mendax, misericors, officiosus, pius, impius, prolixus, severus,sordidus, torvus, vehemens, IN ALIQUEM. III. Some, either with the dative, or with the accusative and the preposition IN, ERGA, or ADVERSUS, going before; as, Contumax, criminosus, durus, exitiabilis, gravis, hospitalis, implacabilis, (and perhaps also inexorabilis and intolerabilis,)iniquus, sævus, ALICUI or IN ALIQUEM. Benevolus, benignus, molestus, ALICUI or ERGA ALIQUEM. Mitis, comis, IN or ERGA ALIQUEM and ALICUI. Pervicax ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. Crudelis IN ALIQUEM, seldom ALICUI. Amicus, amulus, infensus, infestus ALICUI, seldom IN ALIQUEM. Gratus ALICUI, or IN, ERGA, ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. We say alienus alicui or alicujus; but oftener ab aliquo, and sometimes aliquo without the preposition. AUDIENS is construed with two datives; as, Regi dicto audiens erat, he was obedient to the king; not regis; Dicto audiens fuit jussis magistratuum, Nep. Nobis dicto audientes sunt, not dictis, Cic. OBS. 6. Adjectives signifying motion or tendency to a thing, have usually after them the accusative with the preposition ad or in, seldom the dative; as, Pronus, propensus, proclivis, celer, tardus, piger, &c. ad iram, or in iram. OBS. 7. Proprior and Proximus, in imitation of their primitive prope, often govern the accusative; as, Propior montem, scil. ad, Sall. Proximus finem, Liv. OBS. 8. IDEM sometimes has the dative, chiefly in the poets; as, Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti, Hor. Jupiter omnibus idem, Virg. Eadem illis censemus, Cic. But in prose we commonly find idem qui, et, ac, atque, and also ut, cum; as, Peripatetici quondam iidem erant qui Academici, Cic. Est animus erga te idem ac fuit, Ter. Dianam et Lunam eandem esse putant, Cic. Idem faciunt, ut, &c. In eodem loco mecum, Cic. But it would be improper to say of the same person or thing under different names, idem cum; as, Luna eadem est cum Diana. We likewise say, alius ac, atque or et; and so, sometimes, similis and par. 3. Adjectives overning the Ablative. utius, and the like, govern the ablative. Worthy of honour. Content with little. Enducd with virtue. us, indignus, præditus, and contentus; also, So generatus, creatus, cretus, prognatus, oriundus, procreatus regibus. OBS. 1. The ablative after these adjectives, is governed by some preposition understood; as, Contentus parvo, scil. cum; Fretus viribus, scil. in, &c. Sometimes the preposition is expressed; as, Ortus ex concubina, Sallust. Editus de nympha, Ovid. OBS. 2. Dignus, indignus, and contentus, have sometimes the genitive after them; as, dignus avorum, Virg. So Macte esto, or macti estote virtutis or virtute, Increase in virtue, or Go on and prosper; Juberem macte virtute esse, sc. te, Liv. ii. 12. In the last example macte seems to be used adverbially. 4. Adjectives governing the Genitive or Ablative. XV. Adjectives signifying plenty or want, govern the genitive or ablative; as, So Non inopes temporis, sed prodigi sumus, Sen. Lentulus non verbis inops, Cic. Dei plena sunt omnia, Cic. Maxima quæque domus servis est plena superbis, Juv. Res est soliciti plena timoris amor, Ovid. Amor et melle et felle est fœcundissimus, Plaut. Facunda virorum paupertas fugitur, Lucan. Omnium consiliorum ejus particeps, Curt. Homo ratione particeps, Cic. Nihil insidiis vacuum, Id. Vacuas cædis habete manus, Övid. Some of these adjectives are construed, 1. With the genitive only; as, Benignus, exsors, impos, impotens, irritus, liberalis, munificus, prælargus. 2. With the ablative only; Beatus, differtus, frugifer, mutilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus. 3. With the genitive more frequently; Compos, consors, egenus, exhæres, expers, fertilis, indigus, parcus, pauper, prodigus, sterilis. 4. With the ablative more frequently; Abundans, cassus, extorris, fætus, frequens, gravis, gravidus, jejunus, liber, locuples, nudus, oneratus, onustus, orbus, pollens, solutus, truncus, viduus, and captus. 5. With both promiscuously; Copiosus, dives, fœcundus, ferax, immunis, inanis, inops, largus, modicus, immodicus, nimius, opulentus, plenus, potens, refertus, satur, vacuus, uber. 6. With a preposition; as, Copiosus, firmus, paratus, imparatus, inops, instructus, à re aliqua; for quod ad rem aliquam attinet, in or with respect to any thing. Extorris ab solo patrio, banished; Orba ab optimatibus concio, Liv. So pauper, tenuis, fœcundus, modicus, parcus, in re aliqua. Immunis, inanis, liber, nudus, solutus, vacuus, a re aliqua. Potens ad rem, and in re GOVERNMENT OF THE VERB SUM. 1. VERBS governing only one Case. XVI. Sum, when it signifies possession, property, or duty, governs the genitive; as, Est regis, It belong to the king; It is the part or property of a king. So Insipientis est dicere, non putâram, It is the part or property of a fool, &c. Militum est suo duci parere, It is the part, or duty of soldiers, &c. Laudare se vani; vituperare stulti est, Sen. Hominis est errare; Arrogantis est negligere quid de se quisque sentiat, Cic. Pecus est Melibai, Virg. Hæc sunt hominis, Ter. Pauperis est numerare pecus, Ovid. Temeritas est florentis ætatis, prudentia senectutis, Cic. ¶ Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, are excepted; as, Tuum est, It is your duty. Scio tuum esse, I know that it is your duty. OBS. 1. These possessive pronouns are used in the neuter gender instead of their substantives, mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri. Other possessives are also construed in this manner; as, Est regium, est humanum, the same with est regis, est hominis. Et facere et pati fortia, Romanum est, Liv. ii. 12. OBS. 2. Here some substantive must be understood; as, officium, munus, res, negotium, opus, &c. which are sometimes expressed; as, Munus est principum ; Tuum est hoc munus, Cic. Neutiquam officium liberi esse hominis puto, Ter. In some cases, the preceding substantive may be repeated; as, Hic liber est (liber) fratris. In like manner, some substantive must be supplied in such expressions as these; Ea sunt modo gloriosa, neque patrandi belli, scil. causâ or facta, Sall. Nihil tam aquandæ libertatis est, for ad æquandam libertatem pertinet, Liv. OBS. 3. We say, Hoc est tuum munus, or tui muneris: So mos est vel fuit, or moris, or in more, Cic. XVII. Sum, taken for habeo, (to have,) governs the dative of a person; as, This is more frequently used than habeo librum; habeo libros. In like manner DEEST instead of careo; as, Liber deest mihi, I want a book; Libri desunt mihi; Scio libros deesse mihi, &c. XVIII. Sum, taken for affero, (to bring,) governs two datives; the one of a person, and the other of a thing; as, Two datives are also put after habeo, do, verto, relinquo, tribuo, fore, duco, and some others; as, Ducitur honori tibi, It is reckoned an honour to you. Id vertitur mihi vitio, I am blamed for that. So Misit mihi muneri; Dedit mihi dono; Habet sibi laudi; Venire occurrere auxilio alicui, Liv. OBS. 1. Instead of the dative, we often use the nominative, or the accusative; as, Est exitium pecori, for exitio ; Dare aliquid alicui donum, or dono; Dare filiam ei nuptam, or nuptui. When dare, and other active verbs have two datives after them, they likewise govern an accusative either expressed or understood; as, Dare crimini ei, sc. id. OBS. 2. The dative of the person is often to be supplied; as, Est exemplo, indicio, præsidio, usui, &c. scil. mihi, alicui, hominibus, or some such word. So, ponere, opponere, pignori, sc. alicui, to pledge. Canere receptui, sc. suis militibus, to sound a retreat; Habere curæ, quæstui, odio, voluptati, religioni, studio, ludibrio, despicatui, &c. sc. sibi. OBS. 3. To this rule belong forms of naming; as, Est mihi nomen Alexandro, my name is Alexander; or with the nominative, Est mihi nomen Alexander; or more rarely with the genitive, Est mihi nomen Alexandri. XIX. The compounds of Sum, except Possum, govern the dative; as, XX. Words of the comparative degree govern the ablative when quam is omitted in Latin; as, Dulcior melle, Sweeter than honey. Præstantior auro, Better than gold. OBS. 1. The sign of the ablative in English is than. The positive with the adverb magis, likewise governs the ablative; as, Magis dilecta luce, Virg. The ablative is here governed by the preposition præ understood, which is sometimes expressed; as, Fortior præ cæteris. We find the comparative also construed with other prepositions; as, immanior ante omnes, Virg. OBS. 2. The comparative degree may likewise be construed with the conjunction quàm; and then, instead of the ablative, the noun is to be put in whatever case the sense requires; as, Dulcior quàm mel, scil. est. Amo te magis quàm illum, I love you more than him, that is, quàm amo illum, than I love him. Amo te magis quàm ille, I love you more than he, i. e. quàm ille amat, than he loves. Plus datur a me quàm illo, sc. ab. OBS. 3. The conjunction quàm is often elegantly suppressed after amplius and plus; as, Vulnerantur amplius sexcenti, Cæs. scil. quàm. Plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi, He has laid on me more than five hundred blows, Ter. Castra ab urbe haud plus quinque millia passuum locant, sc. quàm, Liv. Quàm is sometimes elegantly placed between two comparatives; as, Triumphus clarior quàm gratior, Liv. Or the preposition pro is added; as, Prælium atrocius, quàm pro numero pugnantium editur, Liv. The comparative is sometimes joined with these ablatives, opinione, spe, æquo, justo, dicto; as, Credibili opinione major, Cic. Credibili fortior, Ovid. Fast. iii. 618. Gravius æquo, Sall. Dicto citius, Virg. Majora credibili tulimus, Liv. They are often understood; as, Liberius vivebat, sc. justo, too freely, Nepos. Nihil is sometimes elegantly used for nemo or nulli; as, Nihil vidi quidquam latius, for neminem, Ter. Crasso nihil perfectius, Cic. Asperius nihil est humili, cùm surgit in altum. So quid nobis laboriosius, for quis, &c. Cic. We say, inferior patre nulla re, or quàm pater. The comparative is sometimes repeated or joined with an adverb; as, Magis magisque, plus plusque, minus minusque, carior cariorque; Quotidie plus, indies magis, semper candidior candidiorque, &c. OBS. 4. The relation of equality or sameness is likewise expressed in English by conjunctions; as, Est tam doctus quàm ego, He is as learned as I. Animus erga te idem est ac fuit. Ac and atque are sometimes, though more rarely, used after comparatives; as, Nihil est magis verum atque hoc, Ter. OBS. 5. The excess or defect of measure is put in the ablative after comparatives; and the sign in English is by, expressed or understood; (or more shortly, the difference of measure is put in the ablative;) as, Est decem digitis altior quàm frater, He is ten inches taller than his brother, or by ten inches. Altero tanto major est fratre, i. e. duplo major, he is as big again as his brother, or twice as big. Sesquipede minor, a foot and a half less; Altero tanto, aut sesquimajor, as big again, or a half bigger, Cic. Ter tanto pejor est; Bis tanto amici sunt inter se, quam prius, Plaut. Quinquies tanto amplius, quàm quantum licitum sit civitatibus imperavit, five times more, Cic. To this may be added many other ablatives, which are joined with the comparative to increase its force; as, Tanto, quanto, quo, eo, hoc, multo, paulo, nimio, &c. thus, Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, The more they have, the more they desire. Quanto melior, tanto felicior, The better, the happier. Quoque minor spes est, hoc magis ille cupit, Ovid. Fast. ii. 766. We frequently find multo, tanto, quanto, also joined with superlatives; Multo pulcherrimam eam haberemus, Sal. Multoque id maximum fuit, Liv. THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDECLINABLE WORDS. 1. THE CONSTRUCTION OF ADVERBS. XXI. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs; as, Fortiter pugnans, Fighting bravely. Bene scribit, He writes well. Servus egregiè fidelis, A slave remarkably faithful. Satis bene, Well enough. OBS. 1. Adverbs are sometimes likewise joined to substantives; as, Homerus planè orator; planè noster, verè Metellus, Cic. So Hodie mane; oras mane, heri mane ; hodie vesperi, &c. tam mane, tam vespere. OBS. 2. The adverb for the most part is placed near to the word which it modifies or affects. OBS. 3. Two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative; as, Nec non senserunt, Nor did they not perceive, i. e. Et senserunt, And they did perceive; Non poteram non exanimari metu, Cic. Examples, however, of the contrary of this sometimes occur in good authors, both in English and Latin. Thus two or three negative participles are placed before the subjunctive mode, to express a stronger negation. Neque tu haud dicas tibi non prædictum, And do not say that you were not forewarned, Ter. But what chiefly deserves attention in adverbs, is the degree of comparison and the mode with which they are joined: 1. Apprimè, admodum, vehementer, maximè, perquam, valdè, oppidò, &c. and per in composition, are usually joined to the positive; as, Utrique nostrum gratum admodum feceris, You will do what is very agreeable to both of us, Cic. perquam puerile, very childish; oppido pauci, very few; perfacile est, &c. In like manner, Parum, multum, nimium, tantum, quantum, aliquantum; as, In rebus apertissimis nimium longi sumus; parum firmus, multum bonus, Cic. Adverbs in um are sometimes also joined to comparatives; as, Forma viri aliquantùm amplior humanâ, Liv. QUAM is joined to the positive or superlative in different senses; as, Quam difficile est! How difficult it is! Quam crudelis, or Ut crudelis est! How cruel he is! Flens quam familiariter, very familiarly, Ter. So quam severè, very severely, Cic. Quam latè, very widely, Cas. Tum multa, quam, &c. as many things as, &c. Quam maximas potest copias armat, as great as possible, Sall. Quam maximas gratias agit, agam primum quam sæpissime, Cic. Quam quisque pessimè fecit, lam maximè tutus est, Sall. FACILE, for haud dubiè, undoubtedly, clearly, is joined to the superlatives or words of a similar meaning; as, Facilè doctissimus, facilè princeps, v. præcipuus. LONGE to comparatives or superlatives, rarely to the positive; as, Longé eloquentissimus Plato, Cic. Pedibus longè melior Lycus, Virg. 2. CUM, when, is construed with the indicative or subjunctive, oftener with the latter; DUM, whilst, or how long, with the indicative; as, Dum hæc aguntur; groto, dum anima est, spes esse, dicitur, Cic. Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos, Ovid. DUM and DONEC, for usquedum, until, sometimes with the indicative and sometimes with the subjunctive; as, Operior, dum ista cognosco, Cic. Haud desinam, donec perfecero, Ter. So QUOAD, for quamdiu, quantum, quatenus as long, as much, as far as; thus, Quoad Catilina fuit in urbe. Quoad tibi æquum videbitur quoad possem et liceret; quoad progredi potuerit amentia, Cic. But QUOAD, until, oftener with the subjunctive; as, Thessalonica esse statueram, quoad aliquid ad me scriberes, Cic. but not always; Non faciam finem regendi, quoad nunciatum erit te fecisse, Cic. The pronoun ejus, with facere or fieri, is elegantly added to quoad; as, Quoad ejus facere poteris; Quoad ejus fieri, possit, Cic. Ejus is thought to be here governed by aliquid or some such word understood. Quoad corpus, quoad animam, for secundum, or quoad attinet ad corpus vel animam, as to the body or soul, is esteemed by the best grammarians not to be good Latin. 3. POSTQUAM or POSTEAQUAM, after, is usually joined with the indicative. ANTEQUAM, PRIUSQUAM, before; SIMUL, SIMUL AC, SIMUL ATQUE, SIMUL UT, as soon as; UBI, when, sometimes with the indicative, and sometimes with the subjunctive; as, Antequam dico or dicam, Cic. Simul ac persensit, Virg. Simul ut videro Curionem, Cic. Hæc ubi dicta dedit, Liv. Ubi semel quis perjeraverit, ei credi postea non oportet, Cic. So NÆ, truly; as, Na ego homo sum infelix, Ter. Na tu, si id fecisses, melius fama consuluisses, Cic. But NE, not, with the imperative, or more elegantly with the subjunctive; as, Ne jura, Plaut. Ne post conferas culpam in me, Ter. Ne tot annorum felicitatem in unius hora dederis discrimen, Liv. 4. QUASI, CEU, TANQUAM, PERINDE, when they denote resemblance, are joined with the indicative; Fuit olim quasi ego sum, senex, Plaut. Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti, confligunt, Virg. Hac omnia perinde sunt, ut aguntur. But when used ironically, they have the subjunctive; as, Quasi de verbo, non de re laboretur, Cic. 5. UTINAM, O SI, UT for utinam, I wish, take the subjunctive; as, Utinam ea res ei voluptati sit, Cic. O mihi præteritos referat si Jupiter annos, Virg. Ut illum dii deæque perdant, Ter. 6. UT, when, or after, takes the indicative; as, Ut discessit, venit, &c. Also for quam or quomodo, how! as, Ut valet! Ut falsus animi est! Ut sæpe summa ingenia in occulto latent! Plaut. Or when it simply denotes resemblance; as, Ut tute es, ita omnes censes esse, Plaut. ¶ In this sense it sometimes has the subjunctive; as, Ut sementem feceris, ita metes, Cic. 7. QUIN for CUR NON, takes the indicative; as, Quin continetis vocem indicem stultitiæ vestræ? Cic. For IMO, nay or but, the indicative or imperative; as, Quin est paratum argentum; quin tu hoc audi, Ter. ¶ For UT, NON, QUI, QUÆ, QUOD NON, or QUO MINUS, the subjunctive; as, Nulla tam facilis res, quin difficilis fiet quum invitus facias, Ter. Nemo est, quin malet; Facere non possum, quin ad te mittam, I cannot help sending; Nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus, Cic. 1. THE GOVERNMENT OF ADVERBS. XXII. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive; as, Satis est verborum, There is enough of words. 1. Adverbs of time, governing the genitive are, Interea, postea, inde, tunc; as Interea loci, in the meantime; postea loci, afterwards; inde loci, then; tunc temporis, at that time. 2. Of place, Ubi and quo, with their compounds ubique, ubicunque, ubivis, ubi-ubi, &c. Also Eo, huc, huccine, unde, usquam, nusquam, longe, ibidem; as, Ubi, quo, quovis, &c. also usquam, nusquam, unde terrarum, vel gentium; longè gentium; ibidem loci, eo audacia, vecordia, miseriarum, &c. to that pitch of boldness, madness, misery, &c. 3. Of quantity, Abunde, affătim, largiter, nimis, satis, parum, minimè; as, Abundè gloriæ,affătim divitiarum, largiter auri, satis loquentia, sapientiæ parum est illi vel habet. He has enough of glory, riches, &c. Minimè gentium, by no means. Some add ergo and instar; as, Ergo virtutis, for the sake of virtue, Cic. Instar montis, like a mountain, Virg. But these are properly nouns. OBS. 1. These adverbs are thought to govern the genitive, because they imply in themselves the force of a substantive; as, Potentiæ gloriæque abundè adeptus, the same with abundantiam gloriæ; or res, locus, or negotium and a preposition, may be understood; as, Interea loci, i. e. inter ea negotia loci; Ubi terrarum, for in quo loco terrarum. OBS. 2. We usually say, pridie, postridie, ejus diei, seldom diem; but pridie, postridie Kalendas, Nonas, Idus, ludos Apollinares, natalem ejus, absolutionem ejus, &c. rarely Kalendarum, &c. OBS. 3. En and ecce are construed either with the nominative or accusative; as, En hostis, or hostem; Ecce miserum hominem, Cic. Sometimes a dative is added; as, Ecce tibi Strato, Ter. Ecce duas (scil. aras) tibi, Daphni, Virg. In like manner is construed hem put for ecce; as, Hem tibi Davum, Ter. But in all these examples some verb must be understood. OBS. 4. Some derivative adverbs govern the case of their primitives; as, Omnium optimè loquitur, Proximè castris or castra, He speaks the best of all. 2. THE CONSTRUCTION OF PREPOSITIONS. 1. Prepositions governing the Accusative. XXIII. The prepositions ad, apud, ante, &c. govern the accusative. AD astra, to the stars; religari ad asserem, to be bound to a plank; ad diem veniam, solvam, &c. at or on; ad portam, ostium, fores, at, before; ad urbem Tiberim, near, at ; ad tem pla supplicatio, in; ad summum, at most, or AD seems sometimes to be taken adverbially; CIS vel CITRA flumen, on this side; citra neces- CIRCUM & CIRCA regem, about; Varia circa hæc opinio, Plin. ERGA amicos, towards. EXTRA muros; Extra jocum, periculum, noxiam, sortem, without; nemo extra te, besides; extra conjurationem, not concerned in, Sall. INFRA tectum, below the roof. INTER fratres, among; inter & super cœnam, during, in the time of; inter hæc parata, during JUXTA macellum, near the shambles. PONE caput, behind. Post hoc tempus, after; post tergum, behind; PRÆTER te nemo, nobody besides, or except ; To prepositions governing the accusative are 2. Prepositions governing the Ablative. XXIV. The prepositions a, ab, abs, &c. govern the ablative. A patre, ab omnibus, abs te, by or from; a puero, vel pueris, a pueritia, in cunabulis, teneris unguibus, &c. from a child, ever since childhood; ab ovo usque ad mala, from the beginning to the end of supper; a manu, sc. fervus, an amanuensis or clerk; ad manum, a waiting man; a pedibus, a footman; latere principis, an attendant. So a secretis, rationibus, consiliis, cyathis, &c. a secretary, accountant, &c. fores a nobis, for nostræ. Injuria ab illo, for illius. Ter. a cœna, after; secundus, tertius a Romulo; ictus ab latere, on or in; a senatu stare, for, in defence of; ab oculis doleo, Plaut. ab ingenio improbus, a pecunia et militibus imparatus, as to, with respect to, Cic. Est calor a sole; omissiores ab re, too careless about money; a villa mercenarium vidi, Ter. ABSQUE causa, without; absque te esset, recte ego mihi vidissem i. e. si tu non esses, nisi tu esses, but for you, had it not been for you, Ter. Absque is chiefly used by comic writers; sine, by orators. CLAM patre and patrem, without the knowledge of. We CORAM omnibus, before, in presence of. |