But onke, and its numeral compounds the multiplicatives, have forms which correspond to the first and second persons, and these, therefore, agree with the verb and pronoun in the required person. Thus :

Ubawo wetu sonke;
Silapa sobabini ;

The Father of us all.
We are both here.

420. When an adjective is the predicate of a proposition, and refers to two or more nouns, its prefix corresponds to that of the copula. In this case, accordingly, the concordance will depend upon that of the nominative and verb.

421. When two or more adjectives are used in connexion with one noun, they all concord with it, but the sign of connexion (na) between the adjectives themselves is usually omitted, where each qualifies the same object. As:

Waka itempile enkulu enkle;
Benza imimangaliso emininzi enzima
ngakuye;

He built a large (and) splendid temple.

They laid many (and) grievous complaints against him.

422. When adjectives refer to persons indefinitely, the nouns umntu and abantu are often omitted. (Compare § 428) Thus :

The indefinite form of the adjective is also used without a

423. If an adjective is used with a noun which denotes the female sex, it sometimes takes the feminine affix kazi. As:

424. The general rule with regard to the position of adjectives is, that they follow their nouns.

1. But the indefinite adjectives nye and onke frequently precede their nouns.

Abanye abantu ;

Zonke izinto;

As:

Other people.

All things.

2. Numeral and other adjectives, also, sometimes precede

425. The several kinds of pronouns concord with the nouns which they represent, or with which they are united, in person, species, and number, according to the prefixes of the latter, as shown in the tables of a preceding part. 426. The demonstrative and possessive pronouns, when they refer to two or more nouns, are repeated with each, or concord with the nearest.

Lomfanekiso nesibalo esi;

Umteteleli wetu nomtandazeli wetu;
Umzimba nompefumlo wako;
Ngamandhla nobungcwele betu;

As:

This image and (this) superscription.
Our advocate and (our) intercessor.
Thy body and soul.

Through our power and holiness.

427. The relative pronoun, when nominative to a verb and referring to two or more correlatives, either concords with them collectively as persons or things, or takes the indefinite form. In such circumstances, accordingly, the relative concords with the personal pronoun indicated by the form of the verb. Thus :

:

U-Mosesi no-Arone abateta no-Faro ;

Isonka neveyine okwaxelwa yin-Kosi ;

Moses and Aaron who spake with
Pharoah.

Bread and wine which were command-
ed by the Lord.

The indefinite form is likewise used, where the correlative

consists of a sentence, or of that which expresses some general idea.

As:

-Okungumbonakaliso wokugweba okulungileyo kuka-Tixo ;

-Which is a manifest token of the

righteous judgment of God.

428. The relative pronouns of the third person, first species, when nominatives to verbs, are often used with the correlative understood; or rather, they frequently include the correlative in themselves, expressing he or him who, in the singular, and they or them who, in the plural, according to the construction. Thus :Ongxeleshayo ubang' isixake;

Itemba lokohlakeleyo lobuba;

Abalungisayo abayi kuhlelwa 'nto;

Innene yabalungileyo iyabakapa;

He that winketh with the eye

causeth sorrow.

The hope of him who is wicked

shall perish.

No evil shall happen to them who are just.

The integrity of the upright shall guide them.

The indefinite form of the relative pronoun, also, is sometimes used without a correlative, in which case it expresses that which or what. As :

Benza okungafanele ukwenziwa ngemmini yecawa;

Wenzile okulungileyo;

They do that which is not lawful

to be done on the sabbath-day. He hath done what is right.

429. The relative pronouns of the third species, first person, when referring to a correlative understood, according to the preceding section, are often used in connexion with personal pronouns of the first and second persons, as in the following examples :

Tina 'banamandhla ;

Nina 'baqalekisiweyo;
Akusendimi okwenzayo;

Beninini ababepika ;

We who have strength.

Ye who are cursed.

It is no more I that do it.

It was ye who were contending.

But this construction is evidently elliptical, in consequence of the omission of the correlative with which the relative and verb concord, and which is understood, in the above and similar examples, to be in apposition with the preceding pro

nouns, as in § 417. Thus, tina 'banamandhla is elliptical for tina 'bantu abanamandhla, the noun abantu being the understood correlative, in apposition with tina. In a similar manner umntu is understood with the singular pronouns. For the omission of the relative in some of the examples, see § 434, 1.

430. When the relative pronoun is the object of a verb, it concords, not with the correlative, but with the nominative. In these circumstances, therefore, its concordance depends upon that of the verb.

But when the verb is used impersonally, the relative sometimes takes the form of e as well as that of o. See examples in § 443.

POSITION OF PRONOUNS.

In

431. Demonstrative pronouns, when used with chiefly a definite force as in § 509, generally follow their nouns. other circumstances they usually precede them.

432. The possessive pronouns follow their nouns, like other possessive forms. But when the relative is prefixed, according to § 516, the reverse takes place, as shown in some of the examples there given.

433. The relative pronouns are prefixed to the verb, whether used subjectively or objectively. In the latter case, therefore, the construction may at first sight appear awkward, especially where the nominative precedes the verb, as in such circumstances it necessarily precedes the relative also. On this point it will be sufficient to observe, that the principles of concordance obviate any difficulty. It is a frequent usage, however, for the relative pronouns to be omitted, and the different circumstances, accordingly, in which such o mission occurs, may be here stated. (See note 66, p. 303.)

OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

434. As nominative to the verb, the relative is often omitted :

-

1. After personal pronouns of the first and second persons,

whether it concords with them, or with the understood correlative as in § 429. Thus :

Mina nditetayo;

Wena ubonayo;

Tina sibe sitwele ubunzima;

Kuti bangahambiyo ngayo
innyama;

Nani nimoyikayo;

Nina balukolo luncinane;

Nina batsha;

2. After a negative form of the substantive verb. As:

Akuko 'mntu waziyo lommini nelo

xesha ;

Auko 'nto iyitintelayo ;

Of that day and that hour knoweth no

man.

There is nothing which stops it.

3. After demonstrative and demonstrative personal pro

nouns.

As:

Dumisa lowo wenzayo izulu;

Abo baleleyo kuyo;

Ezona zifuywayo kwelozwe ;

Wayibonisa oyena nguye (§ 532) ngokumanga;

Nakulowo uliranuka;

Abo banamandhla ;

Praise him who made heaven.
Those which are asleep in it.

Those which are kept in that country.
He showed them (that) which was he
by kissing him.

And to him that is a sojourner.

Those who are with strength.

In these, and all other cases, where the relative is omitted after the demonstrative and demonstrative personal pronouns, they may be considered as compound relatives, expressing this and that which, these and those which, &c., according to the construction.-See also §§ 158; 280, 4, i; 308, 1; and 500, 2, ii.

435. As the object of a verb, in the sense of whom or which, the relative is sometimes omitted after demonstrative and demonstrative personal pronouns, as well as in other circumstances. Compare some of the examples in § 443.

436. The relative is also frequently omitted, where it is employed for the conjunction that, according to § 521. See examples in §§ 487 and 497.

437. The particle yo, likewise, which is affixed in con