said. Whoever does this will be punished. Tell me whose is the horse? The bird which you saw is dead. We love those who love us. Which of them is in fault? Who saw the steamer? What have you done? Be earnest about whatever you undertake. Whichever of you is guilty shall be punished. Whosesoever sins ye remit they are remitted unto them. Whatsoever you think, or do, or say, do all righteously.

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Adjective Pronouns are so called because they partake of the character of both pronouns and adjectives.

They are of five kinds: Possessive, Demonstrative, Distributive, Indefinite, and Numeral.

Of these the possessives, which denote possession, and are my, thy, (sometimes mine and thine); his, her, its, our, your, their, are always prefixed to nouns as adjectives; as, My book; your house.

Observe. The possessive case of the masculine and neuter gender of the third personal pronoun is the same as the possessive pronouns, but may be distinguished by being always found after the nouns, while the possessive pronouns precede them.

EXERCISE.

Write p over the possessive pronouns and p p over the possessive cases of the personal pronouns : My father and I are well. Our parents are

Formerly his was applied to things of the neuter gender as well as the masculiue, e.g., If the salt have lost his savour, &c. This use must not be confounded with personification,

come. Have you seen your brothers and sisters? His slate is on the table. That is their house-its chimney is red. Is your dog lost? She has found her bonnet. Is that book yours or his? No; it is our book. Your slate is on the table.

No; the slate is his. This book is mine; not thine. Will you come to our house? This house is ours. Which house, then, is theirs? That is their house.

Is that pencil his or hers?

The

Demonstrative means pointing out. demonstratives, which are this, that, with their plurals, these, those, are sometimes pronouns ; as, This is what I want. That is sufficient. And sometimes adjectives; as, This house is his. That horse is yours.

This and these are applied to nearer objects; that and those to more distant.

CAUTION. Avoid using them as a demonstrative. them slates should be, Give me those slates.

Give me

The

`Distributive means dividing one by one. distributives, which are each, either, neither,* are sometimes pronouns; as, Has either come? And sometimes adjectives. Neither rule is

correct.

Observe.-Either and neither are also conjunctions.

*Every, commonly called a distributive pronoun, is never a pronoun, except in law documents, and some very old writers; neither is own, though we find both so classed by some distinguished grammarians. Nothing can be more absurd than to lay down such a definition as that a pronoun is a word used instead of a noun," and afterwards assign the term pronoun to words which never by any possibility stand by themBelves, nor possess a pronominal nature in any other respect.

EXERCISE ON THE DEMONSTRATIVES AND DISTRI

BUTIVES.

Underline the demonstratives, doubly underline the distributives, and write a over them when used as adjectives:--

This is our house: each has a house of his own. That is his, and this is ours; neither is built of brick, but both of stone. Has either of them got a balcony? Neither. Whose house is that yonder? That would suit me best. I prefer it to this; but either house would do. Each man should suit himself. Neither house is free from damp. Neither horse is lame. Is that house yours? What is that you have done? When did this take place? Are these dogs quiet?

Indefinite means not defining. The Indefinites are (with the exception of none) adjectives, occasionally used as pronouns. The principal are: "all, any, another, both, certain, enough, few, little, less, least, many, much, more, most, none, nought, other, several, some, such," &c.*

Of the Indefinites, one and declined:

other are thus

Observe. In addition to the Indefinites, many other adjec tives are sometimes used as pronouns. They are commonly

*Whole, commonly classed among the indefinite adjective pronouns, more correctly regarded as a noun when not an adjective.

regarded as adjectives taken substantively, but, when not joined to substantives it would be more consistent with the generally accepted definitions of the parts of speech to regard them as used pronominally.

When, however, standing without a substantive, they admit the article before them, they should be regarded as nouns, into which they are then always resolvable. Thus, in the expressions, "The many," "the few," many is resolvable into "majority," and few into " minority," &c.

The Numerals also are adjectives of number, sometimes used as pronouns; as, Three of them have come; the third will remain, but the first and second will return.

They are divided into two classes, cardinal and ordinal.

Cardinal means chief. The cardinals are the names of the numbers; as, one, two, three, four. Ordinal means denoting order. The ordinals denote the order in which things come; as, first, second, third, fourth.

EXERCISE.

Distinguish when used as adjectives merely, and when as pronouns; write c over the cardinals, o over the ordinals, and i over the indefinites :—

Some men love virtue; others only praise it. Are there few that be saved? Several of them

were slain. Other men may do this. Speak less and do more. Many of them came, but more remained behind. Less will be sufficient. I do not desire much. Which of these is wholesome? Both brothers died the same day. I loved both of them. Certain of them were present. A certain thing took place. Several

savages came running to the beach.

Most men love their country. Most of them stayed away. Such of them as come. They came in such numbers. None of them were there. I have not seen any of them. Many men profess to love honor*

THE VERB.

Verb means the word. A verb is a word which tells what a noun does; as, The slate falls and makes a noise.

The verb to be, however, tells what the noun is; as, Iron is hard.

Verbs are of two sorts with regard to their signification-namely, Transitive and Intransi

tive.

Transitive means passing over.

Transitive

verbs express an action passing from an agent, which performs the action, to an object which suffers or receives the action; as, I hold the book.

Here "I" is the agent, "hold" the verb, which denotes the action, and "book" the object which receives it.

Intransitive means not passing over. Intransitive verbs express an action not passing to an object; as, John sleeps, James awakes; or, a state of being; as, Rome was; Troy is no more.

Several verbs are sometimes transitive and sometimes intransitive; as, The body moves; he moves the chair.

Certain verbs properly intransitive, are made

considerable number of inductive exercises on the pronouns will be the end of the Etymology.