sending to be sacrificed the eight captives, are told without a word of disapprobation. Still Virgil is copying Homeric usage, and reminding us of an ancient, though barbarous

custom.

522. Ille astu subit: "he adroitly stoops."-Non hic vertitur : "turns not upon this," i. e. on my death.

532. Belli commercia Turnus. Referring to the ransoming or exchange of prisoners.

533. Jam tum Pallante peremto: "the very moment Pallas was slain."

534. Hoc sentit: "so thinks."-536. Applicat: "plunges." 537. Nec procul Hæmonides, &c.; supply est or versatur. Wagner. Heyne regards Hæmonides quem congressus, as a change of construction from the nominative to the accusative.

541. Ingenti umbrâ: "with the deep shade of death."

543. Instaurant acies: "restore the fight."— 544. Veniens: "who had come."

546. Dejecerat. The meaning is, Æneas, after encountering Cæculus and Umbro, proceeds to attack Anxur, whose left arm and the whole rim of his shield, he lops off with a blow. He had just done this, when Tarquitius comes forth to meet him, incensed at the overthrow of Anxur. Lines 547, 548, and 549 are parenthetic.

550. Exsultans contra: "springing forth from the opposite ranks."

552. Ille. Referring to Æneas. Reductâ loricam, &c. : "his spear having been (first) drawn back, (transfixes and thus) encumbers his corslet and the vast weight of his shield."

556. Super: for insuper.

557. Istic. Observe the force of iste, as appearing in the adverb derived from it.-Non optima mater: "no dearest mother." The fiendish character of this speech is only to be tolerated as being a picture of Homeric times.

581. Non Diomedis equos. The meaning is thou seest arrayed against thee no Greeks from whom thou mayest escape, but those from whom thou shalt surely meet thy doom. Diomede and Achilles are named, because Æneas with difficulty escaped them at Troy.

593. Vana umbra. Empty phantoms, seen by the steeds, and filling them with affright. Ipse rotis, &c. Alluding ironically to the manner of his fall.

606. Junonem interea, &c. Æneas now must soon have

engaged with Turnus. This meeting, however, the order of things required should be still deferred for a season, and therefore the intervention of the gods has to be employed by the poet in imitation of Homer.

612. Tristia dicta. R. 3.

614. Namque:" why then.” Cf. Æn. i.—Quin possem : I might have it in my power."

"but

619. Pilumnusque illi, &c. : "for Pilumnus is his ancestor in the fourth degree." Cf. 76. and ix. 4. Pilumnusque is equivalent here to nam Pilumnus. Wagner.

628. Quid si quæ voce gravaris, &c. : "what if that favour which thou declinest to grant in express words, thou wast to extend unto me in heart and will?" Juno artfully puts this question to him under guise of sorrow."

630. Aut ego veri vana feror: "or I am carried away a visionary one in respect of the truth." R. 16.-Quod ut, o potiùs : as far as which is concerned, O would that I may rather be the sport," &c.

641. Morte obitâ quales, &c. : “such forms as it is said flit about when death is passed.". - Aut quæ somnia: supply qualia sunt ea somnia, quæ.

643. Læta exultat: "bounds joyous."-Virum. Turnus.

653. Forte ratis celsi: "it happened that there stood a vessel, connected with the brow of a lofty rock by means of ladders set out, amd a platform prepared." The shore was high, and the ship was moored close to it, with a platform and ladders connecting the two, and by means of which the troops on board had been disembarked.

655. Rex Osinius. A prince or leading man from Clusium, under the orders, however, of Massicus. This latter would appear to have been the true sovereign or Lucumo of the place. Compare line 166.

658. Exsuperatque moras: "and surmounts all obstacles." 669. Expendere: supply me.—Quemve: equivalent to qualem.-672. Quid manus, illa virûm: supply dicet.

673. Quosne. Equivalent here, in the beginning of a clause, to eosne.-Et nunc : even now."

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677. Volens : equivalent to ultro.

688. Dauni ad urbem. Ardea his capital.

703. Æqualem: "the equal in age.”—Unâ quem nocte, &c. : "whom, on one (and the same) night, Theano brought forth unto his sire Amycus, and the queen, the daughter of Cisseus, pregnant with a firebrand (brought forth) Paris (unto Priam)," i. e. on the same night that Hecuba bore Paris to Priam.

706, Ignarum in a passive sense, and equivalent to ig

notum.

707. Ac velut ille, &c.: "and as the boar, driven from the lofty mountains," &c. Ille is here peculiarly graphic. Obs. D. 709. Palus Laurentia. A marshy tract near Laurentum The whole Laurentine territory, in fact, was more or less of this character, and, therefore, a favourite region for wild boars.

To be

711. Et inhorruit armos: "and hath raised the bristles on its shoulders." Supply est with virtus. - Irasci. angry, sc. to contend with its rage. Cf. G. iii. 232. 720. Graius homo. Corythus was an old Pelasgic city.721. Miscentem. Cf. KλOVÉOVтα.-Vidit: supply Mezentius. 722. Et pacta conjugis ostro: "with the purple cloak (that had been woven by the hands) of his betrothed bride."

727. Lavit. The present, from the old stem-form lavo, -ĕre, of the third conjugation.

731. Infracta: equivalent to fracta.

733. Cæcum vulnus: sc. a wound in the back.

736. Nixus et hastâ: supply ait.

738. Secuti must be taken with conclamant, not with pœana.

751. Processerat: "had advanced in front of the foremost ranks."

754. Longe fallente sagittâ. Cf. ix. 572.

763. Quam: "such as." R. 24.-Magnus Orion, &c. Alluding to the giant size of the fabled Orion, and his wading through the midst of the seas. - Medii per maxima Nerei. Obs. C. 3.

774. Voveo prædonis corpore raptis. It was customary to vow, and consecrate in fulfilment of such vow, a trophy of victory unto some one of the gods. Mezentius, however, would seem from these words to vow a trophy to his own prowess, and to make that trophy a living one in the person of his own son.

786. Sed vires haud pertulit; "but it did not carry on its force; sc. it had spent its force.

791. Mortis duræ: "of thy hard fate;" sc. thy early death.

792. Tanto operi; sc. the filial piety of Lausus.

794. Ille. Mezentius. - Et inutilis: "both useless (for the fight)." Supply pugnæ. · Inque ligatus: a tmesis for illigatusque; supply hasta.

797. Jamque assurgentis dextrâ : “when now in the very

.

It lacrimans. So, in Homer (17. xvii. 426., seqq.), the horses of Achilles are represented weeping.

109. Qui: "in that you." R. 29.

124. Orsa refert: "speaks." Literally, "utters (words) begun."

126. Justitiæne prius mirer, &c.: "shall I admire (thee) more for thy justice, or for thy labours in war?" Miror here takes the genitive of that for which one is to be admired, in imitation of the Greek idiom.

131. Saxaque subvectare, &c.: "and to bear on our shoulders the stones of Troy ;" i. e. the stones that shall go to form the city of New Troy.

133. Bis senos pepigere dies: "they concluded (an armistice) for twice six days." With pepigere supply fœdus.-Pace sequestrâ : during the continuance of the truce." In a litigation, sequester was the term usually applied to a person into whose hands the subject in controversy is, by consent, deposited: hence, to any intermediate act, as to the cessation of arms, during which the contending parties arè in a state of security.-137. Olentem cedrum: "the scented juniper."

139. Prænuntia: "the harbinger."

144. Discriminat: "renders distinct."

155. Prædulce decus primo certamine: "the very sweet renown of the first conflict." More literally, "(acquired) in the first conflict."- Primitiæ juvenis misera! "ah, unhappy first-fruits of youthful valour!"

174. Esset for si esset Pallanti meo:
:

possessed." Esset for fuisset.

175. Armis: "from the war."

"if (my Pallas) had

For ab armis.

179. Meritis vacat hic tibi, &c.: "this office is alone reserved for thy merits and fortune." More literally," this place is alone vacant:" meritis tibi, a double dative, another example of which occurs in book vi. line 474. seqq. Euander means that this is the only obligation which the merits of Æneas and fortune can bestow on him.

195. Munera nota: "well-known gifts." Well known, because consisting of articles which they themselves had possessed in life; such as their shields, spears, &c.

199. In flammam jugulant: the same as jugulant et in flammam conjiciunt.

201. Busta. The term bustum properly denotes the place where a body is burned. Here, however, it stands for the funeral pile itself.

205. Avecta tollunt: "take up and bear them away."

211. Altum cinerem, &c. : "they turned up on the hearths the deep ashes and intermingled bones," i. e. they separated the bones from the piles of ashes, and gathered the former together.-212. Focis: the allusion is to the place on which the pile had stood. - Tepidoque onerabant aggere terræ: "and covered (the remains) with a warm mound of earth," i. e. warm because the warm bones were placed in it.

220. Ingravat hæc savus Drances : "the imbittered Drances aggravates all this.”

226. Super, for insuper.—Diomedis urbe: Argyripa. 238. Primus sceptris: "first in command."

247. Victor: "having been (recently) victorious." He had joined his forces with those of Daunus, against the Messapians, and had received a portion of territory as the stipulated reward for this service. Gargani Iapygis arvis: "in the fields of Iapygian Garganus." Iapygis is here put for Iapygii, and this for Apuli or Apulian," Iapygia forming part of Apulia. The reference is to the country at the foot of Mount Garganus, a mountain promontory on the upper part of the coast.

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260. Minerva sidus. Poets represent the rise of tempests as influenced by the rising and setting of constellations. The Grecian fleet was dispersed and destroyed by a storm, excited by the wrath of Minerva.. 262. Protei adusque columnas : even unto the Columns of Proteus." Menelaus, according to the Homeric legend (Od. iv. 355), was carried, in the course of his wanderings, to the island of Pharos, on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus reigned. In consequence of the remote situation of this island, it is regarded as the farthest limit of the world in this quarter, and is here termed "columnas," just as the "Columns of Hercules" marked the farthest known land to the west.

264. Regna Neoptolemi. Compare book ii. line 263.

265. Versosque Penates Idomenei: " and the subverted penates of Idomeneus," i. e. the overthrow of his home and kingdom. Compare book iii. line 121.- Locros. A part of this nation, according to Servius, settled on the African coast, in the district of Pentapolis.

269. Invidisse deos, patriis, &c. : "(or shall I tell) how the gods envied (me) that I should be restored to my native altars, and should behold my beloved consort and beauteous Calydon?" i. e. how the envious gods forbade that I, &c. Virgil appears to have followed here an account different