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56. Agitabilis, 'light,' 'fluid.' After aër supply cepit.

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Sanctius, &c., An animal more holy than these, and more capable of a lofty mind, was wanting as yet, and (one) that might rule over the rest.'

Plurimum poterat, 'possessed very great power.'

Duxerat in matrimonium,
had led into marriage').

he had married' (literally, 'he

Singuli carri ducerentur, 'waggons could be (literally, 'would be') drawn one by one.' Mons-impendebat, Moreover the highest part of the mountain overhung (the way)'; ut, 'so that' (introducing Adverb-Sentence of consequence); prohibere, to prevent (their march).'

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Pastæ monte, 'that feed on the hills' (literally, 'having fed on the hills ').

57. Et legibus et institutis, 'by both law and custom.' Non possunt sustineri, 'cannot be discharged.'

Impius-habebit, 'Shall the wicked soldier possess these so
(well) cultivated new-ploughed lands?' Barbarus-after
this supply habebit. En quo, &c., See to what a point
discord has brought the wretched citizens !
(then) that we have sown our lands!'

It is for these

Equidem (= ego quidem), 'I, indeed'; 'I, for my part'; efferor, am transported." Eos convenire, 'to meet with

those.'

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Tua rura manebunt, 'the farm will remain your own.' Tua is Comp. to manebunt. Quamvis (sint), &c., Although they are all bare stone, and the marsh covers the pastures with the slimy bulrush.'

Dubitet agricola, 'let the husbandman hesitate.' See note on Part I. Sec. 8, 10. Majoribus, ancestors.' So minoribus, 'posterity,' 'descendants.'

Sicelides Musæ, &c., 'O Sicilian Muses, let us sing a somewhat loftier strain.' See note on Part I. Sec. 8, 10, in reference to canamus and sint.

Referta―penaria est, 'the storehouse for wine, for oil, and also for provisions, is well-stored.' Porco-gallina, ‘in pigs, kids, lambs, fowls.'

Vis ergo-experiamur, 'are you willing, then, that we should try with each other what each can do in alternate strains?' (literally, 'by turns'). Ego depono, 'I stake'; Ne forte recuses, 'unless perchance you should refuse.' Tu-certes, 'do you say with what stake you will contend with me'? The sentences containing possit and certes are indirect questions; hence the Verbs are Subjunctive.

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Page 57. Ausim-One form of Subjunc. Pf. from audeo. Non ausim, 'I should not dare.' See note on Part I. Sec. 15, 7. Quicquam de grege, 'any thing from the flock.' Quicquam is another form of quidquam, from quisquam. Domi, at home.' Est mihi, 'I have' (literally, there is to me'). See note on Part I. Sec. 11, 4. Est (mihi) injusta (harsh) noverca. Alter et hædos, one (of them) the kids too.'

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none of which,' &c.

Proxime accedere,

58. Quæ-impediuntur, 6 to approach nearest.' Facite, 'raise.' Daphnis-notus, (I) Daphnis (lie here) in the woods, well-known from here to the stars.' Formosior ipse, 'myself more beautiful (still).' Hinc-notus, formosi-custos, and formosior ipse are Adjuncts to the Subject ego understood. Efferuntur fere, 'they are generally carried away.' Neque— potest, nor can there be anything more intolerable than a fortunate fool.'

Dicite, 'sing.' Sequere is Fut. Indic. not Imperative, Parturit, 'is budding forth.'

Optimi animus, 'the souls of the best men' (literally, 'the soul of each best man'). Quocirca-sit, 'Wherefore I fear that to lament for this his end would be (a sign) of envy, rather than of friendship' (literally, of an envious man, rather than of a friend'). N.B.-It is often convenient, as here, to translate a concrete noun by an abstract, and vice versa.

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Huc ades, come hither.' Summa papavera 'poppy flowers' (literally, 'the tops of poppies'). Bene olentis, 'sweet

smelling.'

Projectus, 'reclined,' Adjunct to ego. Me pascente, with me as your shepherd' (literally, 'I feeding you").

59. Arbitramur-the Dir. Obj. to this is the Noun-phrase humanitatem extirpatem (esse) ex ejus animo. Aliquas suscipiamus molestias, we should receive some annoyances.'

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Est boni viri, 'it is (the duty) of a good man;' quem eundem, 'whom also' (literally, 'whom the same'); licet (nobis) dicere, we may call.' The Subj. to est is hæc-amicitia, and boni viri is Comp. The Subj. to licet is quem eundem sapientem dicere. Ne quid-fictum and neve simulatum (sit) are Nounsentences in App. to hæc; non-repellere and ne—suspiciosum are Noun-phrases in App. to hæc. Allatas, 'brought forward,' is Pf. Part. Pass. from affero.

Ut exigamus gratiam, 'that we may require a return.' Neque
enim beneficium feneramur, 'nor indeed do we trade in
benefits' (literally, 'lend benefits on interest').

Ego si negem, 'if I were to deny.'
the wise consider.' Sed-mentiar,
speak falsely.' Me ipse consolor, 'I
"I myself console myself').

Viderint sapientes, 'let but certainly I should console myself' (literally,

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59. Potiores quam peregrini, 'preferable to foreigners; propinqui quam alieni, 'relatives to strangers.' Hoc in his.' Quodnon potest are two Noun-sentences in App. to hoc. Propinqui tatis manet, (that) of relationship remains.' Propinquitatis is Genitive of Possession, Adjunct to nomen understood. Sin erunt, &c., 'But if some shall be found who think it base to prefer money to friendship, where shall we find those who would not prefer to friendship offices of honour, of magistracy, of military command, of power (literally, 'honours, magistracies, military commands, powers'), so that, when these are set forth on one side, and on the other the claims of friendship, they would not much prefer the former?'

60. Domus est abdita imis in vallibus, 'in the inmost recesses of valleys.' Sole carens, 'without (literally, 'wanting') sun'; non ulli pervia vento, accessible to no breeze.' Ignavi, 'benumbing. Vacet, is without.' Abundet, 'is full of.' Sole and igne are Ablatives of Separation. Caligine is Abl. of Matter or Materials, Advb. Adjunct to abundet.

Densa is Comp. to erat, as are also Gargaphie and sacra. Succincte, 'short girt' (literally, 'girt up from beneath '). In extremo recessu cujus est, there is,' &c. Est is a Complete

Predicate.

Quarum-exit, 'whose rear Lucifer brings up, and is the last to depart (literally, 'departs the last ') from his station in the sky. At pater Titan ut, when.' Cornuaque extrema Luna, and the points of the horns of the moon (literally, 'the horns of the furthest part of the moon'). Fungere equos, 'to yoke the horses.'

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Sol altissimus, 'the noonday sun' (literally, 'the sun highest '). Exiguas, is Comp. to fecerat. Agenore natus 'the son (literally, he born') of Agenor,' i.e. Cadmus. Quæ mora sit sociis, what it is that delays his comrades' (literally, what (cause of) delay there is to his comrades'). Quæ-sociis is a Dependent Question, and so has Verb in Subjunc. Leoni, from a lion,' Ind. Obj. to direpta. Splendenti ferro, of shining iron,' Abl. of Quality, Adjunct to lancea. After telum supply

erat.

Ver erat æternum, 'There was,' &c. Mulcebant, blew soft upon.' Natos, 'that sprang.' Tellus inarata ferebat, 'the earth unploughed,' not, 'the unploughed earth.' Nec renovatus ager canebat, and the fields (though) unrenewed (by ploughing) were white.' As nec is equivalent to et non, it is sometimes convenient to substitute et non for nec, attaching the non to the particular word intended to be negatived. Thus in this sentence the non is attached to renovatus. N. B.-Canebat comes from caneo, not cano. Ibant, flowed.' Mella, 'honey,' not 'honeys.'

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60. Et qua modo, 'lately.'

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Incursant, move rapidly among." Ramis is Ind. Obj. to incursant, whereas among the branches' is Advb. Adjunct of Place to move. These differences between the Latin sentences and the English translation should be carefully noticed.

61. Perfectam philosophiam, is Comp. to judicavi, and hanc is Dir. Obj. Dicere, 'to speak.' Maximis, most important.' In quam exercitationem, on the practice of which.' Nos operam dedimus, 'I have expended (much) labour.'. Patronum, an advocate'; ad judicium capitis, for his trial on the capital charge' (literally, the trial as to his head'). Nec -fuit, nor did he supplicate the judges' (literally, 'was he suppliant to the judges'). Judicibus is Ind. Obj. to supplex, Adhibuit liberam contumaciam, he showed an honourable selfconfidence'; ductam, derived.' Multa diseruit, 'he discoursed at length' (literally, 'he discoursed many things'). Quum noluit, when he might easily have escaped (literally, was easily able to be brought out ') from custody, he would not.'

Quominus-consulat, 'from consulting for all time the interests of the state and of his (friends)' ; ut putet—pertinere, ‘(so much so) that he considers even the posterity (literally, 'the posterity itself') which he will never know by his senses (literally, of which he is not about to have perception by sense ') as having claims on him' (literally, 'to pertain to him3).

Sunt qui putent, there are (some) who think.' Putent is Subjunc. because it does not convey an assertion of the speaker's, but equals tales ut. When a Relative may be translated by a Demonstrative with a Conjunction of Cause, Condition, Purpose, Consequence, Concession, its Verb stands in Subjunc. See note on Part I. Sec. 12, 6. Qui censent, (of those) who are of opinion.' After each alii supply censent animum. Notice that where we say 'some-others,' the Latin is, 'others -others.' After semper supply permanere.

Licuit-Themistocli, 'Themistocles might have lived a life of leisure' (literally, it was lawful for Them. to be at leisure'). Otioso is Comp. to esse, and agrees with Themistocli by attraction. Nescio quo modo, 'somehow or other' (literally, 'I know not in what way'). Exsistit maxime, arises in the greatest degree.' Quo quidem dempto, this indeed being taken away.' Notice that a Latin sentence often begins with a Relative, where we should use a Demonstrative. Qui viveret, 'as to live.' See note on last sentence.

Quid—est? 'what need then have you of my help?' Ejus eum librum, 'that book of his.' Quod desideres, 'that you can want' (literally, which you may want '). Sæpius, often.' Notice that a Comparative is often to be translated by an emphatic positive, or by 'too,' 'rather,' 'somewhat.'

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62. Fusce, 'O Fuscus'; integer-purus, he (who is) upright in life and free from wickedness." Vita and sceleris are Gen. of Reference (used only in poets and poetical prose), Adjuncts to integer and purus respectively. Faculis is Abl. of Separation, Advb. Adjunct to eget. Notice that eget is an Intrans. Verb, whereas we translate by a Transitive Verb, making darts Dir. Obj.

Teneræ virgines, (Voc.), 'O ye youthful maidens'; dicite Dianam, 'sing of Diana.' Notice that Dianam is Dir. Obj. to dicite, whereas we translate by an Intransitive Verb, so that ' of Diana' is an Advb. Adjunct to 'sing.' These differences must be carefully noticed. We might, however, say, 'celebrate Diana,' in which case the English sentence would be exactly parallel to the Latin. Pueri, O ye youths.' Dilectam penitus, 'entirely beloved'; supremo Jovi, by highest Jove.' Jov is Dat. of the Agent, Advb. Adjunct to dilectam. This is the regular construction with Pf. Part. Pass. Gerundive, and Adjectives in bilis.

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Rebus angustis, 'in poverty' (literally, 'in narrow circumstances'); appare, show yourself.' Animosus and fortis are Comp. to appare. Notice here that the Latin Verb is Intrans., whereas the English is Trans. Sapienter idem, &c., ‘you will also wisely furl your swelling sails in a too favourable breeze' (i.e. 'in too great prosperity').

Jam nunc perstringis aures, 'even now you deafen (our) ears.' Strepunt, resound.' Vultus is Accusative. Nonsordidos, 'soiled with glorious dust.'

Fugaces terret equos, 'terrifies the horses to flight.' It is of the greatest importance to notice that an Adjective, if dependent on a Verb as well as on a Noun, is used predicatively, not attributively.

Dedicatum Apollinem, 'at the dedication of an Apollo' (literally, 'the dedicated (statue of) Apollo'). Notice the double Accusative with a Verb of Asking. Liquorem,' wine.'

Premunt, 'crown' (literally, 'press'). Ignotus heres is in App. to Subj. ego understood. Ignotus here equals ignarus,

conscious.'

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63. Hæc-sanciatur, 'let this then be established as the first law of friendship.' Lex and 'law' are Comp. to sanciatur and 'be established' respectively. Notice here the difference between the Latin and the English, and observe that 'law' is Acc, being in App. to 'this,' which is Dir. Obj. to 'let.' Each sentence following sanciatur, except si res postulabit, is a Nounsentence in App. to hæc.

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