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curly or wavy hair, and the Mongolians and Americans have straight hair.

According to this grouping the main races of man would be classified as follows:

ULOTRICHI:-Frizzly black hair, black skin, essentially dolichocephalic.

The Negroes, Bantus, Bushmen, and Negrilloes of Africa. The Negritoes of Asia and the Melanesians of the West Pacific.

CYMOTRICHI :-Wavy hair of all shades, skin colour white to black, dolicho-, mesati-, and brachycephalic.

The Xanthochroi (or fair" whites") of North Europe, and the Melanochroi (or dark "whites") of South Europe, with the Semites, Hamites, Dravidians, Australians, Ainus, and possibly the Polynesians.

LEIOTRICHI :-Straight black hair, skin colour yellowish to brown, essentially brachycephalic.

Most of the inhabitants of Asia (excluding India, Persia, etc.) and the American Indians.

Asia thus possesses several very primitive stocks. The Andamanese, stated by Flower to be the scarcely modified descendants of an extremely ancient race, the ancestors of all the Negroid tribes. The Veddahs are claimed by the Sarasins to be one of the primitive types of humanity; during its evolution this primitive type was transformed in one direction in India into the Dravidian type without the as

the new name gives expression to the fact that these people are characterised by possessing full beards, a feature that is well marked in the Ainu, Australian, and Dravidian. It is certainly a misnomer to call the black Australians and Dravidians members of the white" race. Lucy M. J. Garnett and J. S. Stuart-Glennie, Greek Folk Poesy, i., 1896, p. 14a.

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sistance of mixture; whilst in the other direction it gave rise to the Australian type. The Mongolian type, which arose and specialised in the heart of the continent, is universally regarded as the characteristic Asiatic race. As Mongolic tribes have, at various periods, made inroads into Europe, so fair and dark European peoples have, from time to time, invaded and colonised Asia.

A few remarks must be made on the important question of racial uniformity. Sir William Flower has expressed the opinion that there are few people whose physical characters offer a more interesting subject of investigation to the anthropologist than the native inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. Purity of type, due to freedom from mixture with all other races for an extremely long period, owing to their isolated position and their inveterate hostility to all intruders on their shores, and exemplified in their uniformity of physical characteristics, is to be found among them, perhaps in a more complete degree than in any other group of mankind. That a certain admixture from other races, occasioned by intentional visits, or accidental wrecking of vessels on their coasts, and absorption of some portion of foreign element thus derived into the native population may have taken place from time to time, cannot be denied, but it is questionable whether this has been sufficient to affect materially the physical characters of the majority. The most recent and carefully-made observations, especially when supported by osteological and photographic evidence, tend to confirm the view that a striking uniformity of type is prevalent among the Andamanese. Some travellers and even residents have, however, remarked on differences of type. Flower speaks of the "wonderful similarity" of a large series of crania that were before him; " the skeleton of the face of the Andamanese is even more characteristic and uniform in appearance than that of the cranium.”

The same fact has been noticed in other places, and for various peoples where isolation has occurred. We may therefore take it for granted that there is a considerable permanence of type under certain conditions. On the other hand all biologists admit that evolution has and does occur wherever there is life, but the process is extremely variable in its rate, nor can its direction be predicated. There are numerous examples in palæontology and zoölogy of a persistence of type that is simply astounding.

What applies to lower forms of life must hold good for man, but the problem is complicated by the presence of other factors. An isolated group of organisms in a uniform environment is much less liable to modification, that is, to evolution, than one which is subjected to varying conditions of existence.

The purer, that is, the more uniform, the group, the less will be the tendency to vary.

A combination of a pure group, or of a homogeneous mixture, and of an isolated area with uniform conditions is certainly conducive to fixity of type. The converse is conducive to variability of type and therefore to evolution. The Mincopies and the Andaman Islands may be taken as a good example of the former condition, and the British and the British Isles of the latter.

The cranial indices of a few European peoples have been arranged in the following table:

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Even a slight scrutiny will show that the distribution of the cranial indices in modern Europe is not so casual as it appears at first sight.

I. In the extreme north the Lapps and the Finns are brachycephalic.

2. North Europe, including the British Islands, Holland, North Germany, and Scandinavia, is mesaticephalic, but inclining to dolichocephaly.

3. Central Europe, stretching from Central France through Switzerland and North Italy, Southern Germany, and into the Balkan Peninsula, is brachycephalic.

4. Southern Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, Southern Italy, the Western Mediterranean Islands, and the northern shores of Africa, is dolichocephalic, with a tendency to mesaticephaly.

We can thus broadly distinguish four zones of cranial indices which may also be correlated with other physical characters.

1. The Northern Brachycephals are short and dark. 2. The Northern Dolichocephals and Mesaticephals are tall and fair.

3. The Central Brachycephals are short and dark.
4. The Southern Dolichocephals are short and dark.

We may now take a very brief survey of the main conclusions, which Dr. Beddoe has arrived at after many years of careful study of European craniology, concerning the history of the cranial index in the British Islands.

What paleolithic man was like, who roamed in the ancient river valleys along with the mammoth and other extinct animals, we have no positive information, but a gradually increasing amount of evidence tends to the conclusion that he belonged to the race of which the well-known crania of Neanderthal, Spy, Galley Hill, etc., are examples. There is no reason to believe that he became extinct. Beddoe believes that the posterity of these makers of rudely chipped flint implements still survive in these islands. After considerable changes in the physical geography of our islands, and the disappearance of the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, and other ancient forms, a new race of men appeared in Britain who made finely chipped implements, many of which were beautifully polished; they, too, knew how to make pottery and had domestic animals. The men of the Neolithic Age had long skulls, and they buried their dead in long barrows. This race resembled that which is now known under the name of Baumes-Chaudes or l'HommeMort, from the sepulchral caverns in the Department of Lozère. The average cranial index of this race is 72; the average of the Long Barrow race is also about 72. Traces of these people have been found from the north of Scotland to the south of England, but we are not authorised to state that this race was spread throughout the whole of Great

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