authorities to decide upon. The only question was who the authorities
were. By the Royal Charter this authority was given over to the members
of the estates, that is to say, to about fourteen hundred of the feudal aris-
tocracy and forty-two towns. In an agreement attached to the charter, a
special exception was made for the royal domains. A Protestant landowner
could and would prohibit the erection of a Catholic Church on his own
lands, but the king was not to have that privilege. On his domains worship
was to be free." Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, pp. 25 f.

Saale, one of the chief tributaries of the Elbe, traversing Thuringia,
Saxony, Anhalt, flowing generally north and joining the Elbe nineteen miles
southeast of Magdeburg.

Saalkreis, a small province on the lower Saale, in the northwestern part
of Saxony. Its chief town was Halle.

Sachsen, Saxony. The word Saxony was used in various designations in
the seventeenth century. It could denote: (1) The Electorate of Saxony,
of which John George was the elector during the great war. (2) Several
small dukedoms in Thuringia, of which that of Sachsen-Weimar was the
most prominent. (3) The Lower Saxon circle, one of the ten circles of the
Holy Roman Empire, comprising Magdeburg, Lüneburg, Wolfenbüttel,
Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Hildesheim, Halberstadt, Mecklenburg, Hol-
stein, etc. In this drama Saxony usually refers to Electoral Saxony. In
Piccol., 1. 1158, it refers to (3).

Sagan, a town in Silesia eighty-two miles northwest of Breslau. In the
seventeenth century it was the capital of the principality of Sagan, which
was acquired by Wallenstein in 1627.

Schafgotsch or Schaffgotsch, Johann Ulrich von (1595-1635), a Protestant,
but one of the most zealous supporters and trusted officers of Wallenstein.
Took part in the battle of Steinau (October, 1633), after which he was ap-
pointed governor of Silesia. He was in Silesia at the time of the events of
the drama. After Wallenstein's death he was convicted of treason and exe-
cuted in 1635.

Scherfenberg, Johann Ernst von, one of Wallenstein's most devoted ad-
herents and an able officer. He signed the first and second Revers. After
the murder of Wallenstein he was sentenced to death, but pardoned.

Schlesien, Silesia. In the Thirty Years' War an Austrian province, sit-
uated east of the Electorate of Saxony and of Bohemia, and traversed by
the Oder.

Schwaben, Swabia, an ancient duchy of Germany comprising in general
Würtemberg, Baden and southwestern Bavaria. It was one of the four
great duchies of the early German kingdom. The name was revived in the
sixteenth century as that of one of the circles of the empire.

Schwyz (with long ) is a dialectic form for the literary Schweiz. It is
really the name of the Canton Schwyz, one of the Four Forest Cantons
which rebelled against the Habsburgs in the fourteenth century. Afterward
the name of the Canton Schweiz was extended to the whole confederacy.

Seckendorf; a colonel von Seckendorf appears since 1632 in the Swedish
army. He was beheaded in 1641, because he tried to induce German officers
in the Swedish army to go over to imperial service. It is, however, doubtful
whether Schiller had this officer in mind in Tod, 1. 3082.

Seni, Wallenstein's astrologer. His real name was Giovanni Battista
Zenno. Schiller found the form Seni in Murr. He was an astrologer in
Padua, and since 1629 in Wallenstein's service. Little is known about him.
After Wallenstein's murder he was arrested, but released, because no charge
could be urged against him. He was murdered in Vienna in 1643.

Sesin, Jaroslav Sesyma Raschin von Riesenburg, a Bohemian, who after

the outbreak of the Bohemian insurrection fled with his family to Saxony, and later on became the political agent of Wallenstein and Terzky in their negotiations with the Swedes. After the Elector of Saxony made peace with Ferdinand II in 1635, Sesyma was pardoned by the emperor on condition that he would divulge all he knew about Wallenstein's relations with the enemy. This he did, and his account is one of the chief sources of our knowledge of Wallenstein's negotiations with the Swedes. This report has been naturally suspected on account of the circumstances under which it was written, and is on the whole unreliable. Sesyma was not captured by the imperialists as stated by Schiller in Piccol., 1. 2565. Early in February, 1634, he was sent to Oxenstjerna, probably by Kinsky, and on his return he learned of Wallenstein's murder just in time to make good his escape. It was Duke Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg who was sent by Wallenstein to Regensburg to summon Bernhard of Weimar to Eger, and it was he who on this mission was captured, Feb. 16, 1634, by the imperialists at Tirschenreut. Schiller has therefore combined here two historical characters, and he chose Sesyma as the agent, because of the report which the latter afterward gave of Wallenstein's negotiations with the Swedes and the Saxons. The form Sesin occurs in Murr. For Sesin's report see Lenz: “Zur Kritik Raschins" in Sybels Zeitschrift, Vol. 59, pp. 44 ff.

Slawata, Wilhelm von, one of the ten governors to whom the administration of Bohemia was entrusted by emperor Matthias before the outbreak of the Bohemian insurrection in 1618. He became very unpopular on account of his hostility to the Protestants, and so, together with Martinitz and Fabricius, he was thrown from a window of the castle on the Hradschin, but escaped uninjured. This act of the Bohemians may be regarded as the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. See Martinig. He was afterwards richly rewarded by the emperor, made a count in 1621, and appointed to several honorable and lucrative positions. Although related to Wallenstein, he was one of his bitterest foes.

Steinau, a small town in Silesia, situated near the Oder, thirty-four miles northwest of Breslau. Here Wallenstein defeated and captured, Oct. 11, 1633, a detachment of the Swedish army under Thurn. See Introd., p. xxv. Sternberg, Adam von, a wealthy Bohemian landowner, one of the regents of Bohemia and a faithful adherent of the House of Habsburg. When the Bohemian insurrection broke out in 1618, his vast estates were confiscated by the Bohemians, but were returned to him after the victory of the imperial forces in 1620. He died in 1623.

Stralsund, a seaport town of Pomerania, situated on the Strelasund, opposite the island of Rügen. Wallenstein besieged it in 1628, but was unable to capture it. See Introd., p. xv.

Südermannland or Södermanland, a county in eastern Sweden, southwest of Stockholm.

Suys, Baron of Clingeland and Neverdeen, a Dutch officer who entered imperial service and distinguished himself as a brave soldier. In 1633, while he was in command of several regiments in Upper Austria, he was ordered by the War Department in Vienna to cross the Inn, but refused to do so, because he had contrary orders from Wallenstein. The emperor, incensed at his disobedience, demanded his resignation, and it was a part of Questenberg's mission in Dec. 1633, to settle this dispute. Wallenstein then ordered Suys to come to Pilsen, where he remained for some time faithful to his general, but finally joined the conspiracy. In Piccol., 11. 1199 ff., Schiller deliberately reversed the historical facts in order to introduce a great court-martial scene, in which Wallenstein could appear absolute master of his army.

Tabor, a town in Bohemia, forty-eight miles south of Prague. It was founded as a stronghold by the Hussites under Ziska in 1419.

Taboriten, Taborites, so called from their fortified encampment Tabor, were members of the radical party of the Hussites. They were fierce and successful warriors under their leaders Ziska and the Procops, until they were defeated in 1634.

Tachau, a town of Bohemia, northwest of Pilsen and a few miles from Neustadt.

Temeswar, better Temesvar (pron. Tem'eshvär), a town in the county of Temes in southern Hungary, southeast of Buda-Pest.

Terzky. In Lager, 1. 37, he is called Terschka, and in Lager, 1. 1018, Terzka, while in Piccol. and Tod, the form Terzky is used exclusively. Terschka and Terzka are inaccurate phonetic spellings for the Czech name Trčka (pron. Trtshka). Adam Erdmann Count Terzky was a member of an old and rich Bohemian family. He was related by marriage to Wallenstein, for his wife, Maximiliane, Countess of Harrach, was a sister of the Duchess of Friedland. He gradually won Wallenstein's confidence and was employed by his general in various diplomatic missions to Gustavus Adolphus before and after the battle of Breitenfeld, and afterwards in the negotiations with the Saxons and the Swedes. He remained faithful to Wallenstein till the end, and was murdered in Eger, Feb. 25, 1634.

Terzly, Countess, wife of the former. For Schiller's deviation from history in regard to her character, see Introd., p. lvi.

Thekla is an invention of the poet; the name was possibly suggested to Schiller by the historical novel entitled: Geschichte der Gräfin Thekla von Thurn, oder Scenen aus dem dreissigjährigen Kriege (1788), by Benedicte Naubert. Wallenstein's only daughter was Marie Elizabeth, who at the time of her father's death was only nine years old. She married afterwards Count Rudolf von Kaunitz.

Thurn, Count Heinrich Matthias von (1580-1640), leader of the Bohemian Protestant insurrection in 1618, and active in securing the election of Frederick V of the Palatinate. After the battle of the White Hill (1620), he went into exile, and later sided with the enemies of the emperor, viz. Bethlen Gabor, the Danes, and the Swedes. At the battle of Steinau he was captured by Wallenstein and then released. See Introd., p. xxv. In Piccol., 1. 1121, it is erroneously stated that after the battle of Steinau Thurn was richly rewarded and then dismissed. Really Thurn did not receive any presents, and was released only after he had ordered all the Swedish garrisons to surrender their posts. Wallenstein had no respect for Thurn's generalship, and when criticized for releasing Thurn, he defended himself by saying that he deemed it best to let him go and thus afford him an opportunity for collecting and losing a fresh army.

Tiefenbach or Tenffenbach, Rudolf Freiherr von, entered Wallenstein's army in 1625, served in various engagements of the war, but is not mentioned by any authority as having taken part for or against Wallenstein. That Tiefenbach was a drunkard (Piccol., 1. 2047) and an illiterate man (Piccol., 1. 2193) seems to be an invention of the poet.

Tilly, Count Johann von (1559-1632), the most celebrated Catholic general after Wallenstein in the Thirty Years' War. After having served many masters in various parts of Europe, he was appointed at the beginning of the great war commander of the armies of the League. He won the battle of the White Hill, Nov. 8, 1620, subdued Bohemia in 1621, conquered the Palatinate in 1622, defeated Christian IV of Denmark at Lutter in 1626, became imperial generalissimo in 1630, captured Magdeburg in 1631, and met his first great defeat at Breitenfeld in 1631. He was mortally wounded at

the battle of the Lech, Apr. 15, 1632. The greatest stain upon his memory is the sack of Magdeburg and the terrible excesses that accompanied it. He is a brilliant and picturesque figure in the chronicles of the war.

Tirschenreit, better Tirschenreut, a town in the Upper Palatinate, situated a few miles south of Eger, half way between Eger and Neustadt.

Tokai, Tokay or Tokaj, a town in Hungary, northeast of Buda-Pest. The celebrated Tokay wines are produced in its vicinity.

66

Toskana, Tuscany, formerly a grand duchy, now a compartimento" of the kingdom of Italy, corresponding nearly to the ancient Etruria. Toskana in Tod, 1. 1267, refers to a regiment named after a member of the house of the grand dukes of Tuscany.

Ungarn, Hungary. In the Thirty Years' War a large part of Hungary was still in the hands of the Turks, and Austrian Hungary, far from being loyal to the House of Habsburg, frequently intrigued with Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania, against Austria. For König von Ungarn, see Ferdinand III. At the time of the action of the drama he was only twenty-five years old, and hence is spoken of as das Kind" in Piccol., 1. 208.

Voigtland or Vogtland, a small district of Germany, which in the Middle Ages was directly subject to the emperor and was governed by the Counts of Reuss as his representatives. It comprised parts of western Saxony, Reuss, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Weimar, Upper Franconia, Bohemia, etc., in general, lands about the upper Elster and the Saale.

Wallenstein, Elizabeth. Her real name was Isabella Katharina. She was the daughter of the Count of Harrach and became Wallenstein's wife in 1623.

Ballonen, Walloons, a people found chiefly in southern and southeastern Belgium and in the neighboring parts of France. They are the descendants of the ancient Belgae (Celts), mixed with Germanic and Roman elements. The Walloon soldiers were faithful to Ferdinand.

Weiden, a small place about twenty-eight miles southwest of Eger, in the Upper Palatinate. It is on the highroad to Regensburg, from which town the Swedes were supposed to be approaching to join Wallenstein in Eger.

Werdenberg, a member of the imperial council, a friend of Wallenstein, sent by the emperor to inform the general of his deposition in Regensburg in 1630, and afterward employed by Wallenstein on important missions. He did not play an important rôle in Wallenstein's recall as assigned to him in Piccol., 1. 116.

Weser, one of the principal rivers of Germany, formed by the union of the Werra and the Fulda. It flows generally north, principally through Prussia, and empties into the North Sea near Bremerhaven.

Westfalen, Westphalia, a district situated in western Germany, east of the Electorate of Cologne, to which it belonged. It was granted to Prussia in 1815.

Wrangel, Colonel Gustav, a fictitious character. Schiller probably chose this name to suggest the famous Swedish general, Karl Gustav von Wrangel, who in the later years of his career became commander-in-chief of the Swedish army. Since the historical Wrangel entered the army in 1637, he could not have been a prominent leader at the siege of Stralsund in 1628, as is implied in Tod, 11. 225 ff.

Zišta or Žižka, John (1360-1424), the most distinguished Hussite leader, who repeatedly defeated the imperial forces and invaded Moravia and Austria. It was largely due to his military talents and zeal that the Huscite party succeeded in maintaining itself for a time, in spite of the deternined opposition of Emperor Sigismund.

APPENDIX.

A. ASTROLOGICAL SCENE.

Wallenstein. So ist er tot, mein alter Freund und Lehrer?
Seni. Er starb zu Padua in seinem hundert

Und neunten Lebensjahr, grad' auf die Stunde,
Die er im Horoskop sich selbst bestimmt;
Und unter drei Orakeln, die er nachließ,
Wovon zwei in Erfüllung schon gegangen,

Fand man auch dies, und alle Welt will meinen,
Es geh' auf dich.

Er schreibt mit großen Buchstaben auf eine schwarze Tafel. .

5

Hm! Seltsam!

Wallenstein auf die Tafel blickend. Ein fünffach F.
Die Geister pflegen Dunkelheit zu lieben
Wer mir das nach der Wahrheit lesen könnte.
Seni. Es ist gelesen, Herr.
Wallenstein.

Es ist? Und heißt?
Seni. Du hörtest von dem siebenfachen M,
Das von dem nämlichen Philosophus

Kurz vor dem Hinscheid des hochseligen Kaisers
Matthias in die Welt gestellet worden.

Wallenstein. Ja woht! Es gab uns damals viel zu denken.

Wie hieß es doch? Ein Mönch hat es gedeutet.

ΙΟ

15

Seni. Magnus Monarcha Mundi Matthias Mense Majo Morie

tur.

Wallenstein. Und das traf pünktlich ein, im Mai verstarb er. Seni. Der jenes M gedeutet nach der Wahrheit,

Hat auch dies F gelesen.

Wallenstein gespannt.

Seni. Es ist ein Vers.
Wallenstein.

Nun! Laß hören!

In Versen spricht die Gottheit.

20