it is

best administered. Detailed pharmacology of, and long essays on, these drugs and on those not here described may be found in all good textbooks on materia medica and pharmacology.

FIRST DIVISION

CLASS I

DRUGS USED TO DESTROY MICROÖRGANISMS
DISINFECTION

The relation to each other of the terms "disinfectants" and "antiseptics" has been much discussed. A disinfectant to be such must be able to kill germs, i.e., be a germicide. An antiseptic may prevent germs from growing, and still not be a germicide.

Fumigation is terminal disinfection, i.e., disinfection of buildings, rooms, household furnishings, beds, and clothing. Fumigation to be efficient must kill all live creatures, including rats, mice, flies, mosquitoes, fleas, lice, bed-bugs, and bacteria. The value of and the method of using a given disinfectant depend on the object for which it is to be used. In other words, it is obvious that an efficient disinfectant for a room or for clothing may not be a suitable disinfectant for the hands or for

excreta.

If disinfective measures are properly carried out at the bedside of a patient who has a contagious disease, infection of others will rarely occur, and the necessity for terminal disinfection becomes more or less unnecessary, depending, of course, upon the disease.

The first object of a physician who is called to care for a contagious disease is to circumscribe the contagium. Toward this end he sends the patient to a contagious disease hospital, if possible. If this is not feasible, or the disease does not require that sort of isolation, he selects for the patient the most suitable room in the house, or tenement, one that is light, airy, remote, and as closely associated with a bathroom as possible. He removes unnecessary furniture and furnishings, and selects a trained nurse, or instructs the mother or some other member of the family, as to the care for the patient. He then endeavors to