as convenient, the patient should be sent to a cool district in the country, and kept free from excitement. The brain must rest from all work. Exercise in the open air and nourishing diet are essential; regular habits must be rigidly enforced. A continuance of this treatment for several months prevents, or at least lessens, the danger from nervous affections which follow sunstroke.

Lightning Stroke: Preliminary Dangers: Important Hints.-After a thorough examination, an able medical professor states that "when persons happen to be overtaken by a thunder-storm, although they may not be terrified by lightning, yet they naturally wish for shelter from the rain which usually attends it; and, therefore, if no house be at hand, generally take refuge under the nearest tree they can find. But in doing this they unknowingly expose themselves to a double danger; first, because their clothes being thus kept dry, their bodies are rendered more liable to injury, the lightning often passing harmlessly over a body whose surface is wet; and, secondly, because a tree or any elevated object, instead of warding off, serves to attract and conduct the lightning, which in its passage frequently rends its trunks or branches, and kills any person or animal who happens to be close to it at the time. Instead of hay-rick, pillar, wall, or hedge, the person should either pursue his way to the nearest house, or get to a part of the road or field which has no object that can draw lightning toward it, and remain there until the stori has subsided.

"It is particularly dangerous to stand near leaden spouts or iron gates at such times; metals of all kinds have so strong a conducting power for lightning as frequently to lead it out of the course it would otherwise have taken. "When in the house avoid standing near a window, door, or walls during a thunder-gust. The nearer you are placed to the middle of a room the better. "When a person is struck by lightning, strip the body and throw buckets full of cold water over it for ten or fifteen minutes; let continued frictions and inflations of the lungs be also practiced; let gentle shocks of electricity be made to pass through the chest, when a skillful person can be procured to administer them; and apply blisters to the chest."

Apoplexy: Nature and Cause. *—Apoplexy is caused by an unnatural amount of blood in the brain. Whatever sends too much to the brain may cause apoplexy. Whatever keeps the blood from coming from the brain dams it up, and may cause apoplexy. This is the kind of apoplexy which seems

From the suddenness of the attack and the apparent causelessness of it, the Greeks connected it in their minds with the idea of a stroke of lightning as coming from the Almighty hand; it literally means "a stroke from above." As instantaneous as the hurling of a thunderbolt in a clear sky, there comes a loss of sense, and feeling, and thought, and mo tion; the heart beats, the lungs play, but that is all-they soon cease forever. The Romans considered the person to be "thunderstruck" or planet struck, as if it were of unearthly origin.-J. W. HOWE.

to come without any apparent adequate cause. Tying a cord around the neck, or holding the head downward too long, can bring on an attack of apoplexy, by damming up the blood in the brain, and keeping it from returning to the body. A sudden mental emotion can send too much blood to the bra.n, or too great mental excitement does the same thing.

Immediate Treatment of Apoplexy.-When a man is asleep his pulse beats and his lungs play; he is without sense, and can be easily awakened.

If a person faints, he too is without sense, but he has no pulse, and does not breathe. Apoplexy is between the two; the heart beats, the lungs play as in sleep, and there is no sense as in fainting, but you can't shake the man back to life.

In sleep the face is natural.

In a fainting fit it has the pallor of death.

In apoplexy it is swollen, turbid, and fairly livid.

If a man is asleep, let him alone; nature will wake him up as soon as he has got sleep enough.

When a person faints, all that is necessary is to lay him down on the floor, and he will "come to."

In apoplexy set a man up.* Then give him rest. Keep the head raised, and put cool cloths upon it. Put mustard plasters on the calves of the legs. These may draw the blood from the head. In difficult cases, strong purgatives should be given, and sometimes these should be accompanied by electric or galvanic action. After recovery the extent of the liability of another attack cannot be estimated. In a majority of cases, among persons of prudent, careful life, there is no relapse.

How to Treat Delirious Patients. Avoid any roughness in dealing with such cases, but be firm, and do not permit them to know you are afraid of them or inclined to let them have their own way. Do not attempt to argue with them or contradict any of their assertions, but at the same time it is well to appear interested in their conversation. See that all escape is prevented. See that there are no knives or dangerous weapons within reach. Immediate aid should be within call.

Convulsions, and How to Stop Them.-Some children are liable to convulsions from derangement of the digestive organs. They sometimes occur when a child is teething. The attack is often preceded by involuntary

In apoplexy, as there is too much blood in the head, every one can see that the position is to set a man up, and the blood naturally tends downward—as much so as water will come out of a bottle when it is turned upside down, if the cork is out.

If, then, a man is merely asleep, let him alone, for the face is natural.

If a man has fainted, lay him flat on his back, for his face is leadly pale.

If a man is apoplectic, set him in a chair, because the face is swollen and livid with its excess of blood.

movements of the mouth or eyelids; then the eyes become fixed and the body rigid, the breathing is irregular, often suspended for a few moments, and the face and surface of the body becomes dark red or livid. This is followed by twitching or jerking of the limbs, and often the arms and the legs, and the muscles of the face. The attendant should at once prepare a warm bath, and the child be immersed in the water up to the head, which should have cold water applied to it. It should be kept in the bath until the convulsions cease, keeping up the temperature to about 98°. After the bath, wrap the child in a warm blanket.

EMERGENCIES-DROWNING.

What to Do in Case of Drowning.*-When a drowned person is taken from the water he must be treated on the spot, in the open air. On no account waste precious time by removing him to a house, unless the weather is intensely cold. Secure a return of breathing first-protecting him from the severe cold by coats, blankets, etc., if necessary-and then take him into a house Keep bystanders off twelve or fifteen feet, while three (or, at most, four) stout persons manage the patient. Loosen all tight clothing. To Restore Breathing.-Place the patient upon his face, with his chest

resting on a good cushion, (as a coat folded,) and one arm brought under his forehead, (see Fig. 1.) In this position the fluid will escape from the mouth,

*Reprinted from The Physio-Medical Recorder, Cincinnati, by the courtesy of whose editor and publisher, Wm. H. Cook, M.D., the article, with its illustrations, is here inserted.

throat, and mostly from the lungs. The tongue itself will also fall forward, and thus leave the entrance to the windpipe free. The mouth may be wiped out quickly with a fold of the handkerchief over one's forefinger. Press gently between the shoulder-blades and on the sides. On no account lift the patient to his feet, or even to a sitting posture, even for a moment, as such a position causes the water to sink to the bottom of the lungs, and might utterly strangle a patient who was gasping for breath.

Possibly the patient may struggle into breathing so soon as the water escapes from his mouth. If so, manage him as hereafter described for this stage of recovery. If he should not now recover, do not keep him on his face more than one-fourth of a minute at the furthest; but remove the hands from making pressure on the sides and back, and turn him fully upon one side, no matter whether right or left, as in Fig. 2. Support the head

while doing this, and also hold up the arm that was previously under the forehead. Some smelling-salts or snuff may be placed to the nose in the hope of exciting a breathing effort, but not too abundantly; or a feather may be used to tickle the throat. Be careful not to roll the patient so far upon his back as to have the tongue fall back upon the windpipe; and if it is observed thus to fall, pull it forward quickly.

The position upon the side must not be maintained longer than a few seconds. If the patient then show no signs of returning life, he must be rolled upon the face, precisely as in the position first named-making pressure between the shoulder-blades and upon the sides of the chest, as before. This position upon the face causes (or imitates) the natural action of lungs and chest in the expiration of breath; while the position upon the side imitates

the inspiration of breath. These two movements may now be repeated regularly, as a close resemblance to the natural act of breathing. They should be made at the rate of not more than fifteen times in a minute, or once in four seconds. There is much liability that they will be made oftener; but this must be carefully guarded against. The turning upon the side had better be alternated from right to left. At the moment of turning from the face to the side, all pressure must be removed from the trunk; and it will be well also to lift upward the free arm, so that its weight shall not drag across the chest and compress the lungs. If the tongue should be disposed to fall backward, it had better be drawn pretty well forward by passing a cord behind Its thick part and out of the corners of the mouth-then tying the cord under the chin. Smelling salts may be applied occasionally, but not too often nor too freely.

While carrying on the above operations, dry the hands and feet gently without much rubbing, and gently put on dry clothing; and be sure not to let the act of changing the clothes interfere in the least with either the regularity or the completeness of the above movements. These movements often suffice to restore signs of life in a few minutes. If no such signs are apparent after eight or ten minutes of such efforts, the position may be changed, and different movements made as follows:

The water being thoroughly worked out of the lungs by the above movements, place the patient upon his back upon a board or other flat surface. Let this incline upward a little from the feet to the head. Support the head and shoulders on a small but firm cushion, extending down to the lower edge of the shoulder-blades, such as a folded coat. Draw the patient's tongue strongly forward, even beyond the lips, and keep it thus by a tape or string,