Wapakamisa amehlo ake, wabona indawo ikude; Owokuqala uye wagalela ifiyali yake pezu kwomhlaba ; Bendisifa, naza kundikuza ke; Obesitandile, wasihlanza kuzo izono zetu ngelake igazi ; Unga ute ngoko wasa imali yami kubananeli, ndaza ndati ndakufika ndazuza into yami ngenani; Akuguquka ekwoneni kwake, wenza okulungileyo; Ndakuba ndivile ndabona; He lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off. And the first went, and poured out I was sick, and ye visited me. When he turneth away from his wick- When I had heard and seen. 1. The past tenses are also followed by the augmented forms, or by one of the participles. As: Ngokuba sibe sibona-, sasize kumbe desha; Yena nimtabatile, naye nimkurusesha; zu kwom-Dali; Ngenindipulapule ningatukululanga e- For we have seen-, and have come to worship him. Him 2. The past tenses of the Potential mood are frequently followed by the present, Subjunctive. As: Ngenikupe amehlo enu, nindinike wona; Ange elindile angavumi ukuba indhlu yake igqotyozwe; Ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me. He would have watched, and not have suffered his house to be broken through. 385. A latter verb sometimes takes the same form as the antecedent one, with kanjalo or kanjako added. As:Bendisifa, bendisentolongweni kanjalo. I was sick, and in prison: lit., I was in prison also. 386. In some instances, again, the copulative is altogether omitted, the latter verb being in the same form as the antecedent one, or in a different one, according to the sense intended, as in the case of absolute propositions. Thus : Zonke inklobo zezilo ziyoyiswa, ziyo- tanda; Every kind of beasts is tamed, (and) For the more emphatic modes of expressing the copulative, see §§ 267; 545, 2; 563; 565; and 566. PARTS OF THE PROPOSITION. 387. Every proposition, whether it consist of few or many words, is capable of a division into two parts, usually termed, subject and predicate. These are either simple or compound, incomplex or complex. The subject, or predicate, is simple, when it contains only one idea; compound, when it includes two or more. They are incomplex, when expressed by a single word; complex, when expressed by several. SUBJECT. 388. The subject generally consists of a noun or pronoun alone, or of a noun or pronoun in connexion with other words, which serve to limit, or otherwise modify, their signification. The noun, or pronoun, is termed the nominative, and upon this the other words, when the subject contains subordinate parts, are more or less dependent for their par ticular form. The nominative, moreover, is formally represented in the prefix of the verb, and to this, accordingly, or to that part of it which constitutes the sign of person, species, and number, a pronominal value is assigned. In most propositions, therefore, there are in point of fact two nominatives, the one pronominally inherent in the verb, and the other definitely expressed by the noun or pronoun. Thus: U-Tixo wadala umhlaba; Ndiya kuhamba mina; Abatandi ababantu; Asateta tina; M M God, he-made the earth. They do not love, these people. PREDICATE. 389. The predicate usually consists of a verb, or of a verb as the primary and ruling word, and others which are subordinate to it. The substantive verb is never used as a predicate. Where this occurs, therefore, the following word must be regarded as the proper predicate, or its leading member, and the substantive verb as the copula, or link of connexion. 390. Of the subordinate parts of the predicate, that which is the object of the verbal action is the principal. This object may be either a noun or pronoun, and is immediate or mediate, near or remote. The object is immediate, when the verbal action passes to it without the in tervention of any formal medium; and mediate, when such intervention takes place. In other words, the object is immediate or mediate, according as the verb is used transitively or intransitively. It is near or remote, according to its relative situation with the verb. 391. The immediate object of the verb is termed the accusative, and requires additional notice from the fact of its being formally represented in the verbal medial, just as the nominative is in the verbal prefix. In those propositions, accordingly, where the verb which predicates is used transitively, there may be two accusatives, as well as two nominatives, the one being pronominally resident in the verb, and the other definitely expressed by the noun or pronoun. Thus: 392. The Kafir language possesses another peculiar feature, in the employment of what may be termed a temporary predicate. This is supplied by the verb ti, which predicates of the subject indefinitely, as being, becoming, or doing so, thus leaving it to the verb of the real predicate, to define the kind of being or action which is intended to be expressed. In this construction, the verb ti is used in that tense, which the time and state of the action or being require, whilst the verb of the real predicate usually takes its form according to the rules stated in §§ 380-384. The following examples exhibit the principal usages of the temporary predicate: 1. It is used before relative propositions and parenthetical clauses in general. As: Woti osukuba ebulala abe netyala ematyaleni; Ngendawo yokuba bebeya kuti, ukuba akunqabile, bakohlise kwa nabaqa- Lusifundisa ukuba sifanele ukuti, sila- Whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment. Insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly. Ye know that after two days is the passover. 2. Before the subject of a proposition, whether it consist of the nominative alone, or of the nominative and subordinate parts. As: : 3. Before the immediate or mediate object of the verb, either with or without accompanying parts. As:— Ati u-Lote amrolela pakati endhlwini ; Woti kuzo izilo ezingengcwele utabate ngazibini ; They pulled Lot into the house. Of beasts that are not clean thou shalt take by two. 4. Before words and phrases of modification. As: Uti kodwa ubonakale ku-Yihlo osemfihlekweni ; >Woti kanjalo ahambe pambi kwake; Bati ngokuzenzisa benze imitandazo emide; Ngenditi, ma-Yodi, ndanyamazela uku niva; But that thou appear unto thy Father Moreover, he shall go before him. O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you. 5. Before two or more of the preceding usages in combination. As : Bati kodwa abadisipile bake, bakubona lonto, baqumba kunene; Wati kekaloku kwa oko, unina bonyana baka-Zebedi, weza kuye; But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation. Then came to him the mother of Zebedee's children. 6. Between the relative pronoun and the verb, or between the relative pronoun and any of the above usages. As:- Abantwana zinto eziti zilile kamsinya ; amanzi asel' eba mnandi; Oti ngennxa yezizinto umsindo ka Tixo uze pezu kwabo; Eziti inkliziyo zonke zivulekele kuwe; Enditi kaloku ndivuye ekuveni kwam ubunzima; Children are things which soon weep. A tree, which when he had cast into For which things' sake the wrath of Before whom all hearts are open. Who now rejoice in my sufferings. 393. In some cases, the verb of the real predicate is used in a different form to that which is required by the rules in $$ 380-384. For example: 1. The present, Indicative, of the verb ti, is sometimes. followed by a verb in the same form, or by one in the aorist, or perfect, Indicative, according as the sense intended may demand. As: 2. The first future, Indicative, and the present, Potential, of the verb ti, are sometimes followed by verbs in the same form. As: Ndoti ke ngoko, xa ndiyifezileyo lento, ndodhlula ngakuni ukuza e-Spayine; Ungati ukuba uyatanda, ungandillambulula; When therefore I have performed this, |