When they assert that the Church cannot err, their meaning is, as they themselves explain it, That as it is governed by the Spirit of God, it may safely proceed without the word; that whithersoever it goes, it an neither think nor speak any thing that is not true; and, therefore, that if it determine any thing beyond or beside the Divine word, the same is to be considered in no other light than as a certain oracle of God. If we grant the first point, that the Church cannot err in things essential to salvation, our meaning is, that its security from error is owing to its renouncing all its own wisdom, and submitting itself to the Holy Spirit to be taught by means of the word of God. This then is the difference between us. They ascribe to the Church an authority independent of the word; we maintain it to be annexed to the word, and inseparable from it. And what is there surprising, that the spouse and disciple of Christ is subject to her Lord and master, so as to be assiduously and sedulously awaiting his commands and instructions? For it is the order of a well-regulated family, for the wife to obey the command of the husband; it is the order of a well-disciplined school, that nothing be heard there but the instructions of the master. Wherefore let not the Church be wise of itself, nor think any thing of itself, but let it fix the boundary of its wisdom. where Christ has made an end of speaking. In this manner it will distrust all the inventions of its own reason, but in those things in which it is supported by the word of God, it will not waver with any suspicion or hesitation, but will rest upon it with strong certainty and unshaken constancy. Thus confiding in the amplitude of the promises it has received, it will have an excellent support for its faith, so that it cannot doubt that the Holy Spirit, the best guide in the right way, is always present with it, but at the same time it will remember what advantage the Lord intends should be received from his Spirit. "The Spirit," says he, "whom I will send from the Father, will guide you into all truth." But how will this be done? Christ says, "He shall bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you." (y) He announces, therefore, that nothing more is (y) John xiv. 26. xv. 26. xvi. 13. Y

VOL. III.

to be expected from his Spirit, than that he will enlighten our minds to discover the truth of his doctrine. Wherefore it is very judiciously observed by Chrysostom, that "many boast of the Holy Spirit, but in those, who speak from themselves, this is a false pretence. As Christ testified that he spake not of himself, because he spake from the law and the prophets; so, if under the name of the Spirit, any thing be obtruded that is not contained in the Gospel, let us not believe it. For as Christ is the accomplishment of the law and the prophets, so is the Spirit, of the Gospel." These are the words of Chrysostom. Now it is easy to infer how great is the error of our adversaries, who boast of the Holy Spirit for no other purpose than to recommend, under his name, doctrines strange and inconsistent with the word of God, whereas it is his determination to be connected with the word by an indissoluble bond, and this was declared by Christ when he promised him to his Church. And so he is in point of fact. The sobriety which the Lord hath once prescribed to his Church, he will have to be perpetually observed; and he hath forbidden the Church to add any thing to his word, or to diminish any thing from it. This is the inviolable decree of God and of the Holy Spirit, which our adversaries endeavour to abrogate, when they pretend that the Church is governed by the Spirit without the word.

XIV. Here again they cavil, that it was necessary for the Church to add some things to the writings of the apostles, or at least for the apostles themselves afterwards to supply in their discourses, what they had not so explicitly delivered in their writings, because Christ declared to them, "I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now;" (z) and that these are the ordinances which have been received as usages and customs without the scripture. But what effrontery is here betrayed! I confess that the disciples were ignorant, and not very docile, when the Lord made this declaration to them; but they were not so stupid, when they committed their doctrine to writing, as to render it necessary for them afterwards to supply in their discourses what they had from ignorance omitted in their writings.

(2) John xvi. 12.

But if, when they published their writings, they had already been led by the Spirit into all truth, what hindered them from comprising and leaving on record in those writings a perfect system of evangelical doctrine? Let us grant our opponents, however, what they ask; only let them enumerate those things which required to be revealed, and are not contained in the apostolical writings. If they dare to attempt this, I will reply in the words of Augustine, "Where the Lord has been silent, which of us can say, These things or those are intended; and if he dare to say so, how will he prove it?" But why do I contend a point that is unnecessary? For even children know that the apostolic writings, which these men represent as incomplete and essentially deficient, contain the fruit of that revelation which the Lord then promised them.

XV. What, say they, did not Christ place the doctrines and decrees of the Church beyond all controversy, when he commanded him who should dare to contradict it, to be regarded "as a heathen man and a publican?" (a) In the first place, Christ in that text makes no mention of doctrine, but only asserts the authority of the Church in pronouncing censures for the correction of vices, in order that its judgment. may not be opposed by any who are admonished or reproved. But leaving this remark, it is astonishing, that they have no more modesty than to presume to boast of that passage. For what will they extort from it, but that it is unlawful to despise the consent of the Church, which never consents to any thing except the truth of the word of God? The Church is to be heard, they say. Who denies it? For it pronounces nothing but from the word of the Lord. If they require any thing further, let them know that these words of Christ afford them no support. Nor ought it to be esteemed too contentious in me to insist so strenuously on this point, That it is not lawful for the Church to invent any new doctrine, or to teach and deliver, as of Divine authority, any thing more than the Lord hath revealed in his word. All persons of sound judgment perceive how exceedingly dangerous

(a) Matt. xviii. 17.

it would be if so much power were once granted to, any man. For they see how wide a door is opened to the scoffs and cavils of the impious, if we assert that the decisions of men are to be received by Christians as articles of faith. It is also to be remarked, that Christ spoke according to the established order of his own time, and gave this name to the Sanhedrim, that his disciples might learn afterwards to reverence the solemn assemblies of the Church. And thus, on the principle of our adversaries, every city and village would have an equal liberty to frame new articles of faith.

XVI. The examples which they allege are nothing to the purpose. They say that the baptism of infants arose, not so much from any express command of scripture, as from the decree of the Church. It would be a most miserable asylum, if in defence of infant baptism, we were compelled to have recourse to the mere authority of the Church; but it will be shewn in another place, that the fact is very different. So when they object, that the Scriptures no where affirm what was pronounced in the council of Nice, that the Son is of the same substance with the Father, they do great injury to the Fathers of that council, as if they had presumptuously condemned Arius for having refused to subscribe to their language, while he professed all the doctrine which is contained in the writings of the prophets and apostles. The word consubstantial (μoσios) I confess, is not to be found in the scripture; but while on the one hand it is so often affirmed that there is but one God, and on the other Christ is so frequently called the true and eternal God, one with the Father, what have the Nicene Fathers done, but simply expressed the natural sense of the scripture, in declaring the Father and the Son to be of one and the same substance? And Theodoret the historian states, that Constantine the emperor opened that council with the following preliminary address: "In disputes on divine subjects we are to adhere to the doctrine of the holy Spirit; the books of the evangelists and apostles, with the oracles of the prophets, fully reveal to us the will of God. Wherefore, laying aside all discord, let us take the decision of all questions in debate from the words of the Spirit." There was no one at that time who opposed these

holy admonitions. No one objected, that the Church might add something of its own, that the Spirit had not revealed every thing to the apostles, or at least, that they had not transmitted the whole to posterity in writing, or any thing of the like nature. If what our adversaries contend for be true, in the first place, Constantine acted unjustly in depriving the Church of its power; and in the next place, when none of the bishops rose to vindicate that power, their silence was not to be excused from treachery, for on that occasion they must have betrayed the rights of the Church. But from the statement of Theodoret, that they readily received what was said by the emperor, it is evident that this novel dogma of our adversaries was at that time altogether unknown.

CHAPTER IX.

Councils; their Authority.

THOUGH I should concede to our adversaries all the claims which they set up on behalf of the Church, yet this would effect but little towards the attainment of their object. For whatever is said respecting the Church, they immeately transfer to the councils, which they consider as representing the Church; and it may further be affirmed, that their violent contentions for the power of the Church, is with no other view than to ascribe all that they can extort to the Roman pontiff and his satellites. Before I enter on the discussion of this question, it is necessary for me to premise two brief observations. First, if in this chapter I am rather severe on our opponents, it is not that I would shew the ancient councils less honour than they deserve. I venerate them from my heart, and wish them to receive from all men the honour to which they are entitled; but here some limits must be observed, that we may derogate nothing from Christ. Now it is the prerogative of Christ, to preside over all councils, and to have no mortal man associated with him in