had the Prince and his countrymen, the Dutch, as members of a Protestant state, less cause to be alarmed, on the score of their religion; from the fact of those sweeping measures, for the destruction of the reformed faith in France, being accompanied, on the other side of the Channel, by the administrative changes of Louis's relative, friend, and brother-religionist, King James, to the weakening of the Protestant Established Church in England and Ireland; while James likewise deprived the League of Augsburg of its best expectation of success, the alliance of England, by signifying his determination to remain neuter, between the parties to that coalition, and the French Monarch. These circumstances, with the invitations William received from England to invade that country, and the necessity he himself was under, of effecting a revolution there to the prejudice of James and his son, or of resigning any hope of a share in the succession, at once suggested, and facilitated, the undertaking of such an enterprise; through the final triumph of which, the important object of adding England to the League of Augsburg being attained, France was exposed, everywhere but on the side of Switzerland, to hostilities by land or sea. While such an immense drain upon the resources of France was thus required for her defence against so many enemies, the Irish Jacobites could not be aided as they might otherwise have been, and they consequently found themselves abandoned, with comparatively little more than their own very inadequate means of defence, against the enormous superiority of every description of force directed against them by the Prince of Orange, as King of England and Scotland, Stadtholder of Holland, and Head of the League of Augsburg. The following particulars respecting the War of the Revolution in Ireland during the years 1689, 1690, and 1691, will give a sufficient idea here of the courage and perseverance, with which, under so many disadvantages, the Irish loyalists sustained the cause of James, for 3 campaigns, against the power of William. Consisting, at the most, of not above 1,200,000 men, women, and children—having to guard against another population in the country, able to furnish 25,000 hostile Militia or Yeomanry-with a national revenue, in its comparatively flourishing state, or from 1682 to 1685, amounting to only £266,209 a year, and which, after soon dwindling into a mere copper currency, finally left no resource for defence, in addition to the tardy and insufficient supplies from France, but that of bartering the butter, wool, tallow, and hides of the island, with the French merchants, for powder, ball, and arms—the Irish Jacobites had, in 1689, opposed to them, under the veteran Marshal Duke of Schonberg, a regular force of 30 regiments and 1 company of foot, 9 regiments and 3 troops of horse, and 4 regiments of dragoons, or 43 regiments, 1 company, and 3 troops of infantry and cavalry, that would make above 34,900 men and officers-in 1690, between what William himself and Marlborough brought over, 50 regiheld out rewards for converts; and prohibited keeping schools, or bringing up children in any but the Catholic religion. Dragoons were sent into Languedoc, Dauphiné, and Provence, to enforce this decree," and "*100,000 Protestants, the most industrions and peaceable subjects of the French Monarchy, fed from the sword of persecution, and brought with them to Germany, Holland, and England, their arts manufactures, and res ntments In every tiel of battle in Europe, they displayed the same invincible valour against France, that was evinced by the Irish against Erdana" But, in as much as the Huguenots were such a small minority of the nation in France, while the Catholics were the great majority of the nation in Ireland, was not the persecution of the latter the less defensible of the 2?

ments and 9 companies of foot, 21 regiments and 5 troops of horse, and 5 regiments of dragoons, or 76 regiments, 9 companies, and 5 troops of infantry and cavalry, that would make above 59,200 men and officersand, in 1691, under Lieutenant-General, Baron de Ginkell, the Duke of Wirtemberg, Majors-General Ruvigny, Mac Kay, and Talmach, &c., 42 regiments and 1 company of foot, 20 regiments of horse, and 5 regiments of dragoons, or 67 regiments and 1 company of infantry and cavalry, that would make above 48,800 men and officers.* At length, amidst a desolated territory-blocked up by land and water in their last fortress of any consequence, Limerick-with a great portion of the town reduced to ruins, and a large breach made in the walls by nearly 90 pieces of artillery-and without any appearance of the relief expected from France-the Irish army found themselves obliged to enter into a negotiation, for the conclusion of hostilities. In this situation, they, by the Treaty of Limerick, obtained such terms for their countrymen who chose to remain at home, as, if not subsequently violated by the enactment of the Penal Code, would have saved Ireland from the innumerable evils produced by that Code for so long a period, and have rendered unnecessary the various efforts made for Catholic Emancipation, and other measures connected with it, down to the 19th century. Though offered by Baron de Ginkell, if they would lay down their arms and remain quietly at home, to have their properties restored, and the exercise of their religion guaranteed them as in the reign of Charles II., that army, rather than acknowledge William, whom they considered a "usurper," decided on following their exiled Sovereign abroad; and, in addition to the full military honours with which they were to be received on giving up Limerick, and the other places held by them in the Counties of Clare, Cork, and Kerry, they even stipulated, that not only they, but all of their countrymen, who might wish to follow their example, should have shipping, and every thing requisite for a free passage to France, for themselves, their horses, money, plate, equipages, moveables, or household goods, supplied at William's cost. Thus terminated this long-protracted, though, on the part of the Irish, very unequal, contest; in which, for their principles, they are stated to have forfeited 1,060,792 acres, and, by their resistance, to have occasioned an expense of above £18,000,000 sterling to their enemies.

It was in the spring of 1690, the 2nd year of the War of the Revolution in Ireland, that the formation of the force, styled "the Irish Brigade in the Service of France," was commenced, by the arrival there, of the first Irish regiments belonging to that corps. King James, who was then in Ireland, having repeatedly pressed upon the French government, the insufficiency of the means of that country for making a due resistance to the powerful resources of every description from

In the statements respecting the numbers of the Williamite regular forces in Ireland in 1689, 1690, and 1691, derived from regimental data in Trinity College, Dublin, and the State Paper Office, and British Museum, London, as well as printed Williamite works, the complements of men and officers attached to the Williamite trains of artillery are not included, as I did not meet with due accounts on that point. It is certain, however, from the narratives on both sides in this war, that the Williamite superiority in artillery was very great. It is also to be borne in mind, that the Williamite regulars were powerfully aided by the colonial Militia or Yeomanry, referred to. On the diversity of nations in William's army, see, in Book III., the note under the petition of the Irish disbanded officers to Louis XIV., in 1698.

England, Scotland, Holland, Denmark, &c., with which he was to be attacked by the Prince of Orange, requested that a French force, and a supply of military necessaries, should be sent to Ireland. A body of Louis's troops, of the Regiments of Zurlauben, Merode, Famechon, Forest, La Marche, Tournaisis, and Courvassiez, consisting, according to the Marquis de Quincy, of above 6,000 effective men, were consequently ordered to sail for Ireland, with some of those supplies, which had been requested for the Irish. The passage of this land-force, under the Count de Lauzun, was to be secured by a squadron of 36 sail of the line, 4 fire-ships, and other vessels, commanded by the Marquis d'Amfreville, assisted by the Marquis de Nesmond, and the Chevalier de Flacour. The French fleet sailed from Brest, March 17th (St. Patrick's day) 1690; reached Cork and Kinsale by the 22nd and 23rd; against the 27th, landed the Count de Lauzun, and his men; and, early in April, had disembarked the military stores. From the difficult circumstances under which James and Louis were then placed, and the consequent arrangements between them,-James requiring the prestige and example of a corps of French soldiers in Ireland as some set-off against the numbers of Continental veterans in William's army, and Louis being so pressed near home by the League of Augsburg, that he required as many men from James, as might compensate, as far as possible, for the force forwarded to Ireland-the Irish had to send to France, on board the same fleet which had brought over Lauzun's contingent, the body of troops before referred to, as the origin of the Irish Brigades in the French service. After a delay of above 12 days on board by unfavourable weather, which prevented the French fleet setting sail for France till the 18th of April, and a similar interruption to their voyage between Ireland and France, the Irish reached Brest, and were landed there, early in May. Those troops, according to their 1st formation, or on their embarkation in Ireland and landing in France, consisted of 5 infantry regiments, whose Colonels were LieutenantGeneral Justin Mac Carthy, Lord Viscount Mountcashel, the Honourable Colonel Daniel O'Brien, the Honourable Colonel Arthur Dillon, Colonel Richard Butler, and Colonel Robert Fielding. This organization was changed in France; the 5 regiments being formed into 3, under Lord Mountcashel, the Honourable Colonel Daniel O'Brien, and the Honourable Colonel Arthur Dillon. Each of the regiments contained 15 companies of 100 men, and its Colonel's company. Into the 3 Colonels' companies, besides Cadets, (of whom, in Mountcashel's, for instance, there were 20, at 10 pence each, a day, till 1714, and 16 Cadets, at the same pay, and till the same year, in Dillon's,) as many men as could be found were admitted; the Irish soldiers, on their landing in France, having been remarked, as "tous gens bien faits," or "all wellmade men." According to the arrangement made for those regiments with the French government, by Lord Mountcashel, the officers and soldiers were to have strangers' or higher pay than that of France; the privates, by this agreement, getting a sol a day more than the French soldiery. The Colonels, in addition to their pay, were to have a sol in the livre, as well from the appointments of all officers, as from the funds for the general maintenance of their respective regiments; and Lord Mountcashel, besides the enjoyment of this privilege in his own regiment, had a sol in the livre, from the pay of the 2 other regiments; thereby securing a very beneficial establishment in France. These 3 Regiments

of Mountcashel, O'Brien, and Dillon, named from his Lordship, "the Brigade of Mountcashel," each consisted of 2 battalions, and, according to Count Arthur Dillon, amounted altogether to 5371 officers and soldiers.

The Colonels of the 3 regiments of this Brigade were of some of the noblest families in Ireland. With respect to Justin Mac Carthy and Daniel O'Brien, this was more particularly the case. They represented in their persons the blood of the 2 old royal races of Desmond, or South Munster, and Thomond, or North Munster, descended from Heber, eldest son of Milidh, or Milesius; by which races, for 900 years previous to the Anglo-Norman invasion of Erin in the 12th century, Mumha, or Munster, is related to have been ruled; each race supreme in its own peculiar territory; and both, in turn, entitled to give an Arch-King, or Sovereign, to the entire province. From the will of their common ancestor, Olil-Olum, King of Munster, about the middle of the 3rd century, this privilege was derived; that Prince partitioning his kingdom between his 2 sons, Eogan or Eugene More, and Cormac Cas; the former, the progenitor of the Mac Carthys, or the Eugenian Princes of Desmond, or South Munster; the latter the progenitor of the O'Briens, the Dalcassian Princes of Thomond, or North Munster; and the Sovereign, or King of all Munster, to be of the Eugenian and Dalcassian line, in alternate succession. If viewed with reference to primogeniture and the rights of seniority, the house of Mac Carthy should be accounted the 1st, according to a native authority, as being the leading branch of the eldest of the sons of Milesius, Heber, whose posterity, from the Milesian conquest of the island previous to the Christian era, are recorded to have given Kings to Munster, and several Monarchs to Ireland, until the supreme sceptre was fixed in the line of the younger of the sons of Milesius, Heremon, as represented by the descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages, ancestor of the O'Neills, in the 5th century. Through the Anglo-Norman intrusion of the 12th century, the Mac Carthys, indeed, suffered much diminution of their territory by the "stranger," but especially by the ambition of the great feudal house of Desmond. Yet, during the middle ages, the heads of the old native regal tribe were Princes or Chiefs, who, though so much less powerful than their forefathers, could, when too far provoked, inflict severe blows in battle on the unscrupulous Geraldine; could hold the Sassenagh "settler" in various parts of the south under "black rent,” or tribute;t and whose descendants finally survived, in the Peerage, the downfall, under Queen Elizabeth, of that proud Geraldine Earldom, the historian of which, regarding its ruin, in the light of a moral retribution for long injustice, bids his readers "ponder on all the cruel acts of rapacity and blood, committed against the Mac Carthys!" Of such ancestry, from royalty, chiefdom, or nobility, for so many centuries, was Justin Mac Carthy. He was the son of Donough Mac Carthy, Viscount Muskerry, and Earl of Clancarty, General of the Irish forces of Munster for Charles I. and Charles II. against the Parliamentarian or Crom

"He," as is observed, "must have been both a great and an able Prince, to have established the supremacy of his race upon such solid foundations, in times of such extreme convulsion." He was interred at the hill of Claire, near Duntryleague, County Limerick; where, adds Dr. O'Donovan, “a remarkable cromlech was raised over him, which still remains in good preservation."

+See the English admissions of the payments of such tributes during the 15th, and far into the 16th, century, in my Macaria Excidium, Note 71.

PILLS PETTLEROCite This nobleman, when resistance was no longer aralele a inca füsved with a large body of his countrymen, the forsones of Charles II to the Coutant; and surviving the Restoration, dein Angna 1660. at Leda He bai by the Lady Elen Butler, érs ia f James Butler, is Duke of Ormonde, 3 sons, Cormac or Chara, Calapan, si Juan Mae Carthy. The eliest, Cormac, or Charles Lori Muskerry, about 2 months previous to his father Donough's desave, se za Jane, 1955, fell in battle. He was siam on board the Loại Cars, by the same cante-but that killed the Honourable Kari Bya, son of the Earl of Cork and Burlington, and Charles Lerkely. Ein of Falmouth, next to James, Dzke of York, (afterwards James II, in the memorable sea-fight, where James, at the bead of 98 shops of the line, and 4 fre-ships, against the Dutch Admiral, Opdam, a21 113 ships of war, gained the most glorious victory that had ever been coralized by the English marine over the naval power of Holland. This Cormac, or Charles, Lord Muskerry, a particular favourite of James, and spoken of in his Memoirs as a brave and good oficer of infantry, was cy 31 at his death, universally regretted; and received a most honourable paddie funeral in Westminster Abbey, attended by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Chancellor, with numbers of the nobility of the 3 kingioms, &c. His Lordship having been married to Lady Margaret de Bargo, only daughter of the celebrated Ulick de Burgo, 5th Earl of Clanricarde, left 1 son, Charles James, who died a minor. The titles and estates of Muskerry and Clancarty consequently devolving to the Honourable Callaghan Mac Carthy, he, who had betaken himself in France to an ecclesiastical life, quitted his monastery, became a Protestant, married Lady Elizabeth Fitz-Geraid, 6th daughter of George Fitz-Gerald, 16th Earl of Külare, ancestor of the ducal family of Leinster,) and by her, besides 4 daughters, left, on his decease in 1676, 1 son, Donough. Of the extensive landed possessions of his ancestors for so many centuries, this Donough was the last noble head of the Mac Carthys, who retained a remnant; then producing a rent of £9,000 per annum, and in our time estimated as yielding one of not less than £200,000 a year. He was educated a Protestant by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and bred up at Oxford. Through the influence of his uncle, Justin, (afterwards Lord Mountcashel) he was privately married, before he was 16, to the Lady Elizabeth Spencer, 2nd daughter of Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, (the same who was Prime Minister to James II.) and sent over to Ireland. When James ascended the throne, Donough became a Catholic, and, with his uncle, who was of the same religion, warmly espoused that Monarch's cause, in opposition to the disturbances attempted against his government in Ireland by the Williamites of Munster, after the defection of England to the Prince of Orange, and the escape of the King to France. Justin, the Earl's uncle, had, as a younger son, entered the army, and was well connected in England; being married to the Lady Arabella Wentworth, 2nd daughter of the famous Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. In his profession, Justin had attained the rank of Lieutenant-General, and was possessed of such courage and talent, that, but for his being somewhat near-sighted, he was considered to have had every qualification for a complete officer. His moral character is described, in politically-hostile sources of intelligence, as that of a man of honour and liberality.

Early in March, 1689, the inhabitants of Bandon, an Anglo-Protestant