Aeson. Father of Jason; made young again in his old age by Medea (Ovid, Metam. vii, 255 ff.). His rejuvenation by 'enchanted herbs' mtd. M.V. v, 1. ('Eson,' QqFf.)

Aesop, or Esop. Fl. c. 570 B.C. Reputed author of the fables bearing his name. 'Let Ae. fable in a winter's night' (3 Hen. VI, v, 5). The fable of the fox and the grapes alluded to, All's Well, ii, 1, ll. 73 ff.

A Latin version was a school-book in Sh.'s days. Cf. Sh. Eng. i, 232.

African, subst. Native of Africa. 'Lose her to an A.' (Temp. ii, 1).

Agamemnon. Son (or grandson) of Atreus, and brother to Menelaus. King of Mycenae, and commander-in-chief of the Grecian expedition against Troy, but neither in Homeric nor medieval story is he personally of the supreme importance due to his office. 'Doll [to Falstaff]. Thou art . . . worth five of A.' (2 Hen. IV, ii, 4); 'Flu. The Duke of Exeter is as magnanimous as A.' (Hen. V, iii, 6); Menelaus (q.v.) mtd. as 'A.'s brother' (3 Hen. VI, ii, 2).

D.P. Tr. Cr. (1, 2) compared with Troilus. i, 3] as their leader, demands of the princes why they are downcast, since their long check before Troy is but a trial made of them by Jove; calls on Ulysses to speak; gives audience to Aeneas, as the bearer of a challenge from Hector, but at first does not reveal his identity; conducts Ae. to his tent. (ii, 1) reviled by Thersites. ii, 3] sends Patroclus to summon Achilles; discourses on pride; on Achilles refusing to come, suggests sending Ajax to him, but is dissuaded by Ulysses. iii, 3] consents to exchange Antenor for Cressida; at Ulysses' suggestion, ostentatiously ignores Achilles; is ironically termed by Achilles the 'six-or-seven-times

honour'd captain-general.' iv, 5] welcomes Cressida to the Grecian camp; presides at the lists. v, 1] does courtesy to Hector. v, 5] rehearses the losses of the Greeks, and urges them to renew the fight. v, 9] believes that, with the death of Hector, Troy is ours.'

[Aganippus.] See FRANCE, KING OF (Lear). Agenor. Son of Poseidon and father of Europa (q.v.). 'Sweet beauty Such as the daughter of A. had' (Tam. Sh. i, 1); cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi, 712.

...

Agincourt. Village in France, about 30 m. S.E. of Boulogne, where, on Oct. 25, 1415, Henry V gained a great victory over the French under the Constable d'Albret. The English numbered about 15,000 men and the French nearly 60,000. When the battle was over Henry 'desired of Montioie [French herald] to understand the name of the castell neere adjoining: when they had told him that it was called Agincourt, he said: Then shall this conflict be called the battell of Agincourt" (Hol. iii, 555). Act IV of Hen. V deals with the conflict, but the name occurs only thrice in the text of the play, viz. i, Chor.; iv, Chor.; iv, 7.

66

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius (63-12 B.C.). One of the two chief friends of Octavius (Plut. p. 183); commanded the left wing for Oct. at Actium (ib. pp. 210, 212).

D.P. Ant. Cl. ii, 2] suggests to the triumvirs a marriage between Antony and Octavia; converses with Enobarbus on the charms and wiles of Cleopatra. ii, 4] sets out for Misenum. ii, 7] p.m. iii, 2] discusses Lepidus with Enobarbus; avers that Ant. is prone to tears. iii, 6] converses with Octavius. iv, 1] p.m. iv, 6] is ordered by Oct. 'to begin the fight.' iv, 7] retires before unexpected resistance. v, 1] extols the memory of Antony (Theob.; assigned to Dolabella, Ff).

Agrippa, Menenius. See MENENIUS.

[Agrippina.] Mother of Nero (q.v.). Her murder, by her son's orders, alluded to, John, v, 2; Haml. iii, 2, 1. 412. Cf. Higden, Polychronicon (ed. Lumby), iv, 395.

Aguecheek, Sir Andrew. D.P. T. Nt. 'A fqolish knight pretending to Olivia' (Rowe). i, 3] (is discussed by Sir Toby and Maria); is presented to M., who banters him; despairs of Olivia, but is persuaded by Sir T. to 'stay a month longer'; boasts of his accomplishments. ii, 3] carouses with Sir T. and Feste. ii, 5] witnesses Malvolio's discovery of the forged letter. iii, 1] meets 'Cesario,' and

considers him 'a rare courtier.' iii, 2] tells Sir T. and Fabian that he has seen Olivia 'do favours to the Count's serving-man'; is persuaded to write a challenge to 'Cesario.' iii, 4] shows the challenge to Sir T. and Fab.; is terrified on learning from Sir T. that his opponent is a noted fencer; suggests offering him his horse to 'let the matter slip'; on 'C.'s' entrance, is assured by Sir T. that his opponent will not hurt him, and, unwillingly, draws; the duel is interrupted by the entrance of Antonio; upon 'C.'s' departure Sir A., now believing him a coward, resolves to pursue him 'and beat him.' iv, 1] meeting Sebastian, mistakes him for 'C.' and strikes him; is chastised by S. and threatens 'an action of battery' against him. v, 1] enters, 'with his head broke' (Rowe), and, seeing 'C.,' taxes him with the assault; offers to aid Sir T., who is drunk and wounded, but his help is rejected with scorn.

'A. is drawn with great propriety, but his character is, in a great measure, that of natural fatuity, and is therefore not the proper prey of a satirist' (Johnson, 1765). 'Always enjoying a joke, and never understanding it' (Halliwell, 1857). For a description of J. W. Dodd's famous impersonation of the character see C. Lamb, Essays of Elia, On Some of the Old Actors.'

Agueface (Ff). A perversion, by Sir Toby, of 'Aguecheek'; T. Nt. i, 3, 1. 47 (restored by Dyce).

Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius. Served under Mark Antony against the Parthians; consul 32 B.C.; fled from Rome to Antony at Ephesus, where he found Cleopatra with him, and urged fruitlessly that she should be removed from the army; was offered the command by the soldiers, but in disgust deserted Ant. and went over to Octavius shortly before Actium; he was not present at that battle, but died shortly after joining Oct. Plutarch's account of Ah. is meagre (Plut. pp. 203, 209), and the clear-cut character of 'Enobarbus' is almost wholly the creation of Sh. ('Aenobarbus,' Plut.).

D.P. Ant. Cl. 'Enobarbus,' or 'Domitius' (iii, 5; iv, 2). i, 2] superintends the preparation of a 'banquet,' and declares that his 'fortune' will 'be-drunk to bed.' ii, 2] scorns the request of Lepidus that he should entreat Antony to gentle speech; interrupts the debate between the triumvirs, but is checked by Ant.; describes the first meeting of Ant. and Cl., and characterizes the latter. ii, 6] checks Pompey's indiscreet allusions to Cl.'s early adventures; exchanges compliments with him; informs Menas of Ant.'s marriage to Octavia. ii, 7] joins in the revelry on Pompey's galley. iii, 2] satirizes the hypo

crisy of Octavius and Lepidus, and com ments on Ant.'s alleged grief for Jul. Caesar iii, 5] hears from Eros that Oct. has deposed Lep. iii, 7] urges Cl. not to join in the coming battle; advises Ant. to fight on land and no by sea. iii, 10] relates how his 'eyes did sicken' at beholding the flight of Cl. at Ac tium. iii, 13] casts the chief blame on Ant and resolves to desert to Oct. iv, 2] is dis concerted by Ant.'s trustfulness. (iv, 5) hi desertion is reported to Ant. iv, 6] is stricker with remorse. iv, 9] dies, with the word 'Oh, Antony !' upon his lips.

'Strong Enobarbe' (trisyllable), ii, 7; 'Domitian, iv, 2, Ff.

Hi

'A soldier of the old Roman times; hard, bold dryly humorous, without ceremony or compliment upright and true towards friend and foe. sound knowledge of human nature is sufficient t enable him to see through the whole inner web of hi enigmatical master, but he is helpless in the web o the artful Cleopatra.' (Gervinus.) The fugitiv once ruined by his flight and again redeemed by th death-agony of his dark and doomed repentance. (Swinburne.)

Ajax. Son of Telamon (King of Salamis) and grandson of Aeacus; called A. Telamo nius to distinguish him from Ajax son O Oïleus. Acc. Homer he was, next to Achil les, the most eminent of the Greeks. Late writers describe his discomfiture by Ulysses which threw A. into a state of madness in which he slew the sheep of the Greek army fancying they were his foes, and on recover ing his senses slew himself. (For Sh.'s sup posed acquaintance with the Ajax of Sopho cles see J. C. Collins, Studies in Sh. (1904) pp. 63 ff.)

"This Love is as mad as A.: it kills sheep it kills me, I a sheep' (L.L.L. iv, 3); ribald pun made on the name, ib. v, 2, 1. 582 'Aeacides Was A., call'd so from his grand father' (Tam. Sh. iii, 1); 'like A. Telamonius On sheep or oxen could I spend my fury (2 Hen. VI, v, 1); 'the sevenfold shield o A.' (Ant. Cl. iv, 14); 'Thersites' body is a good as Ajax', When neither are alive (Cymb. iv, 2); 'The Greeks. . . did bur A. That slew himself' (T. And. i, 2); 'Non of these rogues and cowards But A. is thei fool [perh. 'a fool to them in bragging') (Lear, ii, 2); contrasted with Ulysses, Lucr 1394-8.

The shield of A., seven ox-hides within it quilte hard' (Chapman's Iliads, vii), is also mtd. by Ovi (Metam. xiii, 2): 'clipei dominus septemplicis Ajax.

D.P. Tr. Cr. (i, 2) 'a lord of Trojan blood nephew to Hector'; characterized by Alex ander. (i, 3) Ulysses suggests that A. should by craft, seem to be selected by lot to figh with Hector; U. styles A. 'blockish,' 'dull,

and 'brainless.' ii, 1] A. is reviled by Thersites, and beats him; hears of Hector's challenge to the Greeks. ii, 3] marvels at Achilles' pride, and, won over by the flattery of Ulysses, is ready to take his place. (iii, 3) Thersites describes A. as beside himself with 'vain glory' at the notion of fighting Hector. iv, 5] the combat begins, but is broken off on H.'s remembering their kinship (see HESIONE). v, 1] in command of the guard. (v, 2) mtd. (v, 4) Ther. comments on A.'s pride. v, 5] A. seeks Troilus, to slay him. v, 6] overcomes Aeneas. v, 9] hears of Hector's death.

In depicting Ajax Sh. appears to have relied but little on medieval legend; the part A. plays toward Achilles seems borrowed direct from Homer; cf. P. Stapfer, Sh. and Classical Antiquity (1880), p. 224. See ULYSSES.

Alarbus. D.P. T. And. Son to Tamora. i, 2] p.m.; is doomed to death, as a sacrifice to appease the 'groaning shadows' of Titus'

Thus defined (Hol. i, 116): 'The third and last part of the Iland he [Brute] allotted unto Albanacte his yoongest sonne. This later parcell at the first, tooke the name of Albanactus, who called it Albania. But now a small portion onelie of the region (being under the regiment of a duke) reteineth the said denomination, the rest being called Scotland, of certeine Scots that came ouer from Ireland to inhabit

in those quarters. It is diuided from Lhoegres [England] also by the Solue and the Firth, yet some doo note the Humber; so that Albania (as Brute left it) conteined all the north part of the Iland that is to be found beyond the aforesaid streame, vnto the point of Cathnesse.'

Albany (2). For 'Duke of A.' Lear, i, 1; iii, 1; iv, 3.

Husband

Albany, Duke of. D.P. Lear. to Goneril. i, 1] is present when Lear parts his kingdom; interposes when the King threatens Kent's life. i, 4] declares his ignorance of what has enraged L. against Goneril; attempts to allay G.'s anger, and is scorned by her for his 'milky gentleness.' (ii, 1) mtd. (iii, 1) 'division between him and Cornwall mtd. iv, 2] sternly rebukes his wife for her conduct to Lear, and with rising wrath declares that he can scarce restrain his hands from such a 'fiend'; hears of the blinding of Gloucester, and vows 'to revenge his eyes.' (iv, 3) mtd. v, 1] (in the British camp) is irresolute as to resisting the invaders, seeing that the King is with them;

is given a letter by Edgar (disguised). v, 3] praises Edmund's valour in the field, but demands his captives; on Edm. declaring that he had already disposed of them, reminds him that he is but a subject, and arrests him 'on capital treason'; tells Regan, bitterly, that her claim (to Edm.) is barred in the interest of 'the gilded serpent,' Goneril; challenges Edm., in the event of no one else appearing, to prove treason 'upon his person'; (Edgar presents himself and mortally wounds Edm.); Albany produces the paper proving Goneril's guilt; embraces Edg. and listens to his narrative; learns that the sisters are both dead, and declares that 'the judgment of the heavens touches us not with pity'; urges Edg. to hasten to the prison and save Lear and Cordelia if he can; is present when L. bears in C.'s body; declares that while L. lives he himself will exercise no sovereignty; requests Edg. and Kent to rule the State, and (Qq) speaks the final speech (which Ff give to Edgar).

In Hol. i, 12, the Duke of Albania' is named Maglanus. For a complete account of the changes rung upon the names of Lear's two elder daughters and their husbands in old versions of the story see W. Perrott, Palaestra, xxxv (Berlin, 1904).

Acc. Hol. Maglanus was slain in battle against Leir and Cordeilla.

Albany, Robert Stewart, Duke of. See FIFE, EARL OF.

Albemarle, or Aumale. (Lat. Alba Marla); a French town (Dept. Seine-Inf.), giving a title to an ancient countship and duchy. Also 'Aumerle' (Sh.) (q.v.).

Albemarle, Earl of. See BEAUCHAMP, R.

Albion. Ancient name of Britain (Pliny, N. H. IV, xvi, 30). Also for' England': 'That nook-shotten isle of A.' (Hen. V, iii, 5); ' A.'s wished coast' (2 Hen. VI, iii, 2); 'Q. Mar. I was Great A.'s queen in former golden days' (3 Hen. VI, iii, 3); 'Then shall the realm of A. Come to great confusion' (Lear, iii, 2).

Albret, Charles d'. Constable of France; natural son of Charles le Mauvais, King of Navarre. In command of the French at Agincourt, where he was mortally wounded (Hol. iii, 549, 555).

D.P. Hen. V. 'Constable,' or 'C. of France,' in st. dirs. and pfxs. ii, 4] warns the Dauphin that he is wholly mistaken in his estimate of Henry's character. iii, 5] expresses his contempt for the English. iii, 7] longs for the fray, but doubts the Dauphin's valour. iv, 2] anticipates an easy victory over 'yon poor

and starved band.' iv, 5] admits defeat. (iv, 8) among the slain.

Charles lord de la Breth,' Hol. iii, 555; Charles Delabreth,' Ff; De la bret,' Hall.

Alce. For 'Alice'; Tam. Sh. Ind. 2, FfQ.

Alcibiades. Son of Clinias (c. 450-404 B.C.). Though A. is a character of some importance in Timon, Sh. does not seem to have made much use of Plutarch's account of A. when depicting him. An interview of A. with Timon is mentioned (Plut. p. 296), and A.'s lack of money to pay his men (ib. p. 303), but his career as a whole is irrelevant to the play. 'A., the practical man, intended as an antithesis to the idealism of Timon, has none of his well-known characteristics' (P. Stapfer, Sh. and Classical Antiquity (1880), p. 259).

D.P. Timon. 'An Athenian captain.' i, 1,2] is welcomed by Timon to a feast. ii, 2] p.m. iii, 5] craves pardon from the Senate for a friend who has slain a man in anger, but who has deserved well of the State; on being refused, retorts defiantly, and is sentenced to banishment; (sol.) plans revenge. (iii, 6) is exiled. iv, 3] encounters Timon in his cave; would fain aid him, but his offers are spurned; accepts gold from T. to pay his men. (v, 1) mtd. (v, 2) his attack is dreaded by the Senators. v, 5] enters Athens, and promises to take vengeance only on the personal foes of Timon and himself; pronounces a funeral oration on T.

'With less nobility of nature than Timon, Alcibiades has far more judgment, and is more moderate and more just in his hatred; this "complete soldier," as Gervinus calls him, "a man of coarse texture, in no way enthusiastic about the extreme end of things," and caring only for himself, has not the raging thirst for blood that consumes the generous philan thropist who has been completely maddened by the discovery that his dream of friendship was a delusion.' (P. Stapfer, op. cit. p. 241.)

Alcides. See HERCULES.

Alecto. One of the Furies. 'Fell A.'s snake' (2 Hen. IV, v, 5). ('How doth A. whisper in mine ears' (Tr. R. I, 2).)

Pistol can scarcely be credited with an allusion to 'Gorgoneis Allecto infecta venenis' (Virg. Aen. vii, 341). See FURIES.

Alençon. Former duchy of N. France; an appanage of the house of Valois.

Alencon, Duchess of. Margaret of Valois, sister to Francis I of France. Wolsey was alleged (Hol. iii, 906, following Polydore Vergil, p. 687) to have wished in the autumn of 1527 (Hall, p. 728) to arrange a marriage between her and Hen. VIII. At this date, however, she was already married to Henry of Navarre.

'Wol.... the Duchess of A., the French King's sister: he shall marry her' (Hen. VIII, ii, 2; iii, 2).

Alençon, Duke of (fictitious). Katharine mentions having met Dumain at 'the Duke A.'s once,' and she is called 'heir of A.' (L.L.L. ii, 1).

'Alansoes,' or 'Alanzoes,' QFf.

Alençon, John I, Duke of (ob. 1415). Before Agincourt, Hen. V, iii, 5; his combat with Henry alluded to, ib. iv, 7; his 'glove,' ib. iv, 8; slain, ib. ib.

Henry was almost felled by the Duke of A.; yet with plaine strength he slue two of the dukes companie, and felled the duke himself; whome, when he would have yielded, the king's gard (contrarie to his mind) slue out of hand' (Hol. iii, 552).

Alençon, John II, Duke of. Son of John I, ob. 1476; present at Patay, Hol. iii, 601 ; at the relief of Orleans, ib. iii, 600.

D.P. 1 Hen. VI. (i, 1) takes part with Charles against the English. i, 2] marvels at the 'courage and audacity' of the 'rawboned' English; suspects Joan of Arc to be a temptress. ii, 1] is accused of keeping imperfect watch. iii, 2] present at the capture of Rouen. iii, 3] eulogizes Joan. (iv, 1, 4, 6) mtd. iv, 71 p.m. v, 2] suggests marching to Paris. v, 4] advises Charles to make a truce, and 'break it when his pleasure serves.'

Mtd. 2 Hen. VI, i, 1, as being present at Margaret's espousals; cf. Hol. iii, 625, where the name is 'Alanson."

Aleppo, or Haleb.

Capital of province of the same name, to the N. of Syria; once a great emporium of trade between Europe and Asia. Tripoli and Scanderoon were the ports whence the caravan routes to Aleppo started. After a treaty with Turkey (1580) English ships began to sail to Tripoli, notably the Tiger (Martins, owner; Rickman, master). In 1583 Newbury and Fitch also sailed to Tripoli on a ship of the same name. See TIGER.

'Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o' the Tiger' (Macb. i, 3); 'in Al. once, Where a malignant and a turban'd Turk Beat a Venetian' (Oth. v, 2).

mentioned by Plutarch, viz. that his head inclined towards the left side' and that his body had a passing delightful savour' (cf. North (1595), Alex. p. 178). 'Great A. left his crown to the worthiest' (Wint. T. v, 1); 'Fathers that, like so many A.8, Have from morn till even fought' (Hen. V, iii, 1); Fluellen draws a parallel between 'A. the pig,' born in Macedon, and Henry 'born at Monmouth' (ib. iv, 7; see CLEITUS); 'he sits in state, as a thing [statue] made for A.' (Cor. v, 4). Hamlet traces, in imagination, 'the noble dust of A.' till he finds it 'stopping a bung-hole' (Haml. v, 1).

Alexander (2). Son of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Great Media, Parthia and Armenia He gave to A.' (Ant. Cl. iii, 6; cf. Plut. p. 202.)

Alexander (3). As a forename; see IDEN.

Alexander (4). D.P. Tr. Cr. Servant to Cressida. i, 2] characterizes Ajax, and explains to C. the cause of Hector's wrath.

'Man,' QFf. Pope omits the only sentence in which his name appears.

Alexandria. Capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies; principal residence of Cleopatra. Antony's revels at A. (Ant. Cl. i, 4; ii, 2); enthronement of Ant. and Cl. there (ib. iii, 6); Octavius at A. (ib. iii, 13); 'Through A. make a jolly march' (ib. iv, 8).

The following scenes of Ant. Cl. are laid there: i, 1, 2, 3, 5; ii, 5; iii, 3, 11, 13; iv, 1-15; v, 1, 2.

Alexandrian, adj. 'A. feast' (Ant. Cl. ii, 7); 'A. revels' (ib. v, 2).

Alexas. 'One of Cleopatra's ministers to win Antonius'; trusted by Ant. and sent by him on a mission to Herod; treacherously advised Herod to join Octavius; H., however, sent him in chains to his own country, where he was executed (Plut. p. 218).

D.P. Ant. Cl. i, 2] exchanges raillery with Charmian and Iras. i, 3] p.m.; is sent by Cl. to Ant. i, 5] brings CI. a pearl as a gift from Ant. ii, 51 p.m.; is sent to glean information about Octavia. iii, 3] tells Cl. that Herod dare not look upon her but when she is pleased. iv, 2] p.m. (iv, 6) his treachery and its punishment related.

In iv, 4, Ff, 'Alex.' appears, as pfx., for 'Capt.' This is probably due to the same actor having assumed both characters. It is clear (iv, 6) that Alexas is not present.

Alice (1). D.P. Hen. V. Attendant on Pss. Katharine. iii, 4] gives K. a lesson in

English. v, 2) acts as interpreter between

'An old gentlewoman' in st. dir. iii, 4, Ff. The authenticity of iii, 4, is disputed.

Alice (2). As a forename. 'A. Shortcake,' 'A. Ford' (qq.v.). Cf. Sly's blunder, 'Alce Madam' (Tam. Sh. Ind. 2).

Aliena. Name assumed by Celia (q.v.) in disguise, A.Y.L. i, 3, as in Lodge's Rosalynde. For the pronunciation see N.S.S. Tr., 188792, Pt. I, p. 168.

Alinda. See CELIA.

Alisander. For 'Alexander'; L.L.L. v, 2 (6).

Allhallond Eve. The eve of All Saints. 'Was't not at Hallowmas, Master Froth? Fro. A. Eve' (M. for M. ii, 1).

All-hallowmas. The feast of All Saints (Nov. 1). 'All-hallowmas' (M.W.W. i, 1); Simple apparently confuses it with Holy Cross Day (Sept. 14), or Michaelmas with Martinmas.

All-hallown Summer. A season of fine weather in the late autumn (also 'St Martin's summer'); applied to Falstaff by Prince Hal, 1 Hen. IV, i, 2.

[All is True.] A play, supposed to be identical with Hen. VIII (q.v.).

All Souls' Day. The festival (Nov. 2) on which Catholics offer prayers for the souls of the faithful deceased. 'Buck. This is A.-S. day, fellow, is it not? Sher. It is, my lord. Buck. Why, then A.-S. day is my body's doomsday' (Rich. III, v, 1).

was at

'Buckingham upon All soules daie Salisburie put to death' (Hol. iii, 744). All's Well that Ends Well. PUBLICATION. First published in the Folio of 1623 under the title 'All's Well, That Ends Well.' The acts, but not the scenes, are numbered.

DATE OF COMPOSITION. Uncertain; possibly completed c. 1602; criticism has detected two different styles in the play, corresponding to two periods of Sh.'s work. The Folio text has been held to be a version of an earlier draft. (But see R. Crompton Rhodes, Sh.'s First Folio, p. 101.)

SOURCE OF THE PLOT. A tale (xxxviii) in Painter's Palace of Pleasure (1566) which is derived from Boccaccio's Decamerone (Day iii, Nov. 9). The characters of the Countess, Parolles, Lafeu, and the Clown are Sh.'s

own.

Almain. A German. Iago declares that