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relationship to a governing noun of the second species, singular; of the modifying prefix a, which expresses of, and unites with the above euphonic letter in the form of the possessive particle la; and of inkosi the simple form, which contains the primary idea, and coalesces with the preceding particle in one word, according to the principle of composition. Likabawo may be analyzed in a similar manner: li, the formal sign of grammatical relation; ka, the modifying idea; and ubawo, the principal one.

It will be evident from the preceding rules and remarks, that every noun may have as many different possessive forms, as there are nominal prefixes; every noun depending, for the true and full form of its possessive, on the particular form of the prefix of the governing noun.

DATIVE FORMS.

106. There are two dative forms, including the usual significations of to, in, into, on, at, from, among, as well as some of those attached to with, of, about, &c. The first form is common to all nouns, except those of the first species which have u for their singular prefix, or which express proper names. The second more particularly belongs to those nouns which are not found in the first form, though most kinds of nouns sometimes assume it.

FIRST DATIVE FORM.

107. The first or inflected dative form is derived from the simple one, by changing its initial vowel into e, and its final vowel, according to its form, as follows:

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1. But when w is incompatible with the preceding consonant or consonants, o changes into eni, and u into ini: as, endaweni, from indawo, place; elifini, from ilifu, cloud. See also the examples below, § 108.

2. The diphthongs ai and au separate into their component parts, in passing through the process of inflection: thus, ennqa-ini, from innqai, clay-pot; elupa-wini, from upau, a mark.

108. A change also takes place in the consonant immediately preceding the final vowel, when it happens to be either b, p, m, or either of the combinations mb or mp, according to rules stated in § 45, Thus :

b changes into ty:

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m

mb
mp

tsh:

ny:

nj:

4.

as, engutyeni from ingubo.
as, elusatsheni from usapo.

as, emlonyeni from umlomo.

as, emlanjeni from umlambo.

ntsh: as, emahlwentsheni from amahlwempu.

They

These consonantal changes, however, are not uniformly observed. appear to occur regularly, only in the case of those nouns which terminate in o; though even here there are exceptions, as, for example, enkomeni from inkomo. When the final vowel is a, the above consonants are sometimes changed, and at other times not, usage appearing in this instance to be equally favourable to both forms. With other final vowels, they do not often suffer mutation.

109. The contracted forms of the prefixes of nouns of the third and fifth species, are restored to their full forms in the formation of the first or inflected dative form. Thus :SPECIES 3. Plur.-ezimazini from imazi-izimazi.

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110. Nouns which are the names of places or rivers, simply change their initial vowel, in taking their inflected form. Thus:

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Many nouns which denote a particular place or situation, or indicate a definite period of time, observe the same rule.

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ebusika

...

ubusika, winter.

ekwindhla ... ikwindhla, autumn.

Some nouns are used in both ways: as enkloko and enklokweni, from inkloko, head; elubala and elubaleni, from ubala, wilderness.

SECOND DATIVE FORM.

111. The second or prefixual dative form, is derived by prefixing the particle ku to the simple form, the initial vowel of which is dropped; or otherwise, the final u of ku is either changed into w, before the initial vowel of the noun, or altogether elided. Compare the several usages of ku, & 308. Thus:

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112. The locative form is limited to those nouns which are the names of persons. It is formed by prefixing the particle kwa to their simple forms, the initial vowels of which are elided. This form connects the idea of place or residence with that of the person, and expresses the sense of at, to, or from, according to the construction. Thus :

kwa-Xosa, at Xosa's place;
kwa-Pato, to Pato's place;
kwam-Hala, from Umhala's place;

from u-Xosa.

u-Pato.

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um-Hala.

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113. The vocative form is used in addressing a person or thing, and is derived from the simple form by eliding its initial vowel. Thus:

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1. But plural nouns of the first species, with the o form of the prefix, generally prefix their euphonic letter in the derivation of the vocative form; or, what amounts to the same thing, the b of the prefix in its full form, is restored in the formation of their vocatives.

Thus:

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Singular nouns of the second species, with the i prefix, occasionally observe a similar rule in forming their vocatives.

2. In deriving the vocative forms of nouns of the third and fifth species, the uncontracted forms of their prefixes must be used. As:

SPECIES 3. Plur.-Zimazi from imazi.

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CAUSAL FORM.

114. The causal form is derived from the simple one, by prefixing its euphonic letter or substitute; and varies, therefore, in each species and number, according to the particular form of the nominal prefix. Compare §§ 98 and 55. This form of the noun expesses by, of, for, in their causal applications; thus connecting the cause with the effect, or the agent with the action.

Thus: :

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After passive and some other kinds of verbs, the euphonic letter or substitute is sometimes omitted, together with the initial vowel of the simple form. This usage more especially obtains when such verbs are used in their negative forms. For example:

Kungaziwa 'mntu ;
Abayi kuhlelwa 'nto;

Ubezele bubele;

That no one should know it.

Nothing shall befall them.
He was full of compassion.

This rule is observed, in point of fact, by all nouns which employ contracted prefixes, the euphonic letter simply being, in such circumstances, a restoration of the consonant of the full prefixes, and consequently the causal form is, strictly speaking, in an elided state.

INSTRUMENTAL FORM.

115. The instrumental form is derived from the simple

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