reasons to the French service, that many who were, some of them Field Officers, others Captains, and Subalterns, and who coud not be all provided for, pursuant to the methods taken for the modlement of their troops in France, had submitted to carry arms rather than quit the service their Master expected succour from: most of these poor gentlemen moulder'd away under the fatigues and miseries of the musket, before there was room to replace them as Officers. This vast stock of loialty was not appropriated to the officers alone, it ran in the blood of the very common soldiers; an instance whereof was seen in ye wonderful affection they bore to the service, and the confidence the Captains had in the fidelity as well as bravery of their men, who were so little acquainted and tainted with desertion, that, upon a day of march or action, the Commanders were not seen in any apprehension their maroders or straglers woud give them the slip; and it was frequently observed the officers were less in pain for the return of the men, than these were to rejoin their comrades." Of the effects of such conduct of the Irish troops upon King James, this writer then adds-" His late Majesty was so sensibly touch'd with all these particulars, and especially with the acquiesence of his troops to be reduc'd to the French pay, that, by an instrument under his hand and seal, he made a solemn promise he would pay them what their actual pay wanted, to make it full English, whenever God was pleas'd to restore him, and so made it his own and the Crown's debt."

Sir Walter Scott remarks, "whatever our opinion may be of the cause for which the followers of James abandoned their country and fortunes, there can be but one sentiment concerning the courage and self-devotion, with which they sacrificed their all to a sense of duty;" and the light, in which this conduct of the Irish was regarded by all ranks in France, is noticed, as follows, by Count Arthur Dillon. "Louis XIV. wrote with his own hand, in 1704, to the Civil-Lieutenant, Le Camus, that he had always treated the Irish Catholics, who had passed into his kingdom, as his own subjects; and that it was his wish that they should enjoy the same rights as natural-born Frenchmen, without being, on that account, obliged to take out letters of naturalization.' This letter of Louis XIV.," continues the Count, "only served to confirm the sentiments of the nation, and every one knows, that all orders of the state, by a sort of universal feeling, had already assigned to the Irish the right of citizenship; and then it was, that, in order to stamp with a name, for ever memorable, those strangers admitted to the honour of being French citizens, they were termed JACOBITES, that is to say, faithful to King James." Forman, too, who was attached to the change of dynasty effected by the Revolution of 1688, and, consequently, of opposite political principles to those of the Irish Jacobites, after alluding to so many of the latter, as "unhappy gentlemen, who, by the loss of plentiful fortunes at home, had nothing left them but their swords, to procure a scanty, painful maintenance abroad," thus speaks, in the reign of George II., of the general sacrifices of the Irish military followers of James to his service-"Their inflexible steadiness to the interest of an unfortunate and declining King, whom they looked upon to be their lawful Sovereign, notwithstanding our Acts of Parliament to the contrary; their refusal of those advantageous terms which King William so generously offered them; their exposing themselves to inexpressible hardships, to perpetual dangers, and even to death itself, rather

than acknowledge any other Prince than King James, at least while any farther resistance in his favour was practicable, first gained them that esteem in France, which their behaviour ever since has preserved for them even to this day." The right, it may be added, of French, citizenship, so conferred upon the expatriated Irish by Louis XIV., being contested, under Louis XV., by the Fermiers du Domain, on the pretext, that such a privilege granted to the Irish Jacobites was not formally legal, a decree issued the same year, or in March, 1736, to the Bureau du Domain, confirming to the Irish exiles in France the right attempted to be contested with them. Again, or in a letter of March 25th, 1741, to the Chapter of Lille, Louis XV. confirmed that right to the Irish. His letter on this occasion, and that of Louis XIV. to the Civil Lieutenant, Le Camus, above referred to, and cited by various French lawyers, were both deposited in the Bureau de la Guerre at Paris; and, on these documents and decisions, the various "arrêts" or decrees of the French Council of State, and the Parliament of Paris, in suits connected with Irish claims to property in France, were based, down to the period of the Revolution.

Of the origin, and successive changes amongst the commanding officers, of the 3 first Irish regiments in the French service, the following particulars are given in my authorities.

THE INFANTRY REGIMENT OF MOUNTCASHEL

This regiment was formed in 1683, out of several Independent Companies of Irish, which King Charles II. withdrew from Tangier, in Africa, when he caused it to be demolished. The corps was composed of 2 battalions in 16 companies, variously stated, or, as it would appear, at different times, consisting of 80 or 100 men a company. Its 1st Colonel was James Butler, afterwards 2nd Duke of Ormonde, who, being made Colonel of a Regiment of Horse in the Irish army, resigned his previous post to the Honourable Justin Mac Carthy, subsequently Lord Mountcashel. After the destruction of this regiment at the unlucky affair of Newtown-Butler, in August, 1689, it was renewed with fresh recruits, and brought to France, in May, 1690, by his Lordship. Soon after landing there, or May 20th, Lord Mountcashel received a commission from Louis XIV.; entitling his Lordship to command all the Irish troops taken into the French service, or his own, with the other corps of O'Brien and Dillon. May 30th, he was empowered to act as a Lieutenant-General of France, as he already was of England and Ireland; and, June 1st, was specially commissioned to be Colonel of his regiment under Louis, as he had previously been under James. Employed by letters of July 26th, the same year, with M. de St. Ruth, in Savoy, he signalized himself, at the head of his regiment, in the reduction of that province; particularly at a defeat of the Piedmontese, September 12th; where he was wounded, though but slightly. Transferred by letters of June 13th, 1691, to serve under the Duke de Noailles, with the Army of Rousillon or Catalonia, he was present at the captures of Urgel, the castles of Valence and Boy, and the raising of the siege of Pratz-de-Mollo. He remained, in 1692, with the same army, which kept, however, merely upon the defensive. Despatched, by letters of April 27th, 1693, to the Army of Germany, as 1 of its Lieutenant-Generals, under the Marshals de Lorges and de Choiseul, he

and his regiment contributed to the successes of that campaign; at which he shared in the reduction of the city and castle of Heidelburg, of Wingemburg, of Eppenheim, and of Darmstadt. He was to have continued with the Army of Germany, in 1694; but the injurious effects of his wounds obliged him to seek the benefit of the waters of Barrege, where he died that summer. His decease is thus announced, under the head of "Paris, 31st July, 1694," in the French official journal. "Mylord Montcassel, Lieutenant-General of the Armies of the King, Commander of 3 Irish Regiments, died the 1st of this month at Barrege, of the wounds that he has received on several occasions, in which he was always extremely distinguished."

Lord Mountcashel was succeeded in his regiment by Colonel Andrew Lee, or de Lee, according to the prefix given to his and other names by French writers. Lee was born in 1650, and first belonged to the infantry regiment of 1500 men, besides officers, permitted by King Charles II. to be levied in Ireland, in 1671, for the service of France, by Sir and Count George Hamilton, from whom, as its Colonel, it was called the " Régiment d' Hamilton." * After the Count's death in 1676, the Irish of his

* George Hamilton was the eldest surviving son of Sir George Hamilton of Dunnalong in the County of Tyrone, and Nenagh in the County of Tipperary, by Lady Mary Butler, 3rd daughter of Thomas Butler, Lord Thurles, and sister to James Butler, 12th Earl and 1st Duke of Ormonde. Sir George, who was a Catholic, served King Charles I. and Charles II. faithfully against the Parliamentarian and Cromwellian rebels in Ireland, where he was a Captain of Horse, and afterwards a Colonel of Foot, and Governor of the Castle of Nenagh, against those insurgents, as well as Receiver-General for the Crown. On the final prevalence of the Cromwellian invaders, he resolved to join the royal family in France; but, before leaving Ireland, "he staid," says Carte, "to pass his accounts, which he did to the satisfaction of all parties, notwithstanding much clamour had been raised against him." He then, or in 1651, went into exile with his family, when King Charles II., it is observed, "being sensible of his good and acceptable services, and willing to show him all reasonable favour for the same, created him a Baronet." As attached, however, only to a nominal or refugee King, such as Charles Il. was till 1660, Sir George, like numbers of banished Irish loyalists, had to encounter much privation and distress on the Continent. In this interval, the young George Hamilton was made 1 of the Royal Pages; after the Restoration was enrolled in the Horse-Guards; and is named by his brother Anthony, in the Memoirs of their brother-in-law, the Comte de Grammont, among the brilliant intriguers of the English Court, as a lover of the pretty Mrs. Wettenhall. In 1667, on account of the jealousy of the English against "Popery," the King had to dismiss from his Horse-Guards such English, Irish, and Scotch officers, &c., as were Catholics; but was enabled to provide for them elsewhere by Louis XIV., who offered them employment, under young Hamilton. Having gotten due permission from King Charles to enter the service of France, and being considered, on their arrival there, as "tous bons hommes et bien faits," or, "all good and wellmade men," those who were natives of Scotland were incorporated with the ancient Compagnie de Gendarmes Ecossois of the Royal Guards; the rest were formed into another Compagnie, called Gendarmes Anglois, of which Louis (in order, it would seem, to compliment them the more,) named himself the Captain; and, November 28th, 1667, appointed Hamilton his Captain-Lieutenant. Sir George Hamilton (thus entitled, either as having been knighted, or as successor to his father's baronetcy in 1667, or for both reasons,) commanded this Compagnie de Gendarmes Anglois, at the conquest of Franche-Comté in 1668. In 1671, he raised, under an agreement made in April, "un Régiment d'Infanterie Irlandoise de 15 compagnies de 100 hommes chacune," exclusive of officers; "sa Majesté," it is added, "ayant satisfaction des services qu'elle a receus des régimens Irlandois qui ont esté cy-devant à sa solde," and this regiment, as "infanterie estrangère," to have "les hautes payes." Of this corps, of 2 battalions, Sir George was commissioned as Colonel, May 12th, and commanded it, in 1672, with the French Army of Holland, after its passage of the Rhine. He

D

regiment, being drafted into the German Regiment of Furstemberg, and then of Greider, or Greder, were accompanied by Lee. A Lieutenant in the corps, in 1678, under its appellation of Furstemberg, he fought against the Brandenburghers, near Minden, in 1679; and obtained a company by commission, May 7th, 1682. He served at the siege of Girona, in 1684; was made Lieutenant-Colonel, by commission of December 11th, 1687; was with the Army of Flanders, under the Marshal d'Humieres, in 1689, when he was engaged in the unsuccessful affair of Walcourt; and with better fortune, in 1690, under the illustrious Marshal de Luxembourg, at Fleurus; where the regiment, as that of Greider, was lauded by the Marshal, for its very good conduct, and its having taken 1 or 2 standards. Shortly before that battle, or June 18th, Lee received a commission of Lieutenant-Colonel, empowering him to hold rank as Colonel of Infantry to the new Regiment of O'Brien, (afterwards Clare) under which, see him noticed, till appointed, by commission of July 28th, 1694, to the Colonelship of the regiment previously Lord

then joined the Marshal de Turenne; shared in the successful operations against the Elector of Brandenburgh in 1673; "and," remarks Lodge, "being to recruit his regiment of foot in the service of the French King, his Majesty," King Charles II., "sent his directions to the Lord-Lieutenant, 12 January, 1673, to give license unto him and his officers to raise 600 foot soldiers of his Irish subjects by beat of drum." He was at the battles of Sintzheim, Einsheim, and Mulhausen, in 1674. At that of Einsheim, he was severely wounded, and is described, by my French authorities, as having "performed great acts of valour," or having "with a battalion of his regiment, cut to pieces a hostile battalion, and dispersed the dragoons who supported it." Continuing with the Army of Germany under Turenne, he distinguished himself at the battle of Turkheim, January 5th, 1675; and was made a Brigadier of Infantry, by brevet of March 12th. July 27th, at Salzbach, being near the battery which Turenne approached on horseback to inspect, he warned the Marshal to take a different direction, was, on his fall, soon after by a cannon-shot, the 1st, with presence of mind, to throw a cloak over the corpse; and, in the subsequent retreat of the French, he signalized himself, by protecting it at Wilstet and Altenheim. The leading French military historian of those times, relating the retreat of his countrymen, and the attack upon them by the Imperial General, Montecuculli, at Wilstet, states-"The Comte de Montecuculli followed them with all his army, and came up with their rear-guard at Wilstet. He attacked it with a large detachment, with which he had pushed forward; but he was repulsed by the Chevalier de Bouflers, and by the Comte d' Hamilton." And, elsewhere noticing this affair at Wilstet, and that at Altenheim, the same historian specifies Hamilton, to have "given the greatest proofs of valour" against the enemy; having "repulsed them after an action of the most animated kind," where "the Irish did wonders," as well as the English, who were then serving with the French. Created Maréchal de Camp, or Major-General, February 25th, 1676, and still being with the Army of Germany under Turenne's successor, the Marshal Duke de Luxembourg, Hamilton was present, when, in the retreat of the French on Saverne, their rear was attacked, and thrown into confusion by the enemy, under the Duke of Lorrain. This Luxembourg hastened in person to repair, at the head of his cavalry, "and seconded," according to the French historian, "by the Comte d' Hamilton, who had posted his regiment advantageously, he put a stop to the enemies by the great fire which he caused to be poured upon them, and compelled them, by means of the cavalry, to retire in disorder." But the affair, it is added, "cost his life to the Comte d' Hamilton, whom the King had made Maréchal de Camp." At his death, the Count possessed both his Irish Regiment of Infantry and the Compagnie de Gendarmes Anglois, or rather Anglois et Irlandois. He married, in 1665, the beautiful Frances Jennings, elder sister of the famous Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and daughter of Richard Jennings, Esq., of Sandridge in Hertfordshire. By her, he left 3 daughters, who were all nobly married in Ireland; the 1st, Elizabeth, in 1685, to Richard Parsons, 1st Viscount Rosse; the 2nd, Fances, in 1687, to Henry Dillon, Sth Viscount Dillon; the 3rd, Mary, in 1688, to Nicholas Barnewall, 3rd Viscount Kingsland.

of

Mountcashel's. He served that year with the Army of Italy; passed to that of Germany, in 1695; was with the Army of the Meuse, under the Marshal de Boufflers, in 1696; at the taking of Ath, by the Marshal de Catinat, in 1697; at the great encampment, and the grand review, by Louis in person, at Coudun, near Compiegne, by letters of August 13th, 1698; with the Army of Flanders, by letters of June 6th, 1701; with the Army of Germany, under the Marshal de Catinat, by letters of May 8th, 1702; and was created Maréchal de Camp, by brevet of December 23rd, that year. Employed with the Army of Bavaria, under the Marshal de Villars, in 1703, he was at the siege of Kehl; at the taking of the lines of Stolhoffen, and the retrenchments of the Valley of Hornberg; at the combat of Munderkingen; at the defeat of the Count de Stirum, in the 1st battle of Hochstedt, where he was wounded; and was also at the taking of Kempten. In June, 1704, he transferred the command of his regiment to his son. Then, attached to the Army of Bavaria, under the Marshal de Marcin, he commanded the French force, united with the Bavarian troops, at the glorious defence of the retrenchments of Schellemberg, in July; next fought at the 2nd or unfortunate battle of Hochstedt, (more generally called that of Blenheim) in August; and obtained the grade of Lieutenant-General of the Armies of the King, by a power 26th October. In 1705, he served with the Army of the Moselle, under the Marshal de Villars; with the Army of the Rhine, under the same General, in 1706 and 1707; and, during the winter of the last-mentioned year, was employed in Alsace, by order of 31st October. In 1708, he was with the Army of the Rhine, under the Marshal Duke of Berwick; when, hearing of the enemy's design of besieging the important fortress of Lisle, in Flanders, he threw himself into that place; under the gallant and worthy Marshal de Boufflers, contributed nobly to its celebrated defence, at which he was wounded; and, by brevet of 12th November, was nominated by Louis XIV. to the next vacancy of a Grand Cross of the Order of St. Louis, with permission, meanwhile, to wear the insignia of that honour. In 1709, he served with the Army of Germany, under the Marshal d' Harcourt; in 1710, 1711, and 1712, with the Army of Flanders, under the Marshal de Villars. The campaign of 1712 was his last; in which, he was present at the captures of Douay, Quesnoy, and Bouchain. He obtained the post of a Grand Cross of the Order of St. Louis, by provision of July 3rd, 1719. His son Francis, on whom he had devolved the command of his regiment since June, 1704, having died, he resumed the Colonelship, by commission of December 13th, 1720. In 1733, he made an arrangement, through which he had the regiment granted, by commission of September 16th, to the Comte de Bulkeley; and died not long after, or February 16th, 1734, aged 84.

The Comte François de Bulkeley, as he was called in France, was of a noble British Jacobite family, derived from Robert de Bulkeley, Seigneur or Lord of the manor of Bulkeley, in the Palatinate of Chester, under the Anjou-Norman King of England, Johan, or John. In January, 1643, Thomas Bulkeley, Esq., of Baron Hall in the Isle of Anglesey, was, for his great merit and strict loyalty, created by King Charles I., at Oxford, Viscount Bulkeley of Cashel, in the Kingdom of Ireland. The Viscount's 4th son, the Honourable Henry Bulkeley, was made Master of the Household to Kings Charles II. and James II., and married Lady Sophia Stewart, by whom he had 2 sons, and 4 daughters; who all joined the 2nd exile of the royal race, or that under King