too soon after the first, had much more marked effects. The author thinks that at least two days must be allowed to elapse between two inhalations; and that the second must not be taken in cases of acute catarrh, or where the singing noise is due to some mechanical cause.-London Medical Record, May 15, 1879.

Remedies for Earache.-1. Dr. Browning, of Mississippi, earnestly commends the following prescription as a remedy for acute earache: Tobacco, (cut fine,) one drachm; glycerine, one ounce; mix, and put five drops into the ear once a day.

2. A case is related of a person suffering with intense pain from earache, who, after trying all other remedies without relief, was finally cured by pouring vinegar upon a hot brick, and with a funnel conducting the steam into the ear. Relief was quick and permanent.

3. Take a small piece of cotton-wool, making a depression in the center with a finger, and fill it with as much ground pepper as will rest on a fivecent piece, gather it into a ball and tie it up, dip the ball into sweet oil and insert it into the ear, covering the latter with cotton-wool, and use a bandage or cap to retain it in its place. Almost instant relief will be experienced, and the application is so gentle that an infant will not be injured by it, but experience relief, as well as adults.

4. Generally heat is an efficient remedy. Apply a warm poultice or warm oil to the ear. Rub the back of the ear with warm laudanum. In case of a fetid discharge, carefully syringe the ear with warm milk and water. In all cases keep the ear thoroughly cleansed. Relief is often given by rubbing

the back of the ear with a little hartshorn and water.

Earache Relieved by Arnica.-A physician endorses the following: There is, however, one remedy which the experience of twenty years has taught us is unfailing. We have seen it repeatedly tried in our own family, and have frequently recommended it to others, always with the same satisfactory result. No house should be without its bottle of arnica, It is indispensable in cases of cuts, burns, and bruises, and in earache it is a sovereign cure. As soon as any soreness is felt in the ear, which feeling mostly precedes the regular "ache," let three or four drops of tincture of arnica be poured in, and then the orifice filled with a little cotton to exclude the air, and in a short time the uneasiness is forgotten. If the arnica is not resorted to until there is actual pain, the cure may not be so speedy, but it is just as certain. If one application of the arnica does not effect a cure, it will be necessary to repeat it, it may be several times. It is a sure preventive of gathering in the ear, which is the usual cause of earache. We have never yet known any harm or serious inconvenience to attend the use of arnica ; though if the spirits with which it is made are strong, it may be diluted with

a little water, as the spirits, not the arnica, will sometimes cause a temporary dizziness of the head, which is unpleasant.

Don't Treat the Ear for Toothache.—It is a bad practice to put cotton-wool soaked in laudanum or chloroform into the ear for the relief of toothache. It is true that it may sometimes prove effectual and procure a night's rest, for the connection between the teeth and the ear is very close. But let it be borne in mind that the ear is far too delicate and valuable an organ to be used as a medium for the application of strong remedies for disorders of the teeth, and that both laudanum and chloroform, more especially the latter, are powerful irritants, and that such applications are always accompanied with risk. The teeth should be looked after for themselves by some competent dentist; and if toothache spreads to the ear, this is another reason why they should be attended to at once, for prolonged pain in the head, arising from the teeth, may itself injure the hearing. In earache everything should be done to soothe it, and all strong, irritating applications should be avoided. Pieces of hot fig or onion should on no account be put in; but warm flannels should be applied, with poppy fomentations, externally, if the pain does not soon subside.

Don't "Box the Ears."-The practice of boxing children's ears is exceedingly reprehensible. It is known that the passage of the ear is closed by a thin membrane, especially adapted to be influenced by every impulse of the air, and with nothing but the air to support it internally. What, then, can be more likely to injure this membrane than a sudden and forcible compression of the air in front of it? If any one designed to break or over-stretch the membrane, a more efficient means could scarcely be devised than to bring the hand suddenly and forcibly down upon the passage of the ear, thus driving the air violently before it, with no possibility of its escape but by the membrane giving way. Medical authorities assert that children are in this way made more or less deaf by boxing on the ear.

CARE OF THE NOSE.-SMELLING.

The Sense of Smell.-The nostrils open at the back into the pharynx, and are lined by a continuation of the mucous membrane of the throat. The olfactory nerves enter through a sieve-like bony plate at the roof of the nose, and are distributed over the inner surface of the two olfactory chambers. The purpose of the sense of smell is to warn us of the presence of foul air, and to aid us in the selection of food.

The Object May be Distant.-The object to be smelled need not touch the nose, but tiny particles borne on the air enter the nasal passages. Three quarters of a grain of musk placed in a room causes a very powerful odor for a considerable length of time, without any sensible diminution in weight. Odors are transported by the air a long distance. Navigators state that the winds bring the odors of the spice islands to them when far away at sea.

Foreign Substances in the Nose.-Beans, cherry-pits, peas, etc., often cause considerable, but not serious, inconvenience among children. The simplest way of getting rid of the intruder is to close the opposite nostril, and blow forcibly into the patient's mouth. Sometimes sneezing, caused by snuff introduced into the nostril, will dislodge the object. In place of this, a stream of water carried into the nostril by means of a nasal douche, may wash out the material. When simple measures fail, a physician must be called, and the forceps resorted to.

Bleeding from the Nose.-The causes which commonly produce bleeding from the nose, are those which send the blood too strongly to the head, such as strong coffee, too full living, exposure to heat, excess in drinking; any violent mental excitement, constipation, etc. It is also caused by tight lacing, tight neck-cloths, blows on the nose, etc. In the majority of cases it is beneficial, but may be so persistent as to endanger life.

Treatment of Excessive Nose-Bleed. The patient should be exposed to cool air. The head should not hang over a basin, but be kept raised. Find which nostril the blood escapes from, and on that side raise the arm perpendicularly, and hold the nose firmly with the finger and thumb. At the same time a towel wet with ice-water may be laid on the forehead. A piece of ice, a snowball, or cold water compress applied to the back of the neck will often stop the bleeding. The popular remedy of placing a cold key between the clothes and the back should not be forgotten. A more powerful remedy, one which seldom fails, is that of blowing, by means of a quill, powdered gumarabic into the nostrils. When clotted blood forms in the nostrils it should be disturbed as little as possible.

Simple Remedy for Nose-Bleed.-A friend who has tried it, says: "Put a piece of paper in your mouth, chew it rapidly, and it will stop your nose from bleeding. This remedy has been tried frequently with success.

A physician says that placing a small roll of paper or muslin above the front teeth, under the upper lip, and pressing hard on the same, will arrest bleeding from the nose, checking the passage of the blood through the arteries leading to the nose.

Catarrh of the Nose. This disease is not usually absolutely painful, but it is yet in many cases intensely harassing. It is universal, for neither sex and no age is free from liability to acute attacks of it. The one great cause

of it is exposure to cold, sitting in draughts, wetting the feet, and all circumstances that conspire to close the pores of the skin, may bring on a severe attack in a few hours. The chief predisposing causes are confinement in over-heated rooms, and the eating and drinking of hot substances.

Treatment of Nasal Catarrh.-No two cases can be treated exactly alike. The special remedy to be used, and the strength of the solution must be determined by the progress of the case. In almost all cases weak solution of chlorate of potash, applied by means of a syringe, will prove beneficial. Carbolic acid, nitric acid, Lugol's solution, iodine and glycerine, tannin and glycerine, are also beneficial, and are to be applied in the same manner, or in the absence of a syringe, be snuffed into the nostrils.

CARE OF THE TEETH.

Number of the Teeth.-The teeth are classed with the mucous membrane, as are the hair, nails, horn, and scales, which though always found in connection with the skeleton, are neither bone nor are they formed in the same manner as bone. They are thirty-two in number, sixteen in each jaw, similarly shaped and arranged.

How the Teeth are Classified.—There are eight teeth in each half jaw, making thirty-two in all. In each half jaw the two nearest the middle of each jaw have wide, sharp, chisel-like edges fit for cutting, and hence are called incisors. The next one in each half corresponds to the great tearing or holding tooth of the dog, and is called canine (from canis, a dog) or eye tooth. The next two have broader crowns with two points or cusps, and hence are called the bicuspids. The remaining three on each side in each jaw are much broader, and as they are used to crush the food they are called grinders or molars. The incisors and eye teeth have one fang or root, the others have two or three each.

Order and Period of their Growth.-We are provided with two sets of teeth. The first or "milk teeth," are small and are only twenty in number. The middle incisors are usually cut about the age of seven months, and the others at the age of nine months; the first molars at the age of twelve months; and the canine at the age of eighteen months; the remaining molars at two and three years of age. The lower teeth precede the corresponding upper ones. At six years of age, when the first set are usually still perfect, the jaws contain the crowns of all the second except the wisdom teeth. About this age, to meet the wants of the growing body, the crowns of the second set begin to press against the roots of the milk teeth which, be

coming absorbed, leave the loosened teeth to drop out, while the new ones rise and occupy their places. The central incisors appear at about seven years of age, the others at eight; the first bicuspids at nine, the second at ten; the canines at eleven or twelve; the second molars at thirteen, and the dens sapientiac or "wisdom teeth" (further back) in the twenty-second year. Sometimes these are cut at a later period.

The Composition of Teeth. The interior of the tooth consists of dentine, a substance resembling bone. In the tusk of the elephant it is known as ivory. The crown is protected by a sheath of enamel, a hard, glistening white substance, containing only two and a half per cent. of animal matter. The fang is covered by a thin layer of true bone. At the center of the tooth is a cavity filled with a soft, reddish-white pulpy substance full of blood. vessels and nerves. This pulp is very sensitive and toothache is caused by its irritation. The tooth is not set in the jaw like a nail in wood, having the fang in contact with bone, but the socket is lined with a membrane which forms a soft cushion. While this is in a healthy state it deadens the force of any shock, but when inflamed becomes the seat of excruciating pain.

Causes of Decay.-The decay of the teeth is commonly caused by portions of food which become entangled between them, and on account of the heat and moisture quickly decompose. As the saliva evaporates it leaves on the teeth a sediment which is called tartar. This collects the organic matter which rapidly changes and also affords a soil in which a sort of fungus speedily springs up. From these causes the teeth are injured and the breath becomes offensive. The teeth can only be preserved by keeping them clean.

Want of Cleanliness.-This is, perhaps, the most direct of the preventable causes of the most common dental disease, namely, decay; for this is always the result of chemical action, progressing from without inward. Food allowed to remain in the crevices and interstices of the teeth soon decomposes, aided as it is by the heat and moisture of the mouth; an acid being generated attacks the tooth structure, gradually but surely decomposing it—and this decay so formed is capable of again reproducing itself by its attack upon the sound bone beneath it. Time only is needed for the complete destruction of the structure, the rapidity of which is retarded or not by the circumstances of constitution, vital force, etc.

Deposit of Tartar Injurious.—An earthy substance, commonly known as tartar, is in greater or less quantities deposited on all teeth, which, if allowed to accumulate and harden, works great mischief by pressing the gums from their normal position, causing inflammation in them, and instead of being firm are spongy, bleeding from the slightest pressure. The roots of the teeth being thus partially exposed, they gradually become loose and sore, and often teeth which are so perfect in formation as to resist the action of decaying