guished as much by shade as by colour-light, intermediate, and dark.

1. To the first class are assigned all blue, bluish-grey, and light grey eyes.

2. To the second or medium class belong dark grey, brownish grey, very light hazel or yellow, hazel-grey, formed by streaks of orange radiating into a bluish-grey field, and most shades of green, together with all the eyes whose colour is uncertain after an ordinarily close inspection.

3. To the third class are allocated the so-called black eyes, and those usually called brown and dark hazel.

The hair colours are classed according to the same observer into groups, which he distinguishes by the following initials, R., F., B., D., N.

Class R. (red) includes all shades which approach more nearly to red than to brown, yellow, or flaxen.

Class F. (fair) includes flaxen, yellow, golden, some of the lightest shades of our brown, and some pale auburns, in which the red hue is not very conspicuous.

Class B. (brown) includes numerous shades of brown. Class D. (dark) includes the deeper shades of brown up to black.

Class N. (niger) includes not only the jet black, which has retained the same colour from childhood, and is generally very coarse and hard, but also that very intense brown which occurs to people who in childhood have had dark brown (or in some cases deep red) hair, but which in the adult cannot be distinguished from coal black, except in a good light.

The card adopted by Beddoe will be found to be very practical. It may be made of any size, but it is convenient to have it about 3 inches long by 14 inches broad, so that it may be held in the palm of the hand and carried in the waistcoat pocket.

RFBDNRF BDNR FBDN

RFBDNRF

The card is ruled into three main divisions corresponding to the groups of eye-colours-light, medium, dark. Each of these is again subdivided into columns for the five classes of hair: red, fair, brown, dark, and black. Lastly, the card is divided horizontally through the centre, the upper being reserved for statistics of men, and the lower for those of

women.

A second card should be similarly used for children. Those about the age of eighteen and over may be classed as adults.

The locality, date, name of observer, and other details, such as the particular occasion, may be written on the back, but it is convenient to leave a blank space on the face for the insertion of the name of the locality. Further suggestions for the employment of these cards will be found at the end of the book in the chapter devoted to practical observations in the field.

A ready means for comparing the colours of different peoples is obtained by the Index of Nigrescence,' which Beddoe has introduced.

"The gross index is gotten by subtracting the number of red and fair-haired persons from that of the dark-haired, together with twice the black-haired. The black is doubled, in order to

1 Races of Britain, p. 5.

give its proper value to the greater tendency to melanosity shown thereby; while brown [chestnut] hair is regarded as neutral, though in truth most of the persons placed in B are fair-skinned, and approach more nearly in aspect to the xanthous [light] than to the melanous [dark] variety."

The formula is:

D2NRF Index.

=

From the gross index the net, or percentage index, is of course readily obtained.

It is evident that the light colours range below and the dark above zero, and that the fairer the population the greater will be the minus quantity.

The index for the eyes is obtained by subtracting the light from the dark and neglecting the neutral shades, thus:

Dr. Collignon adopts another plan: he reduces all his figures to percentages; then for any given district he adds the light hair and the light eyes together, and does the same with the dark hair and eyes, dividing each total by two. Lastly, he constructs maps to show the relative excess of one total over the other.

In that mine of information, The Races of Britain,' Beddoe has published a series of maps, which he has constructed from statistics based upon about 13,800 entries in the Hue and Cry, relating to deserters from the army, and to a much smaller extent, deserters from the navy and absentees from militia drill. Through the kindness of my friend I am able to reproduce three of these maps, which set forth the broad features of the distribution of the hair- and eye-colours of the male population of England. Dr. Beddoe has made, in addition, a vast number of observations of this class, and

1 P. 143, et seq.

he finds that his data coincide very fairly well with the military statistics. The personal investigations of Beddoe

Map Showing the Distribution of the Index of Nigrescence in England, Based upon Military Schedules; after Beddoe.

afford a more accurate and minute means of analysis, and they bring out a number of very suggestive facts that are lost in the synthetic maps based on the military schedules.

The maps based on the military schedules accord with. ethnological history in exhibiting a large proportion of lightcoloured hair in the regions most subject to invasion and colonisation and of dark-coloured hair in the far west.

Taking the four kingdoms, their order from light to dark is as follows:

Connaught (with 70.6 per cent.) ranks second to Ulster (with 73.4 per cent.) as to lightness of eyes, and has more dark hair than any province of Ireland or of Great Britain except Argyle. This is in agreement with the feature that strikes travellers in the west of Ireland, the preponderance of dark brown hair combined with grey or blue-grey eyes.'

In England most of the "mixed brown type," as it is called that is, brown, hazel, or "black" eyes, with brown (chestnut), dark brown, or black hair-occurs in Dorset, Wilts, Cornwall, Gloucestershire, the Welsh Marches, South Wales, Bucks, and Herts.

For the sake of clearness I will take a few counties of England only, and give the conclusions to which Dr. Beddoe has arrived from his studies of their ethnography.

"Lincolnshire, for example, is supposed to be a particularly Teutonic county. Whether Lindum Colonia was destroyed by

Cf. a paper recently published by Dr. Beddoe On Complexional Difference between the Irish with Indigenous and Exotic Surnames."― Journ Anth. 1. st., xxvii., 1897, p. 164.