and in reply to the Dauphin's insulting message bids them take back a rejoinder of defiance and grave warning (cf. Hol. iii, 545, where it is related that the King was at the time at Killingworth' and that his answer was sent in writing). ii, 2] sternly inveighs against the treason of Scroop, Cambridge, and Grey, and condemns them to death (Hol. iii, 548). (ii, 4) his character is discussed at the French council. iii, 1] at the siege of Harfleur ; urges his men to the attack. iii, 3] receives the submission of Harfleur and enters the town. iii, 6] confirms Exeter's sentence on Bardolph; in reply to a defiant message from the French, after a few boastful words-'Forgive me, God, That I do brag thus'-declares his fixed determination not to shun a battle (cf. Hol. iii, 552). iv, 1] passes among his troops, in disguise, during the night; reasons with them on kingly responsibility; (sol.) meditates on the sorrows of greatness, and on 'the fault My father made in compassing the crown!'; prays for divine pardon. iv, 3] gives a stirring address to his 'band of brothers' -'from this day to the ending of the world' shall the 'feast of Crispian' be remembered; sends a proud answer to the French, who insolently suggest his payment of a ransom. iv, 6] gives orders for the killing of the prisoners (cf. Hol. iii, 554, 'contrarie to his accustomed gentlenes'). iv, 7] converses with Fluellen and gives him 'Alençon's glove' (see WILLIAMS). iv, 8] re

ceives an account of the losses on each side.

v, 2] Henry meets the French Court at Troyes; left alone with the Princess Katharine, he woos her with the aid of her gentlewoman as interpreter; on the return of the Court, peace is agreed to, and Henry and Katharine are formally betrothed.

1 Hen. VI. (i, 1) Henry's funeral in Westminster Abbey; his eulogy by the nobles. (ii, 5) mtd.

For the play see p. 148.

Few characters in Sh. have met with more divergent criticism than Henry V. It is, however, difficult in many cases to gather whether it is the man, as depicted, who is censured, or Sh. for so depicting him. Extracts from Hall's account of the King, as reproduced in Hol. iii, 583, are subjoined: 'A prince whome all men loued, and of none disdained; a capteine against whome fortune never frowned, nor mischance once spurned; he left no offense unpunished, nor freendship unrewarded; a terror to rebels. In strength and nimbleness of bodie from his youth few to him comparable; for in wrestling, leaping, and running, no man well able to compare [cf. Hen. V, ii, ll. 142 ff.]. so manfull of mind as never scene to quinch at a wound, or to smart at the paine. Everie honest person was permitted to come to him, sitting at meale; where either secretlie or openlie to declare his mind. Wantonnesse of life and thirst in avarice had he quite quenched in

him.. . . For bountifulnesse and liberalitie, no man more free, gentle, and franke.'

Henry VI (1421-71). King of England. Only child of Henry V and Katharine of France; born at Windsor, and succeeded to the throne at the age of nine months ('In infant bands crown'd king,' Hen. V, Epil.). His uncle Humphrey, D. of Gloucester, was appointed Protector (controlled by a council), and another uncle, John, D. of Bedford, ruled over France. Rich. Beauchamp, E. of Warwick, acted as the King's tutor. (In 1424 the English gained a great victory over Charles VII of France at Verneuil, but from this date their power slowly dwindled.) In 1429 Henry was crowned at Westminster, and in 1430 at Paris; he opened Parliament in 1432. The influence of Joan of Arc in France (1429-31) provided a dramatic episode during this period. Disputes between Gloucester and his uncle Card. Beaufort (Bp. of Winchester) were rife during the King's minority, and the Queen, Margaret of Anjou, whom Henry married in 1445, supported Beaufort, and succeeded in having Gloucester arrested for high treason (1447). A few days later Gl. was found dead in his bed. Beaufort only survived his nephew six weeks, and after his death trouble succeeded trouble. In 1448 Maine was surrendered to France; two years later a serious rising under Jack Cade was quelled with some difficulty, and in 1453, after the loss of Guienne, the King became temporarily insane. Richard, D. of York, now began to lay claim openly to the throne, and, meeting with strong support, he became Protector in 1454, during another mental eclipse of the King, on whose recovery he refused to relinquish his power. Hostilities ensued, and on May 22, 1455, was fought the first battle of St Albans, in which the Yorkists were victorious, the D. of Somerset (the Queen's trusted minister) was slain, and Henry captured. The King became again mentally incapacitated, and on his recovery made vain attempts to reconcile the opposing parties of York and the Queen. Margaret, for her part, put herself at the head of the Lancastrian forces and sought victory during twenty years. In 1461 Edward (e.s. of York) after the battle of Towton was proclaimed King, as Edw. IV, and in 1465 Henry was committed to the Tower. In 1470 Henry was restored to the throne by the E. of Warwick, but six months later he was again a prisoner, and after the fatal battle of Tewkesbury (May 4, 1471), in which the Queen was captured, and Edward, Prince of Wales, slain, Henry was murdered in the Tower.

(For a synopsis of the great struggle see WARS OF THE ROSES.)

Holinshed (iii, 690) relates that the corpse was borne with due ceremony to St Paul's, where it 'in presence of the beholders did bleed'; thence it was carried to the Blackfriars, and bled there likewise,' and finally was conveyed in a boat to Chertsey and there first buried.

The three plays bearing the name of Henry VI deal with all periods of the reign, but chronological accuracy is throughout made subservient to dramatic expediency.

Of Henry, Hall writes (p. 303): '[He] was of stature goodly, of body slender his face beautiful, in ye which continually was resydent the bountie of mynde wyth whych he was inwardly endued. He dyd abhorre of hys owne nature al the vices, as wel of the body as of the soule; Besyde thys, pacyence was so radicate in his harte that of all the injuries to him committed (which were no smal nombre) he nover asked vengeaunce nor punishment... .' Holinshed (iii, 691) adds that he was 'wholie given to praier, reading of scriptures, and almesdeeds.'

D.P. 1 Hen. VI. iii, 1] adjures (aet. 5) with 'sighs and tears,' his 'uncles' of Gloucester and of Winchester to be at peace with one another (the truce was actually arranged by arbitrators, Hol. iii, 595); creates Richard Plantagenet D. of York. iii, 4] compliments Talbot, and creates him E. of Shrewsbury (not until 1442). iv, 1] is crowned at Paris (1430); banishes Fastolfe (q.v.); hears that the D. of Burgundy has revolted, and bids Talbot march against him; entreats York and Somerset to compose their strife; makes the former regent in France, but accepts as a badge ‘a red rose.' v, 1] makes peace with France and accepts the d. of the 'E. of Armagnac' (q.v.) in marriage (1442). v, 5] gives audience to Suffolk, who expatiates on the beauty and virtues of Margaret of Anjou (Hol. iii, 625); despite Gloucester's expostulations, bids Suffolk 'post to France,' and 'procure that Lady M. do vouchsafe to come to England' (1442).

D.P. 2 Hen. VI. i, 1] welcomes his bride, escorted from France by the Marq. of Suffolk, whom he makes a duke; approves the terms of the marriage treaty. i, 3] (his wife deems him more fit to be a pope than a king); he leaves high state matters to the Queen's decision; appoints a day for judicial combat in a case of alleged treason. ii, 1] makes pious reflections, but fails to check bitter quarrels between the nobles; is impressed by the alleged miraculous cure of a blind man, but witnesses his discomfiture; learns that the Dss. of Gloucester is charged with treasonable practices. ii, 3] pronounces sentence on the Dss. and her confederates; dismisses the D.

of Gloucester from his Protectorship; witnesses the judicial combat. iii, 1] (at Bury St Edmund's) expresses his belief in Gloucester's innocence; after hearing Gl.'s accusers, 'bewails his case.' iii, 2] swoons on hearing that Gl. has been found dead in his bed; regards Suffolk with abhorrence, and suspects the truth; on hearing of the tumult of the commonalty, sends them word that Suffolk shall be banished; rebukes the Queen for pleading for him. iii, 3] is present at Card. Beaufort's death, bids him raise his hand às a 'signal of his hope,' but B. dies 'and makes no sign.' iv, 4] proposes to parley with Cade; flees to Kenilworth. iv, 9] pardons the surrendered rebels; learns that York has landed with an Irish army. v, 1] is assured by York that he seeks but to overthrow Somerset ; knights Iden; reproaches Salisbury for his disloyalty. v, 2] during the battle of St

Albans, flees to London.

The King's flight from St Albans is unhistorical. He remained there until the next day, when he accompanied York to London.

D.P. 3 Hen. VI. i, 1] entering, with his adherents, the Parliament House where York has seated himself upon the throne (Hol. iii, 655), he restrains the more ardent of his supporters, who wish to fight the matter out on the spot, and by expostulations and arguments tries to prove his superior title to the throne; finally proposes that the crown should be his during his lifetime and then revert to the House of York (this was actually determined by Parliament in 1460); his three chief followers despise and desert him, as a 'degenerate king'; he laments thus disinheriting his son; piteously tries to exculpate himself to the Queen and the Prince ; resolves to write to the three defecting lords, 'and entreat them fair.' ii, 2] before York (unhistorical); the sight of York's head on the battlements (Hol. iii, 659) 'irks his very soul'; at the Queen's bidding, dubs his son a knight (actually, after the 2nd battle of St Albans) and bids him 'draw his sword in right'; makes a feeble attempt to stem the mutual defiance of Yorkists and Lancastrians. ii, 5] at Towton, having been 'chid from the battle,' eloquently moralizes (sol.) on the superior happiness of a peasant's life, and bitterly laments the horrors of war presented to his eyes; is induced to flee from the field to Berwick (Hol. iii, 665). iii, 1] while in disguise is overheard, by two keepers, soliloquizing on state affairs; they tax him with being the deposed King, and he submits himself to them ('he was knowne and taken of one Cantlow,' Hol. iii, 667). iv, 6] after

Edward's defeat at Warwick, is released from the Tower (1470) and makes Warwick and Clarence joint Protectors (Hol. iii, 678); lays his hand on the head of young Henry, E. of Richmond (1471), and predicts that he will wear a crown (Hol. iii, 678). iv, 8] hears that Edward has invaded England; reflects that the mildness of his own rule must have gained him the love of his subjects; is seized by the enemy and borne back to the Tower (cf. Hall, p. 295). v, 6] is stabbed by Gloucester in the Tower (May 21, 1471), after predicting that thousands would rue the hour when his murderer was born.

Acc. More, as quoted by Hall (p. 343), 'Richard slewe in the towre kynge Henry the sixt; saiynge: "now is there no heire male of kynge Edwarde the thirde but wee of the house of Yorke!" whyche mur. der was doen without kynge Edward his assent; which would have appointed that bocherly office too some other rather than to hys owne brother.'

For the plays see pp. 148-9.

Henry VII (1457-1509). King of England. Son of Edmund Tudor, E. of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, d. of John of Gaunt. He took refuge in Brittany during the reign of Edward IV, landed at Milford Haven in 1485, and in the same year defeated and slew Richard III at Bosworth and was crowned.

Acc. Hol. iii, 757, he was 'so formed and decorated with all gifts and lineaments of nature, that he seemed more an angelicall creature, than a terrestriall personage.

D.P. 3 Hen. VI. 'Henry, E. of Richmond, a youth.' iv, 6] p.m.; Henry VI predicts that the 'pretty lad' will wear a crown and 'prove our country's bliss' (cf. Hol. iii, 678).

D.P. Rich. III. (iv, 1, 2) Dorset flees to him for safety; a prophecy that he should be king (cf. 3 Hen. VI, iv, 6, 11. 65 ff.). (iv, 3) the Bp. of Ely joins him. (iv, 4) sets sail for England. (iv, 5) in Wales. v, 2] at Bosworth Field. v, 3] makes plans for the battle; when asleep is encouraged by the ghosts of Richard's victims; makes an oration to his

soldiers. v, 5] slays Richard in fight; later, the crown is placed upon his head by Derby, and he prays for 'this fair land's peace' under the united roses.

Acc. Hol. iii, 759, Richard 'manfullie fighting in the middle of his enimies, was slaine,' and (ib. iii, 706) the crown 'was found amongst the spoile in the field.' Henry's attempted junction with Buckingham, and his landing at Milford (iv, 5) were really separated by an interval of 2 years (1483-5).

Lord Stanley speaks of 'Richmond' as 'my son' (Rich. III, iv, 2, 1. 50); actually stepson, Lord S. having married the Lady Margaret.

Henry VIII (1491-1547). King of England; 2nd s. of Hen. VII. The following dates are those relevant to the drama, which, although

entitled 'The Famous History of the Life of Henry VIII,' actually deals only with episodes of the period 1520-36, with not a few chronological liberties. Henry's meeting with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold took place in 1520; in 1527 the King began to treat with the Pope for the purpose of obtaining a divorce from Katharine of Arragon; in 1529 a commission met to hear the case, without result; in the same year Wolsey was dismissed and was succeeded as the King's adviser by Cromwell; Henry consulted various European universities in 1530, and in 1533 Anne Boleyn, whom he had secretly married, was crowned as queen.

D.P. Hen. VIII. (i, 1) the Field of the Cloth of Gold described (Hol. iii, 858). i, 2] listens to Q. Katharine's representations of the 'exactions imposed by Wolsey'; orders pardon to be sent to every man who has resisted the 'commission' (Hol. iii, 892); listens to the accusation against Buckingham made by Knyvet (Hol. iii, 862); orders B. to be arrested. i, 4] attends a great entertainment given by Wolsey (Hol. iii, 921-2), and is attracted by Anne Boleyn, with whom he dances. ii, 2] dismisses Norfolk and Suffolk brusquely from his presence, but graciously receives Wolsey and Campeius; declares that his conscience is troubled about the validity of his marriage with Kath. (ii, 3) makes Anne Boleyn Marchioness of Pembroke (Hol. iii, 928). ii, 4] attends the session of the divorce commission at Blackfriars (Hol. iii, 907); declares Kath. to be 'the queen of earthly queens,' but explains the grave scruples of conscience which impel him to divorce her; distrusts 'these cardinals' and resolves to be guided by Cranmer. iii, 2] papers revealing Wolsey's avarice fall into his hands (see RUTHALL); he points out to W. how deeply indebted he should feel for the royal favour, hands him the papers, and bids him read them, 'and then to breakfast with What

appetite you have.' v, 1] converses with Cranmer, and gives him a ring to use in an emergency (Foxe, ii, 1759); hears of the birth of a daughter (Queen Elizabeth). v, 3] enters the council chamber, and rates the members roundly for their insulting treatment of Cranmer (Foxe, ii, 1760). v, 5] is present at the christening of Elizabeth. For the play see p. 149.

Henry the Fourth, The First Part of. (In F1: The First Part of Henry the Fourth, with the Life and Death of Henry Sirnamed Hot-spurre.' The acts and scenes are numbered.)

PUBLICATION. On Feb. 25, 1597–8, a licence was granted to Andrew Wise for the publication of 'The Historye of Henry the iiijth with his battaile of Shrewsburye against Henry Hottspurre of the Northe with the conceipted mirthe of Sir John Ffalstoffe.' Soon afterward a quarto appeared bearing the title: 'The History of Henrie the Fovrth; With the battell at Shrewsburie, betweene the King and Lord Henry Percy, surnamed Henrie Hotspur of the North. With the humorous conceits of Sir Iohn Falstaffe [etc.] Printed by P. S. for Andrew Wise,' 1598.

In 1599 a second edn. 'Newly corrected by W. Shake-speare' appeared, and was followed by further edns. in 1604, 1608, 1613, 1622, and later. The text in the First Folio of 1623 follows that of 1613 substantially.

SOURCES. The Chronicles of Holinshed, with some references to The Famous Victories (q.v.), and perh. to Stow, p. 557.

Henry the Fourth, The Second Part of. (In F1: The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, Containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift.' The acts and scenes are numbered.)

PUBLICATION. First appeared, in quarto, with this title-page: 'The Second part, of Henrie the fourth, continuing to his death, and coronation of Henrie the fift. With the humours of Sir John Falstaffe, and swaggering Pistoll. . . . Written by William Shakespeare. London. Printed by V. S. for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley. 1600.' (There are two different impressions of this, marked by the omission of iii, 1, in some copies.)

The play as published in the Folio of 1623 contains important passages not printed in Q. DATE OF COMPOSITION. Probably 1597-8, or about a year later than 1 Hen. IV.

SOURCES. Holinshed's Chronicles, and The Famous Victories (q.v.), the important comic scenes being Sh.'s own, but seemingly suggested by faint analogies in the old play. (Stow, pp. 557-8, is also drawn upon.)

Henry the Fifth. (In F1: 'The Life of Henry the Fift.' The acts, but not the scenes, are numbered.)

PUBLICATION. This play, in its complete form, first appeared in the Folio of 1623. In the Stationers' Registers, under date Aug. 4, 1600, there occurs the note: 'Henry the ffift, a booke, to be staied,' but in the same year a truncated and perverted version of the play was piratically produced, by T. Millington and J. Busby, probably from shorthand notes. This quarto bears the title : 'The Cronicle History of Henry the fift, With

his battell fought at Agin Court in France. Togither with Auntient Pistoll,' etc., and contains less than half the play as we now know it. Two similar editions followed, dated 1602 and 1608 (the latter being probably a falsification for 1619).

DATES OF COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION. First performed early in 1599, probably at the Globe theatre, alluded to as 'this wooden O' in the Prologue of Act I. In the Prologue of Act V there is a clear allusion to the (expected) victorious return of Essex from his Irish expedition in the summer of 1599. On the other hand, the play is not mentioned by Meres (1598); 1598-9 is therefore the generally accepted date of its composition.

SOURCES. Holinshed's Chronicles, and the old play The Famous Victories of Henrye the Fyft (q.v.). The main divergencies from Hol. are noted under the appropriate headings.

It is now generally admitted that the text of the Folio is not an expansion of the quarto 'Chronicle History,' but that the latter is a poor abridgment of a much fuller text, which may reasonably be supposed practically identical with that of the Folio. The matter is very fully dealt with in P. A. Daniel's Parallel Texts of the play, publd. by the New Sh. Society; cf. also the Society's Transactions, 1880-6, p. 77.

Henrye the Fyft, The Famous Victories of. A popular old play, produced not later than 1588, since Richard Tarleton, who performed the part in it of Derrick, the clown, died in that year. In a crudely farcical spirit the horseplay of Prince Hal, Sir John Oldcastle, and their associates is dwelt upon, while the Prince's premature seizure of the crown, his martial deeds as king, and his courtship of Katharine all enter into the somewhat disjointed plot. 'Sh. was not blind to the hints of the old drama, but he touched its comic scenes with a magic of his own, and summoned out of its dust and ashes the radiance of his inimitable Falstaff' (Lee, p. 241). See also Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit. i, 222–3.

The play was acted by the Qucen's players between 1588 and 1595, and was published in 1594. (See OLDCASTLE and FALSTAFF.)

Henry the Sixth, The First Part of. First published in the Folio of 1623; the acts and scenes are indicated. From references in Henslowe's Diary it appears that this play was frequently performed in the years 1591-3 and was exceedingly popular. The only parts allotted to Shakespeare by modern criticism are, with more or less probability, ii, 4, 5; iv, 5, 6, 7; v, 3. Holinshed is the basis of the historical portions, but chronology is recklessly disregarded. The play lacks unity, and consists of a series of loosely connected

scenes. Gervinus argues that the new matter introduced by Sh. into 1 Hen. VI was designed to prepare the way for 2, 3, Hen. VI, which he had already planned.

Henry the Sixth, The Second Part of. (In F: The second Part of Henry the Sixt, with the death of the Good Duke Humfrey.' After i, 1, the acts and scenes are not indicated.)

First published in its present form in the Folio of 1623. In round numbers 1300 lines are either identical with, or obviously altered from, The Contention (q.v.), 700 lines of the latter play are omitted, and 1700 new lines are introduced. (The Simpcox episode is derived from More, Grafton, or Foxe.)

Henry the Sixth, The Third Part of. (In F. The third Part of Henry the Sixt, with the death of the Duke of Yorke.' After i, 1, the acts and scenes are not indicated.)

First published in its present form in the Folio of 1623. In round numbers 1900 lines are identical with, or similar to, passages in The True Tragedie (q.v.), while 1000 new lines are added; there are no omissions.

Henry the Eighth.

PUBLICATION. First printed in the Folio of 1623 as 'The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight.' The acts and scenes are numbered.

PRODUCTION. Appears to have been first acted as 'a new Play, called All is True' (cf. Hen. VIII, Prol. 1. 9), 1613. During its performance at the Globe the playhouse was set on fire, and burned to the ground, by 'certain cannons being shot off' at the entry of the King to 'a Masque at the Cardinal Wolsey's House' (i, 4). The identity of All is True and Hen. VIII has been disputed, but is now generally accepted.

AUTHORSHIP. Criticism has now decided, with reasonable certainty, that the play is the work of Sh. and John Fletcher in collaboration, the share of the former being: i, 1, 2; ii, 3, 4; iii, 2 (to Henry's exit); v, 1 (partly). The intervention of a third hand, perhaps Massinger's, has also been suggested. (See N.S.S. Tr., 1874, Pt. I, Appendix.)

SOURCES. Holinshed's Chronicles is closely followed, which, in turn, is indebted to George Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, Hall, and Stow. Foxe, Actes and Monuments, seems to be independently used in Act V.

CHRONOLOGY. The play begins soon after the Field of the Cloth of Gold, held in 1520, and ends with the christening of Elizabeth.

But the historical sequence of events is arbitrarily altered.

The true dates of the following scenes are placed in brackets: i, 4 (1526, or later); ii, 1 (1521); ii, 2 (1528); ii, 3 (1532); ii, 4 (1529); iv, 1 (1533); iv, 2 (1536); v, i, 2, 3 (c. 1544); v, 4, 5 (1533).

Henton. See HOPKINS.

[Heraclitus of Ephesus.] Known, from his melancholy disposition, as 'the weeping philosopher.' Alluded to by Portia, who says of the County Palatine: 'I fear he will prove the weeping philosopher when he grows old' (M.V. i, 2).

Heraclitus is referred to by Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 5, 36, 105-a work which had been translated by John Dolman in 1561.

Herald (1). D.P. Hen. V. iv, 8] brings a roll of those killed on both sides at Agincourt.

The three heralds present were John Ashwell, 'Lancaster,' John Wrexworth, 'Guienne,' and John Kitteby, 'Ireland,' Kings at Arms (Weever, Anc. Fun. Mon.).

Herald (2). D.P. 2 Hen. VI. ii, 4] summons the D. of Gloucester to 'his majesty's parliament, holden at Bury the first of this next month.'

This parliament did not meet until Feb. 10, 1447, some six years after the disgrace of the Duchess of Gl.

Herald (3). D.P. Lear. v, 3] summons to the combat any man who maintains that Edmund is a traitor.

Herald (4). D.P. Oth. ii, 2] declares a 'triumph' in honour of the destruction of the Turkish fleet, and of Othello's nuptials.

Herald, Roman. D.P. Cor. ii, 1] proclaims that Caius Marcius has merited the surname of Coriolanus.

Heralds. D.PP. 1 Hen. VI. i, 1] pp.m. ; officiate at the funeral of Henry V.

Herbert, Philip (1584-1650). E. of Montgomery (1605) and 4th E. of Pembroke (1630). To him and his brother William (q.v.) the First Folio was dedicated. P.H. is referred to as 'Gentleman of his Maiestics Bed-Chamber.'