length fet free; and immediately haftens to Paris, to procure afliftance for his nafter.

At Paris, in the mean while, a great revolution had happened. Charles was folemnly depofed, Gano a fecond time expelled the kingdom, and Rinaldo quietly feated on the imperial throne. But no fooner does he hear of the confinement of his beloved coutin, than he throws alide the dignities and dangers of royalty once more, refiores the crown to his degraded fovereign, and fets off, accompanied by Oliver and Richardetto, on the enterprife of delivering Orlando. In his pallage through Spain, he performs fome fignal fervices for King Marfilius; and is admitted into the favour and confidence of that powerful prince, who, though a Pagan, offers him the affittance of a large army, with his martial daughter, the lovely Luciana, for its commander, against the Amoftante. Lu ciana had fallen in love with Rinaldo during his refidence at her father's court of Saragola, and prefented him with a rich pavilion worked with her own hand, which is defcribed with much elegance and fancy.

It was divided into four parts, according to the different elements. That which reprefented fire was adorned with carbuncles and rubies and other blazing ftones, fo as to dazzle all beholders; and in it were reprefented the figures of Cherubim and Seraphim, fuch as play in the beams of eternal love. The fecond divifion was appropriated to air, and contained all the heavenly phenomena, and every kind of bird, from the eagle, Who, ftedfaft gazing on the neighbouring fun, Sheds her proud plumage o'er the fubject

main,

The fea was represented in the third divifion, and, among a great variety of appropriate figures and emblems, Here were the huge immeafurable whales,

Thofe vait and dreadful monsters of the That feize with furious fway the pafling fails, deep, And to the bottom of the ocean fweep; There tuneful fyrens, to the dying gales

Soft finging, lull unwary tars afleep. Here dolphins, gliding fwift in wanton sport, Guide the glad vellel to her deftin'd port.

The molt picturefque of the various images wrought on the fourth divifion, which reprefented earth, is that of Ceres feeking her ravith'd daughter.

There, through the world's remotest regions ftraying,

Seeking her ravish'd Proferpine, and faying. Unhappy Ceres, mournful and alone, "I've loft my child-oh whither has the

flown?"

And here appear'd the lovely virgin, playing On beds of flowers, herfelf a rofe fresh

blown;

Behind, the gloomy form of Pluto lay, Marking the thoughtlels victim for his prey.

Rinaldo anakes every compliment that the occation fuggefted; alluring the fair fo magnificent a prefent demanded, and embroiderer that he muft have learned la's web was nothing in comparifon :-to to work in Paradife, and that Philomeall which the very prettily answers,

Not if the treafures of the earth below,

Not if the glories of the fky Ibrought, Could I a prefent worthy thee bestow,

Or pay thy glorious merit as Iought ; But, if you with the real truth to know, Whofe fancy plann'd it, and whofe fingers To call it mine a power fuperior wrongs,wrought: To Love, and Love alone, the praise belongs. C. 14, ft. 43, &c.

After this interchange of civilities, the whole armament fets forth, and foon arrives in Perfia.

The war against the Amostante, like wonderful incidents, but is not very amufall wars in romances, was very fertile in ing in the recital. Orlando was fet at enamoured Clariella, under an engageliberty through the interceffion of the ment to affift the monarch against his new invaders. He is brought, of courfe, to a fingie combat with Rinaldo; and the combatants are feparated by night. New adventures occur, difcoveries are made, the city is entered by ftratagem, the Amoftante furprised and killed, and the

C

Paladins

Paladins made mafters of his empire, which they poffefs for fome time in great joy and feftivity. The part which Claviella take in thefe proceedings is not very dutiful: but romance-writers make it fo far from a crime, that it becomes with them a fplendid virtue to affift a chriftian knight against an infidel father.

Mean-while Anthea, the Soldan's daughter of Babylon, another female warrior, and far more famous both for beauty and courage than all the preced ing, animated by the fame of Rinaldo's exploits, perfuades her father to fend her at the head of a numerous army to revenge the Amoftante. The defcription of her perfonal charms is thus managed by Pulci:

Her hair was bright as Danae's locks of gold,

Her face was fair as Cy therea's breast; Her eyes like ftars, which heaven's bright regions hold;

Great Juno's form her beauteous nofe confeft;

Her ivory teeth in fome celeftial mould

Were caft, her mouth with rofy dimples
dreft;

And mighty Pallas had confpir'd to deck
Her fnowy shoulders and her polished neck.

Her fmooth round arms for action form'd and grace,

And white and long and pliable her hands, Fitted to bend the twanging bow in chase Among the nobleft of Diana's bands; Tempting the tender lover's warm embrace,. Her fwelling bofom full and free expands; And Proferpine's enchanting form is trac'd In the foft yielding of her flender waift. C. 15, ft. 99. Notwithstanding all these feminine excellencies, this limber-handed lady had at different times overcome all the knights of Perlia, Phoenicia, and Egypt; and was therefore adored by her father and the people.

Her first introduction to the Paladins was in the character of an embaffadrefs, rather than of an enemy; fhe was therefore received with the utmost courtesy and magnificence by them, aud made in full affembly excellent proof of her talents for eloquence. She addressed herfelf particularly to Rinaldo, with whom fhe was already enamoured on report; and propofed that it fhould be decided by a fingle combat between them, whether the Paladins fhould remain mafters of Perfia, or reign to her father the throne of the Amoliante. Rinaldo (who bad all this time been drinking delicious

poifon from her eyes) accepted the challenge, but invited her to remain with them one day, and partake of an entertainment which he would cause to be provided in honour of her. To this Anthea readily confented; and Oliver, who was charged by Rinaldo to arrange the feaft, prepares for his labours with the following naïve reflection on the new paffion with which he faw the lord of Montauban was inspired:

Cofi va la fortuna

Cercati d'altro Amante, Luciana!

The reflections of Rinaldo, the night vourable to the exertion of his prowefs after his grand feftival, were not very fathe fuccceding morning. Orlando finds him at day-break fill toffing on his feverifh and fleeplefs bed; and his admonitions on the occation are worth tranflating only as they afford a fpecimen of a fingular affectation of language, of which Pulci and many of the old Italian poets were often guilty:

Oh where, Rinaldo, is thy valor gone?

Oh where, Rinaldo, is thy power, thy fame ?

Oh where, Rinaldo, is thy fenfe o'erthrown? Oh where, Rinaldo, is thy ancient name? Oh where, Rinaldo, has thy fancy flown?

Oh where, Rinaldo, haft thou loft thy

And is it thus our conqueft we shall fave?

And is it thus we gain a glorious throne? And is it thus Anthea's boasts we brave?

And is it thus we conquer Babylon? And was it thus our plighted faith we gave? And is it thus our hearts and fouls we fever? And is it thus that plighted faith is fhewn?

-Adventurous hope and joy, farewel for ever! C. 16, ft. 49.

Oliver alfo was entreated to try his powers of perfuafion with the enamoured knight; but, flung of his own fucceffive enthraldom to the charms of Florifene and Meridiana, declines the office with a witty allution to the tale of the abbefs who wore the breeches. Whether the original honour of this tale, which has

been fo improved on by Rabelais and Fontaine, is to be afcribed to Pulci, I know not.

However, Orlando's remonftrances had roufed him to a fenfe of honor and fhame, and he iffues forth to the field with the following exclamation : My word is pass'd, and I will keep the ground

With lance in reft, and this good sword and shield;

But how myself with my own weapons wound? How make my mafter bow, my conqueror yield?

Orlando had now blown a blast on his ivory horn, (the fame that was afterwards fplit in pieces at Roncesvalles); Anthea had arrived, and the encounter began. Its nue was fuch as might have been expect ed. Rinaldo, in the middle of the courfe, threw his hield behind him, and caft away his lance. Richardetto and Oliver fuccettively challenged the fair enflaver, were overthrown, and furrendered themfelves prifoners. Orlando, full of rage and defpair, next encountered the victorious Amazon: Rinaldo, for the first time forgetting his faith and his friend, was forced by his ill-fated paffion to pray for the fuccefs, or at least the fafety, of his miftrefs; and we know not what might have been the fuccefs of his rene

gado orifons, had not the fall of night feparated the combatants, and faved the honor and life of one of them,

Meanwhile Gano, who had been wandering over the world in purfuit of niifchief and revenge, had arrived at the Soldan's camp; and perfuaded him that by recalling his army, with the prifoners whom his daughter had made, he would draw Orlando and Rinaldo into a fare: for they would certainly pursue him to attempt the rescue of their friends, and, when once in his city, might easily be entrapped and difpatched. The advice of the traitor was adopted, and Anthea, with her army and her captives, returned to Babylon.-(To be continued.)

For the Monthly Magazine. OBSERVATIONS on the WRITINGS of HISTORIANS of all AGES and COUNTRIES, chiefly with a VIEW to the ACCURACY of their MILITARY DESCRIPTIONS, and their KNOWLEDGE of the ART of WAR. By GENERAL ANDREOSSI. [Continued from p. 532 of vol. 22.] 'ESPAGNAC, who was the aid-decamp of Field Marfhal Saxe, wrote the Life of that great general, with fo uch ability, that Voltaire was loud in

D'

his praife, and the public voice confirmed the merit of the work. A volume of engravings ferve to exemplify the narrative, which we cannot read without admiring the intelligent officer in the dittin-guifhed author. His Effay on War as a Science, comprehending all its grandeft objects, is fo critically compiled from the most valuable authorities, both ancient and modern, that his fyftem is complete. The diffidence of the author would not permit him to make the lighteft deviations from his text, which he cites literally, as in the original document, noting the volume and page; and, although he reafons as he proceeds, his obfervations are altogether detached from his borrowed materials. A fupplement is added to this book, "On the Reveries of Marthai Saxe," in which to reconcile the leading he ftrives principles of that officer with those of our fervice.

interefting period of modern occurrences: RAYNAL'S Hiftory elucidates the most I mean the European etablishments in the two Indies. A flowing style, and ornamented periods, embellith his picture of fituations the moft oppofite, and accounts the molt extravagant. War, as a science, formed no part of his plan; yet his details are inftructive. The exploits of the Portuguese, under the Great Albuquerque, are among the prominent paffages of this work, and must be read with pleasure.

The Inftructions of FREDERIC THE

GREAT include all the fundamental principles of war; he expofes to his generals a fyftem founded on his own experience; and, by nobly pointing at his own miftakes, he teaches then to avoid fimilar errors. Nor is this work (fo worthy its illuftrious author) his only claim on the gratitude of every military man: like tive of his campaigns, entitled "The Cæfar in all things, he wrote the narra Hiftory of my Time." Thefe commentaries treat generally on the public events in Europe, from his acceffion to his laft campaign in Bohemia in 1778.

This period, fo memorable in the Pruf fian animals, occupied the labours of many other valuable writers: among others, LLOYD, by birth an Englishman, but actively employed during the Seven Years' War in the armies of Auftria and Prutia. His works, forming an inexhauftible fource of moral, political, and military information, confit: 1t, of his Introduction to the. Hiftory of a Seven Years' War, entitled "Memoirs Military

and Political," afterwards tranflated into French by an officer nained Saint-Memon: 2dly, the Hiftory, in two volumes; the firft of which, containing the can paigns of 1756-7, was partly trantlated by Saint-Memon, and fully by RouzFazillac; and the fecond, including the campaigns of 1758-9, has no avowed tranilator, although it is conjectured that a manufcript tranflation has been made by G. Imbert: 3dly, his Memoir on the Invation and Defence of Great Britain, tranflated by Imbert.

In the preface, Mr. Lloyd touches on the art of war generally; but with fuch exquifite fkill, that we are prepared to expect the profound reatoning and extentive knowledge which characterife his fubfequent difcuffions. The remainder of his introduction is under five heads:

1. On the formation of armies, ancient and modern: here he hazards fome opinions, more or lefs erudite, ou the formation of an army; but the refult of his argument is, that three qualities perfect the proportions of a military body, viz. firength, activity, and perpetual motion.

2. On the philofophy of war: he analyzes the various faculties effential to the guidance of an army, aud difcovers thofe operative fprings whofe influence, more or lefs, give energy to enterprife, and infpire the troops. Thefe ideas are perfectly original, and worthy the genius of

a Plutarch or a Locke.

3. On the connexion existing between different forms of government, and their various fyftems of warfare.

4. Military tactics, exclufively confidered. His difcuffion on this fubject is at once profound and luminous. The bafis of all offenfive and defenfive operations he affirms to be, the art of always keeping a good line.

Laft, In analyzing the frontiers of France, Auftria, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and Ruffia, the genius of the author burts upon his reader with increating brilliancy. His topographical is as infallible as his argumentative knowledge.

His Hiftory of the Seven Years' War, in plan and execution, prefents an inva luable model to other writers. It contains general remarks on the art of war, according to the exifting fyftem; he traces a brief sketch of the relative fituations, political and military, of the belligerent powers, and developes the operations of each campaign. He gives us a general view of the theatre of war, but particularizes the fcenes of the

principal actions; all which he narrates with a correctnefs and ability attributable folely to experience and fuperior judgement.

His Memoir on the Invafion and De

fence of Great Britain is not candid, and would be devoid of intereft, if he did not refume bis military reflections in applying them to a project, the event of which, however, was altogether dependant on circumfiances.

Mr. Lloyd died in the year 1783, at the moment he had it in contemplation to compofe a general hiftory of the wars in Flanders, Germany, and Italy, for the two foregoing centuries. The world will, no doubt, long deplore the prema ture lofs of this officer's valuable exertions.

TEMPELHOFF, a Pruffian officer of great merit, continued Lloyd's Hiliory of the Seven Years' War. He ferved for a length of time under Frederic, for whom he appears to have entertained a more equal admiration than his predecellor expreffes, and gives a more circumftantial account of the actions he records. "His work is, in many refpects, exemplary as a military hiftory, and full of local information. Every alicer withing to understand the principles of his profeffion, is advised to study this admirable treatife on practical tactics, which, in truth, has no compe titor."*

THIELETHE, a Saxon colonel, procur ed a diftinguished name among the Germans, as the author of a work entitled "Memoirs on Military Operations, and on the Seven Years' War." Such praife from a military people is no finall proof of an author's merit. The Colonel confines himself to a diftinct narrative of the inoft memorable actions during that period, to all of which he bears perfonal teftimony. Each detail is, in it. felf, an independent history. His facts are related with candour; he developes caufes and effects, and draws inferences from the whole pregnant with instruction to all military men, particularly to thofe of the engineer and ftaff departments. The attack and defence of fortified pots and entrenched camps, with practical rules, occupy much curious and interefting difcution. The four fieges futiained by the fortrefs of Schweidnitz, during the campaigns of 1757 to 1762,

* Mirabeau, in his Pruffian Military Syftem. occupy

occupy one volume. His researches into the art of encamping are novel and profound; and, although the author announces that he writes only for the inftruction of fubaltern officers, all ranks may profit from the perusal of it.

The King of Pruflia's campaign in Bohemia, in 1788, has found a rigid critic in the COMTE DE SCHMETTAU, who, with the rank of major-general of cavalry, was the whole time attached to the perfou of his royal matter. His remarks on the operations of this campaign difcover, the mind of an intelligent officer, who relates with exactitude facts eftablithed by experience. This work is written with extreme boldness; it has been tranf lated into French.

Ancient hiftory has ufually been found more feducing, as well as more interefting, than modern hiftory: nevertheless, the Fall of the Roman Empire, the origin of the modern kingdoms in Europe, the difcovery of America, and (in France, particularly) the exploits of Charlemagne, the crufades, and the revival of the arts under the fottering reign of Francis I., are, at leaft, equally important events with the Grecian wars or Roman conquefts. It is not, therefore, the materials that form this diftinction, it is the manufacturer of whom we muit

De Thou, in his very judicious treatise, repeats and juftifies them all. The Mar fhal's fubfequent work, however, named, by Henri IV., "The Soldier's Bible," is not lefs efteemed for this little weaknefs. No better judge could have decided on its merits. The book ran through feveral editions, and has been translated into Italian and Englith; and, notwithftanding the late improvements on tactics, it will ever deferve to be the companion of military men who with to improve in the profeftion.

DU BELLAY feems to have collected all his panegyric into one focus, to emblazon the character of Francis I. In his narrative he dwells too long ou thofe battles where he was either an agent or witnefs.

For the Monthly Magazine. JOURNAL of a VOYAGE performed in the INDIAN SEAS, to MADRAS, BENGAL, CHINA, &c., &c., in HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP CAROLINE, in the YEARS 1803-4-5, interfperfed with fhort DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES of the PRESENT STATE of the principal SETTLEMENTS of the INDIA

COMPANY.

Communicated to the MONTHLY MAGAZINE by an OFFICER of that suIP. [Continued from Vol. 22, p. 540.]

painters, philofophers, nor ftatelinen ; fume one of which qualities every writer of antiquity poffeffed, and many of them not unfrequently the whole. A man cannot be effectually qualified as an hittorian, unlels he holds a confiderable part in the government, and rifes with its profperity. Such an one, from having a perpetual crowd of objects within his obfervations, has opportunities of forming comparifons, of conceiving vaft projects, and of combining caufes and effects, with advantages impervious to other people hence the peculiar merits of many of our Memoirs. But although amusement mingles with inftruction in this ftyle of compofition, the reader will do well to beware of its impofing qualities: the pen wanders when the imagination is preju diced, and private feelings fpecioully difguite the truth.

In Marthal DE MONTLUC'S Commentaries, this fort of bias is remarkably glaring. We mult, however, declare that the author does not indulge his vanity at the expence of his veracity. In his fplendid reprefentations of his own actions, he calls upon the candour of living withefles to corroborate, or refute, the

row and provifions, as the winds were very faint, and fometimes contrary, we proceeded flowly down the river on the ebb tides; bringing up during the floods at the villages on the banks, and making excursions from thence into the country to fee the manufactures, manners, and cuftoms of thefe harmless people: thus prolonging this little voyage of pleafure to the length of three or four days.

We visited the botanical garden, which is delightfully fituated on the western bank of the river, a few miles from Calcutta; its appearance from the water too, while paffing it, is very picturesque. "Here waving groves a chequer'd scene difplay,

And part admit, and part exclude the day; There, interfpers'd in lawns and opening glades,

Thin trees arife, that fhun each other's fhades.”

The natives were exceedingly civil to us wherever we went, fhewing us every thing, and fupplying us with all kinds of fruits for a mere trifle.

Having dropt down to Saugur roads, in order to collect the homeward-bound ladiamen, we here fpent our Christmas