excuses his reticence; produces a letter from him for J. which had been handed to her by 'Valentine's page'; (J. refuses to take it); later, L. drops the letter, and, having thus again attracted J.'s attention to it, hands it to her; J. tears it, and dismisses her; later, L. is told that she may now take up the papers if she will (J. having already picked out the fragments containing tell-tale phrases). ii, 7] consulted as to her mistress's contemplated journey to Milan, seeks in vain to discourage her; is entrusted by J. with the disposal of all that is hers during her absence.

Luciana. D.P. Com. Err. 'Sister to Adriana.' ii, 1] counsels her sister to be patient, and not to fret at her husband's absence, ii, 2] deprecates her brother-in-law's apparent neglect. iii, 2] meets Ant. Syr. and gently chides him for his supposed neglect of her sister; is amazed when he declares his love for herself alone. iv, 2] tells Adriana what has happened. iv, 4] is present when her brother-in-law is bound as a lunatic. v, 1] defends her sister against Aemilia's aspersions, and advises the former to appeal to the Duke.

There is no corresponding character in the Menaechmi of Plautus.

Lucianus. D.P. Haml. A character in the play presented before Claudius, Haml. iii, 2 ; he pours poison in the ear of the sleeping

Gonzago.

'L. take all !' (M.W.W. i, 3); 'Thou art more deep damn'd than Prince L.' (John, iv, 3); 'Glendower made L. cuckold' (1 Hen. IV, ii, 4); 'Bardolph's face is L.'s privy-kitchen' (2 Hen. IV, ii, 4); 'though he be as good a gentleman as L. and Belzebub' (Hen. V, iv, 7; cf. Lear, iii, 4); 'He falls like L., Never to hope again' (Hen. VIII, iii, 2, 1. 371).

Lucilius (1). D.P. Timon. 'Servant to Timon.' i, 1] he is enabled by his master's munificence to wed the maiden of his choice.

Lucilius (2). 'One of Brutus' friends,' who later became faithful to Antony (Plut. p. 214). D.P. Jul. C. 'A friend to Brutus and Cas

sius.' iv, 2] informs Br. that he has observed a lack of geniality in C.'s manner; is sent with orders to the commanders. iv, 3] p.m.

v,

v,

1] converses apart with Brutus. v, 3]p.m on being made prisoner at Philippi, de clares that he is Br., and offers his captors money to kill him; Antony recognizes him, and bids his soldiers treat him with all courtesy; tells Ant. that, dead or alive, Br. will be found 'like himself.' v, 5] on the discovery of the body of Br. exclaims, 'thou hast proved Lucilius' saying true' (cf. Plut. p. 149).

Lucillius. Mtd. in the initial st. dir., Ant. Cl. i, 2, but is not a speaking character. The only known bearer of the name is an epigrammatist of the Anthology; perhaps a mere variant of 'Lucilius.'

Lucina. 'She who brings to light'; a surname of both Juno and Diana; the goddess of childbirth.

'L. lent me not her aid, but took me in my throes' (Cymb. v, 4); 'at whose conception (till L. reign'd) Nature this dowry gave' (Per. i, 1); 'L., O divinest patroness, and

midwife, gentle To those that cry by night'

(ib. iii, 1).

Lucio (1). D.P. M. for M. i, 2] while engaging in ribald raillery with two friends, is concerned to hear that his friend Claudio is

arrested. i, 3] meets Cl. in custody, and con

sents to ask Isabella to intercede for her

lays Claudio's case before her. ii, 2] escorts brother to the Deputy. i, 5] visits Is., and

Is. to Angelo; repeatedly encourages her to press her petition with more warmth. iii, 2] refuses to bail Pompey; in converse with 'friar Lodowick' (the disguised Duke), reprobates Angelo's severity; declares he was an 'inward' of the Duke, who was 'a shy fellow' and a libertine, and is challenged by 'the friar' to make good his accusation if the Duke returns. v, 1] frequently interrupts the

Duke's examination of Isabella and Mariana; declares that 'a meddling friar' spoke ill of the Duke in his absence; later, confronted with the Duke in his friar's habit, and reiterates his charges; the Duke reveals his identity and condemns him to marry a woman he has wronged; but 'marrying a punk,' L. declares, is 'pressing to death, whipping and hanging.'

In the 'Names of the Actors' given in F1, L. is described as 'a fantastic." Sir T. Overbury, Char. (1613), defines the term: 'A Phantastique, An improvident young Gallant.' The complex character of L. has been diversely interpreted by critics. Disso. lute, callous, impudent; yet witty, capable of sincere friendship, and imperturbable even when condemned to death, he cannot be curtly dismissed as the 'infamous slanderer and liar' of Gervinus; rather is he 'both vicious and voluptuous through frivolity without being intentionally wicked' (Ulrici, ii, 161).

Lucius (1). D.P. Timon. 'A lord, and flatterer of T.' i, 2] presents T. with four horses; mtd. as being likely to lend T. money. iii, 2] is asked for a loan, but regrets his inability to comply; discusses Timon's difficulties.

Lucius (2). D.P. Timon. Servant of Lucius (1). iii, 4] applies, fruitlessly, to T. for payment of the debt due to his master.

He is addressed as Lucius, being, in common with the other servants, known by his master's name.

Lucius (3). D.P. Jul. C. 'Servant to Brutus.' ii, 1] brings Br. a paper found near his window; consults a calendar; admits the conspirators; falls asleep; is aroused, and admits Ligarius. ii, 4] is sent on a vague errand to Br. by Portia. iv, 2] p.m. iv, 3] brings Br. wine; sleeps while the ghost of Caesar appears to Brutus.

Lucius (4). For 'Lucius Antonius' (q.v.) ; Ant. Cl. i, 2.

For

Lucius (5). Caius Lucius' (q.v.). Cymb. iii, 4, 5, 7; v, 3. For Lucius, a British king, see Spenser, F.Q. II, x, 53.

Lucius (6). D.P. T. And. 'Son to Titus Andronicus.' i, 2] demands 'the proudest prisoner of the Goths' as a sacrifice for the manes of his brothers; later, reports the immolation of Alarbus; aids Bassianus in carrying off Lavinia; laments over his brother Mutius, slain by Titus; later, asks pardon of Saturninus. ii, 2, 4] p.m. iii, 1] resolves to flee to the Goths and lead a power against Saturninus. v, 1] 'addresses his army of Goths; offers to spare Aaron's child if the Moor will divulge the truth; welcomes the envoy from Rome. v, 3] kills Saturninus ; is hailed emperor; gives orders for the bestowal of the bodies of the dead and the punishment of the Moor.

Lucius (7). D.P. T. And. A boy, son to Lucius (6). iii, 2] would see his aunt, Lavinia, made merry. iv, 1] fears that Lavinia, who pursues him with his books, is mad; finds that she wishes to indicate a passage in Ovid; vows to avenge her when he is a man. iv, 2] presents a bundle of arrows, from Titus, to the sons of Tamora. iv, 3] p.m.; shoots arrows in the air at Titus' bidding. v, 3] laments his grandfather's death.

'Young L.' in st. dirs.

Lucius Antonius. Brother of Mark Antony; consul 41 B.C. In Antony's absence, instigated by Fulvia (q.v.), he made war on Octavius (Plut. p. 178). Mtd. nt. Cl. i, 2; ii, 2.

Lucrece, [The Rape of].

PUBLICATION. In the Stationers' Registers, under date May 1594, there is 'Entred to Master Harrison, senior, under hand of Master Cawood Warden, a book intituled the Ravyshement of Lucrece.' In the same year there appeared: 'Lucrece. Printed by Richard Field, for John Harrison, and are to be sold at the signe of the white Greyhound in Paules Church-yard. 1594.' The poem contains 1855 lines in seven-line stanzas, 'rime-royal.' Editions followed in 1598, 1600, 1607, 1616, and later.

SOURCES. The tragic story of Lucrece lay ready to Sh.'s hand in Ovid, Fasti, ii (not translated before 1640); in Livy, i, 57-59 (freely translated in Painter's Palace of Pleasure), in Lydgate's Fall of Princes, in Gower's Confessio Amantis, and in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women. Echoes of S. Daniel's Complaint of Rosamond and of Lodge's Scilla have also been remarked in the poem (see Lee, Life of Sh. pp. 146-7).

The dedication to Lord Southampton is written in a more intimate style than that of Venus and Adonis, to the same nobleman, and this is followed by an 'Argument,' presumably written by Sh. himself, and remarkable as his only existing non-dramatic prose composition (apart from the Dedications).

Lucrece. A shortened form of 'Lucretia,' wife of L. Tarquinius Collatinus; her violation by Sextus Tarquinius and subsequent suicide were said to have led to the establishment of the Roman republic. L. became a type of chastity, and it appears that her portrait was common on signet-rings. The story of L. was the subject of Sh.'s second poem, publd. 1594.

Malvolio recognizes the impression of Olivia's signet, being 'her L., with which she uses to seal' (T. Nt. ii, 5); 'silence, like a Lucrece knife, with bloodless stroke my heart doth gore' (ib. ib.); 'she [Katharina] will prove Roman L. for her chastity' (Fam. Sh. ii, 1); 'L. was not more chaste than this Lavinia' (T. And. ii, 1); 'swear with me, as . Lord Junius Brutus sware for L.'s rape' (ib. iv, 1). The name occurs 34 times in Lucr.

Lucretia. 'Sad L.'s modesty' (A. Y. L. iii, 2; Lucrecia,' F1); Lucr. 317, 510:

Lucretius. Sp. Lucr. Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia (q.v.); cf. Livy, i, 58. His lamentation over his daughter, Lucr. 1732 ff., 1751-73, 1800.

Lucullus. D.P. Timon. 'A lord, and a flatterer of Timon.' i, 2] sends T. a gift of greyhounds. (ii, 2) is applied to by T., who has just come from hunting with him, for a loan. iii, 1] greets the servant Flaminius, believing that he brings a gift; on learning that he comes to solicit a loan for Timon, animadverts on T.'s profusion, and offers Fl. a bribe to say that he saw him not. (iii, 1, 3) his refusal bruited abroad. (iii, 4) among those bidden to a feast by Timon.

The name occurs in Plut. pp. 45, 51.

Lucy, Elizabeth. Dr Shaw (q.v.) declared publicly that 'the children of king Edward the fourth were never lawfullie begotten; forsomuch as the King (leaving his verie wife dame Elizabeth Lucie) was never lawfullie married unto the queene their mother' (Hol. iii, 729).

This 'contract with Lady Lucy' referred to by Buckingham, Rich. III, iii, 7.

[Lucy, Sir Thomas (1532-1600).] Inherited the great Warwickshire estate of Charlecote ; adopted the puritanical tenets of his teacher John Foxe, and is traditionally believed to have prosecuted Sh. for deer-stealing.

He is undoubtedly the original of Justice Shallow (2 Hen. IV and M.W.W.), the 'dozen white luces' in Shallow's coat of arms being an obvious allusion to the 'Gules, three luces haurient Argent' borne by the Lucy family. (See French, p. 90.)

Falstaff's reference to Shallow as 'the old pike' (2 Hen. IV, iii, 2) is also explicable, since a 'luce' is a full-grown pike (Lee, p. 35).

Lucy, Sir William. D.P. 1 Hen. VI. iv, 3] urgently entreats York to come to the aid of Talbot, who is 'hemm'd about with grim destruction'; learns that this is impossible, since the 'vile traitor Somerset' has not sent his horsemen; (sol.) deplores that sedition bids fair to cause the loss of what 'our scarcecold conqueror,' Henry V, won. iv, 4] taxes Somerset, in bitter words, with neglecting to send aid to Talbot until it is too late. iv, 7] demands from the Dauphin the bodies of Talbot and the other slain nobles, with such a 'proud commanding spirit' that La Pucelle suggests he is 'old Talbot's ghost.'

This character has no historical basis; a Sir W. L. was, however, Sheriff of Warwickshire thrice during the reign of Hen. VI, and was ancestor to Sir Thos. L. (q.v.). In iv, 3, 'Mes.' or '2. Mes.' in Ff.

Lud. A mythical king of Britain, whose reign 'began 72 B.C.,' and who so greatly enlarged Troinovant 'that it was called Caerlud, that is to say Luds town; and after by

corruption of speech it was named London' (Hol. i, 23). The name seems to survive in 'Ludgate.'

Thrice mentioned in Cymb. (iii, 1; iv, 2; v, 5).

Ludlow. Situated on the Welsh Marches, was selected as a place of residence for the youthful Edward, Prince of Wales (Edw. V); he was there in charge of Earl Rivers (Hol. iii, 714).

'Forthwith from L. the young Prince he fetch'd' (Rich. III, ii, 2).

In this scene Ludlow is again twice mtd. but Ff have 'London' in error (ll. 142, 154).

Luke, St. 'I will . . . to St L.'s; there' at the moated grange, resides . Mariana, (M. for M. iii, 1); 'the old priest at St. L.'s church' (Tam. Sh. iv, 4).

Lumbert Street.

Quickly's perversion of 'Lombard St.'; 2 Hen. IV, ii, 1 (Q; 'Lombard,' Ff).

Luna. Name of the moon. 'A title to Phoebe, to L., to the moon' (L.L.L. iv, 2). ('Like to L. in a sad eclipse,' Tr. R. II, 2).

Lupercal. A grotto in the Palatine Hill, where, according to tradition, the she-wolf suckled Romulus and Remus. Sh., however, uses the word for 'Lupercalia' (q.v.). Jul. C. i, 1; iii, 2.

It seems unnecessary to assume that Sh. thought the L. was a hill, since the phrase 'on the L.' (Jul. C. iii, 2) may simply mean on the feast of L.'

[Lupercalia.] A very ancient Roman festival, older than the legend of Romulus and Remus, named from the shepherds' divinity Lupercus, or Inuus. In early times it was accompanied by a human sacrifice, for which that of goats and a dog was substituted later. The celebrants ran round the old boundaries of the Palatine, striking all they met with thongs cut from the skins of the victims. Antony is mentioned as a celebrant (Plut. pp. 95, 163).

'Forget not in your speed, Antonius, To touch Calpurnia; for our elders say, The barren, touched in this holy chase, Shake off their sterile curse' (Jul. C. i, 2).

Lutheran. A follower of Luther; a Protestant. Wolsey speaks (aside) of Anne Boleyn as a 'spleeny L.' (Hen. VIII, iii, 2); cf. Foxe, ii, 1023, but the term itself is not used.

Luxury. Personified. "The devil L., with his fat rump and potato finger' (Tr. Cr. v, 2). Lybia. Ant. Cl. iii, 6 (for 'Libya,' following North's Plutarch); a Greek name for Africa in general, or excluding Egypt and Ethiopia. See LYDIA. 'As barren as banks of L.' (Tr. Cr. i, 3); 'Boc[c]hus the King of L.' (Ant. Cl. iii, 6; cf. Plut. p. 207); mtd., Wint. T. v, 1 (2).

Lycaonia. District of Asia Minor, forming the S.E. part of Phrygia. See AMYNTAS. Mtd. ('Licoania,' Ff) Ant. Cl. iii, 6.

Lychorida. D.P. Per. 'Nurse to Marina.' iii, Gow.] takes part in the dumb show. iii, 1] brings his new-born infant to Pericles and tells him that the Queen is dead. iii, 3] (at Tharsus) p.m.; is given charge of her 'little mistress.' (v, 11) Marina's 'good nurse.'

The accusative of 'Lycoris', a feminine name occur. ring in Ovid (Ars Amat. iii, 537; Trist. ii, 445, etc.) and Virgil (Ecl. x, 2). 'Lycorida' in G. Wilkins' novel of Pericles.

Lycia. See LICIA.

Lycurgus. Famous Spartan lawgiver. Menenius tells the two tribunes of the people that he 'cannot call them Lycurguses' (Cor. ii, 1).

Lydia. Avɔ̃ía, a district of Asia Minor between Mysia and Caria. The banner of Labienus shook 'from Syria to L., and to Ionia' (Ant. Cl. i, 2; cf. Plut. p. 178); 'of lower Syria, Cyprus, L., absolute queen' (ib. iii, 6).

Conjecturally changed to 'Lybia' by Upton.
Lyly, W. See LILY.

Lymoges. D.P. John. ('Austria' in pfxs. and st. dirs.) Duke of Austria. ii, 1] is welcomed by the Dauphin and Prince Arthur before Angiers, and promises his aid to the latter, who forgives him Coeur-de-lion's death'; is represented as wearing a lion's skin taken from Richard, a fact which forms the basis of bitter gibes from the lips of Philip the Bastard, by whom he is insulted and threatened. iii, 1] is denounced by Constance for deserting the cause of her son Arthur, and is checked by the Bastard's ribald mockery whenever he essays to speak. (iii, 2) the Bastard enters with the head of Lymoges, whom he has slain in combat.

In this character, Sh., following the Tr. R., confuses two historical personages-Vidomar, Viscount of Limoges (in besieging whose castle Coeur-de-Lion was mortally wounded), and Leopold V, first Archduke of Austria, who imprisoned Richard on his

return from the 3rd Crusade. Leopold had been dead for four years. Holinshed (iii, 160) merely says that 'Philip, bastard sonne to King Richard... killed the viscount of Limoges in revenge of his father's death.' The name is a dactyl in the only place where it occurs in the text (iii, 1), as in the Tr. R.

Lynn. King's Lynn, formerly a famous port on the Great Ouse, near the Wash. It is proposed that Edward IV should escape to Lynn and thence take ship to Flanders, 3 Hen. VI, iv, 5 (‘Lyn,' Ff). 'He [Edward] passed the Washes in great jeopardie, and comming to Lin found there an English ship,' etc. (Hol. iii, 675).

Lysander. D.P. M.N.D. i, 1] asserts his claim to Hermia's hand in the presence of Theseus; accuses Demetrius, his rival, of inconstancy; laments that 'the course of true love never did run smooth';

suggests to Herm. that she should escape from her father's house the next night and meet him in a wood; unfolds to Helena their intention. ii, 3] wandering in the wood with Herm., they lie down for repose, and soon fall asleep; Puck applies magic love-juice to his eyes; Lys. awaking beholds Hel. and is instantly enamoured of her, but she departs, believing his protestations to be scorn and mockery; turning to the sleeping Herm. he exclaims that he loathes and hates her. iii, 2] enters with Hel., whom he continues to woo passionately; tells Dem. that he gladly yields up to him his part in Hermia's love; falls to hot words with D. and heaps insulting epithets on Herm. when she clings to him; reiterates that he hates her, and flouts her as a 'dwarf'; departs to fight with D.; is led up and down in vain pursuit of his rival; sleeps, and Puck applies a counter-charm to his eyes. iv, 1] aroused by huntsmen's horns, he awakes, to find Herm. near him; is oblivious of what had happened during his enchantment, and all his love for Herm. is restored. v, 1] reads to Theseus a ‘brief' of sports devised for the evening (acc. to Qq, this is read by Th. himself); comments on the performance of the Interlude.

Lysander, the Spartan general, is mtd. Plut. p. 303, in a passage utilized in Timon, iv, 3.

Lysimachus. D.P. Per. Governor of Mitylene. iv, 6] on learning that Marina, whom he supposed to be a courtesan, is a virtuous maiden, gives her gold, and promises to befriend her. (v, Gow.) mtd. v, 1] visits Pericles' vessel; finding him speechless with grief, sends for Marina to arouse him. v, 2] is thanked by Pericles for his noble conduct. v, 3] (at the temple of Diana) p.m.

The name of L., King of Thrace, occurs frequently in Plut. Demetr.

M., I. The signature of verses 'To the memorie of M. W. Shake-speare,' pfxd. to F1. Probably James Mabbe; or Jasper Mayne.

Mab, Queen. The first mention in literature of Queen M. 'the fairies midwife,' is that contained in the elaborate description of her by Mercutio, Rom. J. i, 4. Keightley suggested that the name was a corruption of 'Habundia,' who, according to Heywood, ruled the fairies. But W. J. Thoms, Three Notelets (1865), quotes Beauford, Antient Topography of Ireland, to show that 'Mahb' was the chief of Irish fairies. ('Mab'in Welsh signifies a male infant.) For the adoption of Mab as a fairy queen by Jonson and Drayton see Sh. Eng. i, 538.

Macard. See MERCADE.

Macbeth. King of Scots. Acc. Holinshed (ii, 168, 170-6), son of Sinel, Thane of Glamis, and Doada, daughter of Malcolm II; valiant, but somewhat cruel of nature; blamed King Duncan's lenity and slackness in punishing offenders; was sent with Banquo to subdue the rebel Macdowald; commanded the van in the campaign against Sweno of Norway; defeated, with Banquo, the forces sent by Canute; granted burial to their dead, at Inchcolm, on payment of a great sum; soon after, with Banquo, met three women in strange apparel, 'resembling creatures of the elder world,' who respectively hailed him as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and the future King of Scotland; it was also prophesied that B. should be the progenitor of a line of kings; the matter was made a mutual jest of by Macb. and B.; the Thane of Cawdor was condemned of treason, and his thanedom conferred on Macb., who began later to scheme how he might seize the throne, but hesitated; he was, however, egged on by his ambitious wife, and murdered Duncan at Inverness, with Banquo's connivance; was made king; governed equitably for ten years; remembering the prediction, devised. the death of Banquo and his son Fleance, and caused them to be attacked by murderers without his castle; B. was slain, but F. escaped ; after this nothing prospered with Macb., and, in dread for his own life, he built a strong castle on Dunsinane, ordering the thanes to superintend the work, and was offended with Macduff, who refused; learnt of certain wizards that he should beware of Macduff; was told by a witch that he 'can

not be slain by any man born of a woman, nor vanquished until Birnam wood comes to Dunsinane'; had a spy in every noble's house; entered Macduff's castle, without resistance, and caused all the inmates to be slain; withdrew to Dunsinane; was advised to flee to the Isles, but relied on the prophecies; witnessed the apparent advance of Birnam wood; escaped from Dunsinane ; was killed, at Lunfannaine (Lumphanan) by Macduff (q.v.).

Holinshed's account, derived mainly from Boece, and Wyntoun's Cronykil of Scotland, is wholly untrustworthy. Macb. was Maormor (Great Steward) of Moray, and reigned as king for 17 years (1040-57); he was not killed in the battle against Siward, but escaped, and was slain three years later.

D.P. Macb. i, 3] encounters, with Banquo, three witches, who predict his future dignities; learns that he has become Thane of Cawdor. i, 4] professes homage to Duncan, and is bidden to receive him at Inverness; learns that Malcolm has been named Prince of Cumberland; harbours dark designs. i, 5] tells his wife that 'Duncan comes here tonight'; listens to her murderous suggestions. i, 7] soliloquizes on the projected crime, and resolves to 'proceed no further in this business' ; his wavering will is overborne by his wife's arguments, and he 'screws his courage to the sticking-place.' ii, 1] meets Banquo in the court-yard of the castle and receives from him a diamond, as a gift to Lady Macb. from Duncan, who has retired to rest; Banq. refers to the weird sisters, and M. gives him, obscurely, an opportunity of hinting his inmost thoughts; left alone, Macb. is confronted by a visionary dagger which, after eluding his grasp, appears bloodstained; he soliloquizes on night; the ringing of a bell 'invites' him to the commission of the crime.

ii, 2] (having murdered the sleeping King) rejoins his wife and tells her the deed is done; is affected by the 'sorry sight' of his bloodstained hands; relates how he heard a voice cry 'Sleep no more. Macbeth hath murdered sleep!'; refuses to return to Duncan's chamber to smear the grooms with blood; upon his wife's departure on this errand, is disturbed by a knocking, and is again struck with horror at his tell-tale hands; is urged by his wife to retire; wishes that the knocking could awake Duncan. ii, 3] greets Macduff and Lenox ; the former departs to visit