man he was much superior to most of the imperial generals, although like
them he was addicted to drinking and gambling, especially in the latter years
of his life.
Gent, Ghent, the capital of the Spanish province of Flanders in the
Netherlands, situated on the islands at the junction of the Lys and the
Schelde.
Geraldin, sergeant-major in Buttler's regiment of dragoons. He conducted
the assassination of Illo, Terzky and Niemann in Eger. In Murr, p. 333,
he is called major.
Gitschin', capital of Wallenstein's duchy of Friedland, situated in the
northern part of Bohemia.
Glat, town in Silesia on the Neisse, 50 miles southwest of Breslau. In
the 17th century it was the capital of a principality of the same name.
Glogau, town in Silesia, on the Oder, 57 miles northwest of Breslau. It
was formerly the capital of a now extinct principality of Grossglogau. This
principality was given in 1632 to Wallenstein as a temporary recompense for
the loss of Mecklenburg.
Glückstadt, seaport town in the duchy of Holstein on the Elbe, 29 miles
northwest of Hamburg. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Protestants
in 1627 and 1628.
Gordon, John, a Scotch soldier of fortune, who like Buttler had risen from
the ranks and who a few days before the catastrophe in Eger had been ap-
pointed by Wallenstein colonel and governor of Eger. For his part in Wal-
lenstein's murder see Introd., p. xxxiii. Very little is known of his later for-
Göt, Johann, Count (1599-1645), an officer in the imperial army who
participated in the measures which led to Wallenstein's downfall. The most
important part of his military career came after Wallenstein's death.
Grat (officially Graz), capital of Styria on the Mur river, about 100 miles
southwest of Vienna. Ferdinand II was called „der Gräßer“ because he was
born in Gratz and as Duke of Styria resided in that city.
Gustav Adolf (1594-1632), King of Sweden and the most heroic char-
acter in the Thirty Years' War. After waging many successful wars
against Denmark, Russia and Poland, he concluded peace with these nations
so as to be able to invade Germany, where the recent victories of Wallenstein
over the Protestant princes under Christian IV of Denmark threatened the
very existence of Protestantism and the political equilibrium of Europe.
Leaving the conduct of the government to his chancellor Oxenstjerna, he
landed July 4, 1630, in Pomerania with 15,000 trained soldiers. For his later
short but brilliant career see Introd., pp. xviii-xxii.
Halberstadt, capital of an important bishopric of that name,
miles southwest of Magdeburg, on the border of the Harz Mountains.
Halberstädter, der, see Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Harrach, Karl von (1570-1628), father of the Duchess of Friedland and
of the Countess Terzky, a very influential member of the Court of Vienna
and a great favorite of Ferdinand II.
Heidelberg, the celebrated city of Baden, famous for its university and
castle, situated on the Neckar, the capital of the Palatinate from the 13th
century till 1720. It was sacked by Tilly in 1622.
Heffen, a landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire, situated east of the
Middle Rhine and west of Saxony.
Hinnersam, also spelled Hennersam. His real name was John Henderson,
probably an Englishman or Scotchman; he was a colonel in Wallenstein's
army and is mentioned as one of the committee sent Jan. 12, 1634, by the of
ficers to urge Wallenstein not to resign his command.
war against the Protestants, but before his death he realized the futility of
his efforts to crush the Protestant forces of Europe. See Schiller's excellent
characterization of him in Werke, XI, pp. 351 f.
Ferdinand III (1608-1657), son of Ferdinand II, made king of Hungary in
1625, and elected emperor in 1637. After the assassination of Wallenstein
he was invested with the nominal command of the imperial army, although
the real command was entrusted to Gallas. He took part in the victory over
the Swedes at Nördlingen in Sept., 1634. He signed the Peace of Westpha-
lia, Oct. 24, 1648.
Feria, Alvarez de Figuera, Duke of Feria.
stein see Introd., pp. xxiv-xxv.
For his relations to Wallen-
Flandern, Flanders, an important Spanish province of the Netherlands
extending along the North Sea.
Forgatsch, Count Adam, a member of an old Hungarian family. He does
not seem to have occupied a prominent position in Wallenstein's army and
is not known to have taken part in the conspiracy against Wallenstein.
Frankenland, Franconia, one of the four great duchies of the old German
kingdom. It lay chiefly in the valley traversed by the river Main, but ex-
tended west of the Rhine, being bounded by Saxony on the north and by
Swabia on the south. It was divided into several smaller districts, like the
Palatinate, Würzburg, Bamberg, etc. For his services in the cause of Pro-
testantism, Bernhard of Weimar tried to win for himself a new duchy of
Franconia, which was to be formed out of the united bishoprics of Würzburg
and Bamberg. Oxenstjerna admitted his pretensions and confirmed him in
his proposed duchy, but the whole project fell through by the defeat of the
Protestants at Nördlingen in 1634.
Frauenberg, now Pfraumberg, a town in Bohemia, south of Eger and
about thirty-five miles west of Pilsen.
Friaul, a district in the northeastern part of Italy, near the Adriatic.
Friedland, Wallenstein's duchy in the northern part of Bohemia on the
borders of Silesia and Lusatia, acquired largely after the Bohemian rebellion,
when he bought at a low price a large number of the confiscated estates of
the Bohemian nobles. The town of Friedland was one of the larger places
in the duchy. See Introd., pp. xii-xiii.
Friedrich V (1596-1632), Elector of the Palatinate, husband of Elizabeth
Stuart, daughter of James I of England. In 1619, as head of the Protestant
Union, he was elected king of Bohemia by the insurgents who had deposed
Ferdinand II. He lost both Bohemia and his hereditary dominions by the
defeat of his general, Christian of Anhalt, by the imperialists at the battle of
the White Hill, Nov. 8, 1620. After the battle he lived as an exile at various
courts, but chiefly in the Netherlands, from which he received a pension. He
was a weak prince, personally unable to cope with the great power of Aus-
tria. The Lower Palatinate was restored to his son in 1648.
Gallas, Matthias von (1584-1647), Count. His career is closely associated
with that of his brother-in-law Aldringen. He entered the imperial service
and rose steadily in military honors until in 1632 he was made a field-marshal.
Took part in Wallenstein's negotiations with the Saxons and the Swedes,
and at Wallenstein's own request was elevated in 1633 to the rank of lieu-
tenant-general, next in rank to Wallenstein himself. Coöperated in the
measures which led to Wallenstein's downfall in 1634. For his manipula-
tions against Wallenstein, see Introd., pp. xxix-xxx. After Wallenstein's
death he received the county of Friedland-Reichenberg as a reward for his
services. The battle of Nördlingen (1634), in which he defeated Bernhard of
Weimar, marks the climax of his military career. In his later military
operations he was unsuccessful, and was deposed for incompetency. As a
man he was much superior to most of the imperial generals, although like
them he was addicted to drinking and gambling, especially in the latter years
of his life.
Gent, Ghent, the capital of the Spanish province of Flanders in the
Netherlands, situated on the islands at the junction of the Lys and the
Schelde.
Geraldin, sergeant-major in Buttler's regiment of dragoons. He conducted
the assassination of Illo, Terzky and Niemann in Eger. In Murr, p. 333,
he is called major.
Gitschin', capital of Wallenstein's duchy of Friedland, situated in the
northern part of Bohemia.
Glas, town in Silesia on the Neisse, 50 miles southwest of Breslau. In
the 17th century it was the capital of a principality of the same name.
Glogau, town in Silesia, on the Oder, 57 miles northwest of Breslau. It
was formerly the capital of a now extinct principality of Grossglogau. This
principality was given in 1632 to Wallenstein as a temporary recompense for
the loss of Mecklenburg.
Glückstadt, seaport town in the duchy of Holstein on the Elbe, 29 miles
northwest of Hamburg. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Protestants
in 1627 and 1628.
Gordon, John, a Scotch soldier of fortune, who like Buttler had risen from
the ranks and who a few days before the catastrophe in Eger had been ap-
pointed by Wallenstein colonel and governor of Eger. For his part in Wal-
lenstein's murder see Introd., p. xxxiii. Very little is known of his later for-
Göt, Johann, Count (1599–1645), an officer in the imperial army who
participated in the measures which led to Wallenstein's downfall. The most
important part of his military career came after Wallenstein's death.
Grat (officially Graz), capital of Styria on the Mur river, about 100 miles
southwest of Vienna. Ferdinand II was called „der Gräßer“ because he was
born in Gratz and as Duke of Styria resided in that city.
Gustav Adolf (1594-1632), King of Sweden and the most heroic char-
acter in the Thirty Years' War. After waging many successful wars
against Denmark, Russia and Poland, he concluded peace with these nations
so as to be able to invade Germany, where the recent victories of Wallenstein
over the Protestant princes under Christian IV of Denmark threatened the
very existence of Protestantism and the political equilibrium of Europe.
Leaving the conduct of the government to his chancellor Oxenstjerna, he
landed July 4, 1630, in Pomerania with 15,000 trained soldiers. For his later
short but brilliant career see Introd., pp. xviii-xxii.
Halberstadt, capital of an important bishopric of that name, situated 30
miles southwest of Magdeburg, on the border of the Harz Mountains.
Halberstädter, der, see Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Harrach, Karl von (1570-1628), father of the Duchess of Friedland and
of the Countess Terzky, a very influential member of the Court of Vienna
and a great favorite of Ferdinand II.
Heidelberg, the celebrated city of Baden, famous for its university and
castle, situated on the Neckar, the capital of the Palatinate from the 13th
century till 1720. It was sacked by Tilly in 1622.
Hessen, a landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire, situated east of the
Middle Rhine and west of Saxony.
Hinnersam, also spelled Hennersam. His real name was John Henderson,
probably an Englishman or Scotchman; he was a colonel in Wallenstein's
army and is mentioned as one of the committee sent Jan. 12, 1634, by the of
ficers to urge Wallenstein not to resign his command.
Holt or Hold, Count Heinrich von (1599-1633), a Dane by birth, one o
the ablest generals of the imperial army, a soldier regarded with terror on
account of the brutality of his warfare. He gained special notoriety through
his terrible devastation of the Saxon Voigtland and the Erzgebirge in
1632-33, and his capture of Leipzig. He was much favored by Wallenstein.
Huß or Hus, John (1369-1415), the celebrated Bohemian religious re-
former, who as professor in the University of Prague and as a popular
preacher spread the doctrines of John Wycliffe among the people. He tried
to bring about a reformation of the ecclesiastical abuses, preached against
papal infallibility, condemned the sale of indulgences and demanded for the
laity both bread and wine at communion (sub utraque specie). His follow-
ers in Bohemia were called Hussites or Utraquists. He was excommunicated
in 1413, condemned in 1414 by the Council of Constance, and burned at the
stake in 1415.
His death led to the Hussite wars.
Illo or Flow, Christian von (1585-1634). (The form Illo occurs in
Murr, p. 327, also in Khevenhiller and in Theatrum Europæum.) He entered
the imperial service at an early age and by his energy, bravery and military
talents rose quickly to the rank of field-marshal in 1632. Wallenstein at
first disliked him on account of his officious meddling, but after 1632 he be-
came his most trusted officer. It was he who was mainly instrumental in
calling a meeting of the officers, Jan. 12, 1634, who unanimously denounced
the emperor's order to send a detachment of 6,000 of Wallenstein's horse to
Alsace. For his part in the Revers of Jan. 12, 1634, see Introd., p. xxviii. He
was put under the ban of the empire and murdered in Eger, Feb. 25, 1634.
Wallenstein is said to have advised him (not Buttler, as stated in the play)
"to solicit in Vienna the title of count, and promised to support his applica-
tion with his most powerful mediation. But he (Wallenstein) secretly wrote to
the ministry advising them to refuse his request, since to grant it might give
rise to similar demands from others who were equally deserving and who
might lay claims to like rewards. On Illo's return to camp, Wallenstein's
first question was about the success of his mission, and when Illo informed
him of its failure, Wallenstein broke out into the bitterest complaints against
the Court. Thus a close alliance was formed between them." Schiller,
Werke, XI, p. 308. This story has, however, no historical foundation.
Ingolstadt, a fortified town in upper Bavaria, on the Danube, 44 miles
north of Munich, the seat of an early university.
Jfolani, Count Johann Ludwig (1586-1640), famous in military history
as founder of the light cavalry, a brave and much feared soldier. He took
part in the great and decisive battles of the war, joined Holk in his devasta-
tion of the Voigtland, and in 1632 was appointed general of all the imperial
light calvary (Croats). Wallenstein rewarded him richly for his services.
He signed the first Revers, but shortly before the second Revers was won
over to the imperial side by large bribes. After Wallenstein's death he re-
ceived some of Wallenstein's estates and was made a count.
Jhehö, properly written Itzehoe, name of the oldest town in the duchy of
Holstein, 33 miles northwest of Hamburg. During the Thirty Years' War
it was several times pillaged by the Swedes.
Joachimsthal, a small town of Bohemia northeast of Eger, near the boun-
dary line between Saxony and Bohemia.
Kardinal Infant, Don Fernando, Infant of Spain, younger brother of
Philip IV of Spain and Governor of Milan. For his relations to Wallenstein
see Introd., p. xxvii. Cf. also Ranke's Wallenstein pp. 256 ff.
Karl von Bourbon, Prince, Constable of France (1490-1527). Being irri-
tated by some slight of King Francis I, he entered the service of Emperor
Charles V in 1523 and fought against his country. He took a prominent
part in the battle of Pavia (1525), at which Francis I was taken prisoner.
When suspected by his allies, he abandoned them, and tried to found an in-
dependent principality in Italy. He fell in 1527 in the siege of Rome, which
was taken by his troops.
Kärnthen, Carinthia, a mountainous province of Austria, bounded by Salz-
burg and Styria on the north, Styria on the east, Carnolia and Italy on the
south and the Tyrol on the west. On account of its position it was little ex-
posed to the devastations of the war, and hence Schiller chose it as the resi-
dence of the Duchess of Friedland and her daughter, before their arrival in
Pilsen.
Kaunit, Count Rudolf von, member of the imperial council, married after-
ward Wallenstein's only daughter Marie Elizabeth, who at the time of the
action of the drama was only nine years old. Count Kaunitz took no im-
portant part in the war.
Kinsty, Count Wilhelm, a Bohemian noble of a rich and prominent family,
a vigorous opponent of the House of Habsburg and a leader in the Bohe-
mian insurrection of 1618. In 1633-34 he was carrying on negotiations with
France with the aim of making Bohemia independent and of placing the
crown of Bohemia upon Wallenstein's head. It is still difficult to determine
how far Kinsky was authorized to negotiate in this manner, but it is doubt-
ful whether Wallenstein ever seriously entertained the plan of assuming the
crown of Bohemia. At the time of our drama he was not in Prague, as
Schiller represents it, but in Pilsen and Eger with Wallenstein. He was
murdered with Illo, Terzky and Niemannn in Eger, Feb. 25, 1634.
Köln, Cologne, the famous cathedral city on the west bank of the Rhine,
capital of the former archbishopric and electorate of Cologne.
Königin von Ungarn, wife of Ferdinand III, the Infanta Maria Anna,
sister of Philip IV of Spain and of the Cardinal-Infant, Don Fernando.
Königgräß, a cathedral city of Bohemia, 62 miles east of Prague.
Kroat, an inhabitant of the Austrian Slavonic province of Croatia, situa-
ted southwest of Hungary and northwest of Turkey, on the Adriatic.
Lamormain (1570-1648), his real name was Wilhelm Germain, but from
the place of his birth, the little village in Luxemburg, La Moire Mennie, he
was called first Lamormaini, then Lamormain, in German Lämmermann.
He was a Jesuit priest, taught at the universities of Gratz and Vienna, and
became father-confessor of the emperor, upon whom he exercised great in-
fluence. He worked for the Edict of Restitution and used his power for
strengthening his order. He was a most active opponent of Wallenstein, so
that in 1632 the general requested the emperor to forbid Lamormain's
hostile intrigues. But Wallenstein was unable to destroy the influence of
Lamormain, who labored incessantly for his downfall.
Lauenburg, Duke Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg, an unreliable,
characterless adventurer. He first took part in the Bohemian insurrection of
1618, then entered the imperial service and in 1632 he went over to the Saxons.
Was present at the battle of Lützen and was at the side of Gustavus Adolphus
at his death. In 1633 he was engaged in active negotiations between the
Elector of Saxony and Wallenstein regarding peace. At the time of our drama
Wallenstein sent him to Bernhard of Weimar to urge the latter to come as
quickly as possible to Eger. See Introd., p. xxxi. The rôle ascribed to him in
Tod, 1. 1549 is fictitious. After Wallenstein's death he fell into the hands of
the imperialists, was accused of treason, and was finally released. Later on
he again entered imperial service, fought against the Swedes, and died in
1642. A tradition that Gustavus Adolphus met death at his hands long
survived, and is the source of a historical novel by C. F. Meyer.
Lech, a tributary of the Danube, flowing through the Tyrol and southern
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