but a wholly new order of men has taken the place of the old poets" the wise men" have come on to the stage. The beautiful sunny-haired boy we left dreaming beside the great god Neptune, and watching the approach of Aphrodite and Apollo, and enjoying the glorious trance of the rosy dawn of genius-when all that the eye saw and the ear heard was received with delight, and without any disposition to doubt-has grown into a young man, has gone to college, has been taught to question everything, has entered, in short, the age of Scepticism. Still it is the same youth, the poet-boy is father of this philosophic man ; there is no decline of imagination, but there is a quickened faculty of analysis and reasoning superinduced upon the primitive exuberant loam of the mind. We now stand on the threshold of the scientific era, we can scarcely be said to have entered it; for the methods of investigating the natural phenomena, which were becoming recognized as being, at least in some degree, not the immediate actions of gods and goddesses, but forces of nature, were too vague to lead to any practical progress: they were gropings after another sort of cosmogony than that of Homer and Hesiod, but purely tentative gropings.-What was the origin of all things? "Water," was the reply of Thales, the companion of Solon; "or rather the element of fluidity-always the same in its essence, but capable of assuming an infinite variety of forms."1 His attempts at solving the physical problems indicate the same kind of intellectual effort as he displayed in a more appropriate field, when, in answer to the question, “What is difficult?" he replied, "To know thyself;" and, "What is easy?" "To advise another." The following passage presents a striking contrast between the Greek mind of this and the Homeric period: "God is the most ancient of all things, for he had no birth: the world is the most beautiful of things, for it is the work of God: place is the greatest of things, for it contains all things:

Grote, Op. cit. Vol. IV. p. 518.

intellect is the swiftest of things, for it runs through everything time is the wisest of things, for it finds out everything." The following lines remind one of Goethe :

"It is not many words that real wisdom proves:

Breathe rather one wise thought,—

Select one worthy object,

So shall you best the endless prate of silly men reprove."
"1

:

At some distance after Thales came Pythagoras, whose mind was of the same composite character, but showed evidence of more advancement. On the one hand, he indulged in speculations about the universe, of the same general and altogether unpractical nature as those of Thales; while, on the other hand, he applied himself to the study of geometry, and made some important discoveries in that science-as, for example, the proposition now known as the 47th of the 1st book of Euclid, that the square of the hypotheneuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the squares of the other two sides. He is said to have been so delighted with his success, as to have sacrificed a hecatomb of oxen- a curious illustration of the feelings remaining in their childhood state after the intellect had attained to man's maturity.

While Pythagoras tended towards the two extremes of speculation about the world and the cultivation of pure science, his disciple, Empedocles, seems to have been among the first to touch upon the application of science to the wants of his age. He was a physician; and although it is more than 2000 years since he lived, he contrived to execute a task similar to one which at present is puzzling the ingenuity of modern engineers. "When a pestilence attacked the people of Selinus by reason of the bad smells. arising from the adjacent river, so that the men died and the women bore dead children, Empedocles contrived a plan, and brought into the same channel two other rivers

'Diogen. Lacrt. Op. cit. p. 19.

1

at his own expense, and so by mixing their waters with that of the other river, he sweetened the stream." For this the people of Selinus adored him as a god. If some modern Empedocles would do the same to the Thames, even at the public expense, no doubt the people of London would honour him after their fashion.

It is important to note that the word Philosopher was about this period invented and applied to the leaders of Greek thought. Thales and Solon were called "the wise,' but their successors, entering the region of physical speculation and discovery, recognized their own ignorance, and refused any title but the modest one of "lovers of wisdom." It was to this class of speculations about the origin of the world, that at that time the name Philosophy was confined.

2

Along with the progress of Greek intellect towards a discrimination of the physical causes of events, we find, not unnaturally, a renunciation on the part of some of these early thinkers, of all the old beliefs in the gods. Thus, for example, Diagorus, called the Atheist, was once at a tavern where the fire was very low, and there was no wood at hand except a statue of Hercules. This he pitched into the waning flames, and exclaimed, "Bravo, Hercules, this is the thirteenth and last of thy labours!" What a distance we have now drifted from the Hercules of Homer! We have come to the beginning of the modern era of speculation and investigation, the era of Socrates, Plato, and-the Father of MedicineHIPPOCRATES.

1 Diogen. Laert. Op. Cit. p. 366. 2 Cicero de Nat. Deor., quoted by Le Clerk.

3 This reminds one of a somewhat similar act, performed by a very different man, in very different circumstances, thus graphically described by Mr. Carlyle:"Scottish John Knox,

such world hero as we know, sat nevertheless pulling, grim, taciturn, at the oar of the French galley in the water of the Lore,' and even flung the Virgin Mary over, instead of kissing her, as a 'pented bredd,' or timber virgin who could naturally swim."-French Revolution, Vol. II. p. 136.

Facies Hippocratica-Love-sickness-Sacred Diseases-Freedom and SlaveryVow of Purity-Elements and Humours-Greek Physics-4ux and μGhosts-Healing Power of Nature-Spirit Manifestations-Principle of Contraries-Empirics-Methodists-Sensible System-Dogmatists-Allopathy and Homoeopathy-General Culture-Temple of Esculapius-His Descriptive Power -His Inductive Method-His Serious Diligence-Follow Nature-Barley Water -Surgical Treatment-Aphorisms.

ON the south-eastern coast of Asia Minor, there is a deep indentation known by the name of the Ceramic Gulph. At the entrance of this long bay is the island of Cos. It is rather smaller than the Isle of Wight, being ninety-five square miles in extent, and of somewhat the same shape. On the opposite shore, to the right, looking eastward, on a point of the main land, stood its great rival the town and

temple of Cnidus. an extensive trade in wine and ointments, and manufacturing a peculiar kind of dress which went by its name (Coc Vestes). Its chief town was beautifully situated on the north-east side, and had an excellent harbour. In the immediate neighbourhood stood the Asclepieum, or temple of Esculapius. Here, about the year 460 B.C., were born Apelles, the greatest painter of his age-possibly of any age and Hippocrates, the second of his name, called the Great his grandfather, the first Hippocrates, was the great-grandson of Sostratus the Third, whose ancestor, the first Sostratus, was the grandson of the Homeric hero, Podalirius, son of Esculapius."

Cos was a fertile country, carrying on

We may fairly assume that Hippocrates and Apelles were early companions; and, possibly, some of the peculiarities of the style of the great physician may be due to the influence of the great painter. Hippocrates' descriptive faculty, in which, in his own department, he has never been even approached in excellence, is wholly destitute of literary merit. It has the severity of naked truth.) He sees with the eye of an artist, but tells what he sees in the plainest, most unartistic method. For example, take his picture of a dying face: "a sharp nose, hollow eyes, collapsed temples; the ears cold, contracted, and their lobes turned out; the skin about the forehead being rough, distended, and parched; the colour of the whole face being green, black, livid, or lead-coloured." This still goes by the name of the facies Hippocratica, or "the dying face, by Hippocrates." If we compare this picture of a dying man with that drawn by Shakespere, we shall at once perceive the points of resemblance and contrast: "After I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with the flowers, and smile upon his

Smith's Classical Dict., Art. Cos. 2 The genuine works of Hippocrates, translated by Francis Adams. Sydenham Soc. p. 23. Dr. Adams has laid

not the profession alone of which he is so great an ornament, but humanity itself, under a debt of gratitude by his admirable revival of Hippocrates.