23. atque atque," both and;" so G. iii. 257; this conjunction adds peculiar emphasis to what it couples, and here seems to express the earnestness of the appeal, vocat : vocat crudelia "upbraids with cruelty."-27-8. tuum ... interitum is in oratio obliqua, depending on loquuntur.— 29. curru, dat. contr. for currui.-30. inducere, as subst., "the introducing;" the constr. of the cases following this verb is varied in v. 40, and in ix. 20, the meaning being the same; so we might say, "to spread the shade over the fountains," or "to overspread the fountains with shade;" so insero, G. ii. 69; prætexo, G. iii. 15; præfigo, G. iii. 400, vary their constr.-31. hastas, i. e. the thyrsi used in the rites of Bacchus, and representing probably the growing vine training on a pole.-32. decori, dat., marking effect.-35. Pales, goddess of shepherds.-36-7. inverted, in the order of sense v. 37 precedes v. 36. grandia, i. e. picked for their size, see G. i. 197.-37. lolium, "darnel." -38. purpureo, Pliny speaks of the narcissus as a white flower with a purple cup.-39. paliurus, "Christ's thorn." -40. inducite, see on v. 30.-43-4. these two lines are the carmen, "epitaph," spoken of v. 42, "I am Daphnis of the woods," &c.

46. the second quale agrees with restinguere, used as a subst.-49. alter ab illo," second to him."-50. quocumque modo," in whatever way" (we can).—53. quidquam, i. e. munus, "any duty."-54. cantari, see on v. 2.-56. in-. suetum, 'new to him." alacris, "lively."-61. bonus, "gracious," (epithet of a deity).-64. sonant, this governs a cogn. case of the whole expression, "Deus... ille."-65. on aras and altaria, see on i. 44.-67. bina, "two on each (altar);" duos, "two for the pair." in primis hilarans, especially when gladdening."-70. messis = æstas. Ariusia, from the Ariusian promontory of Chios. nectar, in. app. with vina.-72. Lyctius, adj., from Lyctus, in Crete.-.

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75. lustrabimus agros, at the ambarvalia; see on iii. 77, pro frugibus.-80. damnabis votis, "thou also shalt make men liable in the things vowed by them," (abl. of penalty,) i. e. shalt require the performance of vows; so (gen. of same) voti reus, Æ. v. 237.

82. sibilus, pl. in poetry, sibila, “the whistle."—85. ante, "first," adv. cicuta, see on E. ii. 36.-86. The second and third eclogues are here intended by their proems, hence it is inferred that Virgil himself is persuaded by Menalcas here; the order is hæc docuit nos "Formosum...Alexin ;” Hæc eadem docuit “ Cujum..Melibœi.”—88. pedum, “crook," der. pes, because used to seize the sheep by the foot.

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ECLOGUE VI.

INTRODUCTION.

WRITTEN probably 714, when Octavius' legate, Alfenus Varus, to whom it is inscribed, v. 10, was prefect in Cis. Gaul, having succeeded Pollio there, (see Introd. to E. iv.), whom Octavius had displaced, and with Corn. Gallus was still busy in dividing the lands, (see introd. to E. i. and ix.) In it Silenus, caught asleep by two Satyrs, is coaxed to sing. His song is a strain of cosmogony and mythology, into which a tribute to the genius of Corn. Gallus is rather awkwardly foisted.

NOTES.

1. prima, "at first," as opposed to the subsequent attempt at singing, reges et p. in v. 3. Syracosio, see on iv. 1, like that of Theocritus; so Ascræum, G. ii. 176, "like that of Hesiod;" see v. 70. The Greek form (Zupaкóσios) used by all Latin poets.-2. Thalia, the muse said to preside over rural matters.-4. Tityre, see on i. 1. Cynthius, i. e. Apollo, from Cynthus, in Delos.-5. deductum, " thin-spun," i. e. "of small pretensions," and in its notion of thinness opposed to pingues, v. 4; so Hor. Ep. 11. i. 225, tenui deducta poemata filo.-6. super ... erunt, a tmesis.-7. condere bella, "to narrate wars;" the notion of condo is that of putting parts together to form a whole, as here, the incidents of a story; so of time, "to complete," e. g. soles, ix. 52.10. Vare, probably Alfenus Varus; see Introd. to this and E. ix., esp. ix. 27-9. myricæ, used in E. iv. 2, with arbusta, for rural subjects; so here, "my woodland strain shall be wholly of thee," is the meaning of te nostræ canet.12. sibi, dep. on præscripsit, "has written on its front."

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...

13. Chromis, Mnasylus, names of satyrs.-15. venas, see on i. 55, florem.-16. "The garland was lying apart, having only just slipped from his head.” tantum limits procul to its minimum of distance. attritâ...ansa, "the tankard still clung (to his hand) by its handle, well worn with use."-21. Naiadum, see on ii. 46. videnti, i. e. illi, opening his eyes."-23. Quo, "to what end."-24. potuisse videri, "to seem to have been able."-25. cognoscite, i. e. by ear, as iv. 60, by eye.-26. huic, viz. to Ægle.-27. in numerum, “in time" with the music.-30. Ismarus, a mountain of Thrace, so Rhodope, in pl. Ismara, G. ii. 37; so Mænalus, pl. -a, x. 55, G. i. 17. Orphea, the sylls. ea are in crasis.

31. uti, "how," followed by subj. to shew dependence of the clause on canebat.-31. inane, as subst., "the void." -32. fuissent, 34, concreverit, 37, stupeant, the tense changes to suit the progression of the time in the story.—32-10. Empedocles' theory of physics has here been followed, and perhaps his poem, probably then extant, imitated by Virgil. See Lucret. i. 713, &c.-35. "The earth began to harden, and to separate the salt water from (itself) by a sea." Nerea, see on iv. 32.-36. sumere formas, i. e. as they gradually appeared upon it.—38. altius, with cadant, "from a higher level." submotis, "moving upwards;" so subjicit, x. 74.—41. hinc, with refert," from, or after this, he relates."—Pyrrhæ, the order of the legends is displaced, for the golden age (Sat. reg. iv. 6.) came before Deucalion's flood (Æ. vi. 793—5.) to repair the havoc of which he and Pyrrha cast stones behind them, which became men and women; so in v. 42, volucres, furtumque, is a voтepov πрóтeрov.—42. volucres, pl. for sing. Prom. stole fire from heaven, Hor. Od. 1. iii. 27. Jupiter, enraged, fastened him to the peak of Caucasus and set a vulture to tear his entrails, which ever grew as they were devoured.-43. Hylan, a beautiful youth carried away by the water-nymphs when the crew (nauta) of the Argo sought water at a spring.-44. Clamâssent, the plup. indicates that the story was continued to include later events. Hyla, see note B.

46. Pasiphae, her story is more fully told, Æn. vi. 24— 6. solatur amore, "consoles with her love-story,” i.e. sings the story of her love as a strain of consolation addressed to her.-47-60. Given in oratio directa, as the actual words sung.-48. Protides, "daughters of Protus," (founder of Tiryns). Juno drove them in frenzy to fancy themselves cows. 49. tam turpes, "so foul union (as that) with a brute;" pecudum defines what tam would have left indefinite.

53. ille, i. e. juvencus. latus, see on i. 55, florem. fultus,

see note A. hyacintho, see note C.-54. ilice, "dwarf, or scarlet oak."-55-60. Claudite ... vacca, in this, Pasiphae is introduced as if speaking.—56. Dictææ, from Dicte, a mountain of Crete; so Gortyne, v. 60, was a city there. saltus, "glades."—57. si, "to try whether."-61. puellam, Atalanta.-62. Phaetontiadas, “sisters of Phaeton," (the patronymic used in a wide sense,) changed into trees. circumdat, "he (i. e. Silenus) surrounds," poetically, for the speaker or singer is said to do what he describes as being done; so erigit, and ix. 20, spargeret, &c.-63. musco corticis muscosa cortice, cort. mas. and fem. promiscuously, e. g. mas. G. ii. 74.

61. Permessi, a river rising in Helicon. Gallum, a Roman, friend of Virgil and a poet; his unhappy love is the subject of E. x., but the mention of him here as receiving the homage of the muses and Linus, meant as a tribute to his genius, is an insipid descent from myth. to real life. 65. Aonas, prop. name of a people, early inhabitants of Boeotia, used for adj. Aonios. sororum = musarum. -67. Linus, see on iv. 56. carmine, abl. of quality.-68. apio, "parsley," from its enduring freshness much used in garlands, e. g. as the prize at the Isthmian games, so Hor. Od. IV. xi. 3. nectendis apium coronis.-69-73. "Hos.... Apollo," the words of Linus to Gallus.-70. Ascræo seni, Hesiod, from Ascra, his birth place. -71. deducere, &c., a power ascribed more commonly to Orpheus, see iii. 46. ornos, "mountain-ashes," der. prob. opos öpeios.-72. Grynei, Grynium (rò гpúveiov), an Æolian town, famed for its temple to Apollo, called Gryneus, Æn. iv. 345. Gallus had translated into Latin a poem by Euphorion of Chalcis on this subject, see x. 50.-76. Scyllam, dep. on narraverit, v. 78. Nisi, i. e. filiam. Homer, Od. xv. 124, makes Scylla the sea-monster daughter of Krataiis; Scylla Nisi belongs to quite another legend, given G. i. 404-9; in Cir. 54—