THE JOURNAL OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE or GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FEBRUARY 12TH, 1884. JOHN EVANS, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last meeting were read and signed. The following presents were announced, and thanks voted to the respective donors: FOR THE LIBRARY. From PRINCE ROLAND BONAPARTE.-Collection Anthropologique du Prince Roland Bonaparte. No. 2, Kalmouks; No. 10, Atchinois. From Dr. J. E. LEE.-The Bone Caves of Ojcow (Poland). By Prof. Dr. Fred. Römer. Translated by the donor. From the AUTHOR.-Record of Family Faculties. By F. Galton, F.R.S. Anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in der Südsee und Une mine de silex exploitée à l'âge de la pierre au Mur-de- Comparison of Eskimo Pictographs with those of other The Carson Footprints. By W. J. Hoffman, M.D. Clavis Rerum. VOL. XIV. B From the SECRETARY OF STATE AND EDUCATION, GUATEMALA.—Anales Estadísticos de la Republica de Guatemala, 1882. Tom. I. From the GERMAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-Archiv für Anthropologie, 1883. 1st and 2nd quarters. Correspondenz Blatt. 1883, Nos. 11, 12; 1884, No. 1. From the IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF VIENNA.-Sitzungsberichte: philos.-histor. Classe. Band 101, Heft. 2; Band 102, Hefte. 1, 2; Band 103, Hefte. 1, 2. Register X. Sitzungsberichte math.-naturw. Classe. I. Abthlg., 1882, 6-10; 1883, 1-5. II. Abthlg., 1882, 7-10; 1883, 1-5. III. Abthlg., 1882, 8-10; 1883, 1-3. Almanach, 1883. From the ROYAL HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN ACADEMY, STOCKHOLM. From the MANITOBA HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.-Annual Zbiór Wiadomości do Antropologii Krajowej. Tom. VII. the ACADEMY.-Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias · Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei. Transunti. Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Vol. VII, Sciences de St. Péters Royal Historical and From the ASSOCIATION. Journal of the From the INSTITUTION.—Journal of the Royal United Service From the SOCIETY.-Transactions of the Anthropological Society of Moscow. Tom. XXXVI, No. 2; Tom. XLIII, No. 1. Fünfter Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde zu Metz. pro 1882. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. 1883, Fas. 4. Notulen van de Algemeene en Bestuurs-vergaderingen van het Tijdschrift voor indische Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde. Deel. January, 1884. 1883, 4th quarter. From the SOCIETY.-Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. January and February, 1884. Journal of the Society of Arts. Nos. 1624-1629. From the EDITOR.-Revue d'Ethnographie. Tom. II, No. 6. Revue d'Anthropologie, 1884. No. 1. "Nature." Nos. 740-745. Panjab Notes and Queries. Vol. I, Nos. 3, 4. The election of JOSEPH FOTHERGILL, Esq., was announced. Mr. J. PARK HARRISON, M.A., exhibited some skulls and other remains from a cemetery at Wheatley, upon which Dr. GARSON made some remarks. Mr. WORTHINGTON G. SMITH, F.L.S., exhibited two skulls of the Bronze age from a tumulus at Whitby. Mr. HENRY PRIGG sent for exhibition two palæolithic implements and a fragment of a human skull from Bury St. Edmunds. Mr. R. MORTON MIDDLETON exhibited some human bones from Morton, near Stockton, upon which Mr. PARK HARRISON made some observations. Mr. J. T. YOUNG read a paper "On some Palæolithic Fishing Implements from the Stoke Newington and Clapton Gravels.' A discussion ensued in which Mr. W. G. SMITH, Mr. GREENHILL, Mr. BAILEY, Dr. JOHN EVANS, and Mr. A. L. LEWIS took part, and the AUTHOR replied. Dr. EVANS, having vacated the Chair, was succeeded by Mr. LEWIS. A paper by Dr. G. B. BARRON, "On a Human Skull found near Southport," was read. This skull was described before the Institute by Professor George Busk in 1873 (see " Journal of the Anthropological Institute," Vol. IV, 1874, p. 104). The following paper was read by Miss Buckland:- On TRACES of COMMERCE in PREHISTORIC TIMES. THE subject of commerce, as carried on in prehistoric times, is of interest alike to the anthropologist, the archæologist, and the student of folklore and legends; for, if the extent of that commerce and its routes could be well defined, much that is obscure in the unwritten history of mankind would become clear; since it is evident that variations in physical type, in language, in religion, in manners and customs, in legends and in the arts, would arise from a long-continued intercourse between barbarous and civilised, or semi-civilised races. In the absence of written history, this intercourse can be traced only through legends, or by the vestiges discovered in tombs, in the refuse heaps known as kitchen-middens, or in the remains of long-buried cities destroyed by the hand of Time, by some sudden natural calamity, or by the inroads of enemies; and it is a singular and significant fact that, in the majority of cases, the relics brought to light by the spade of the archæological explorer, confirm in a wonderful manner legends which have been handed down from time immemorial. As an illustration of this, I have thought it might perhaps be of interest to call attention, in the first place, to three cups of gold discovered-one some years ago in Cornwall, another at Mycena by Dr. Schliemann, and the third in the Necropolis of old Tarquinii. The first, of which a full description is given in the "Archæological Journal" for September, 1867, has been considered of sufficient importance to be figured in two of Dr. Evans's valuable works, that on "Ancient Stone Implements," and that on "Bronze Implements." The prominence thus given to this particular find impressed it strongly upon my mind, and I was therefore especially interested in seeing a gold cup which, as far as memory serves, is almost identical with the Cornish example, in the Museum at Corneto, being one of the numerous and very important relics found in the Necropolis of the ancient Etruscan city of Tarquinii. I was particularly struck with the crumpled-up handle, which seemed to suggest an identity with that of the British cup, as having been made of very thin gold, bent or waved, so as to resemble a ribbon. The third cup, that discovered by Dr. Schliemann among the treasures of Mycenæ, although bearing a strong general resemblance to the other two, differs from them in shape, but all three are undoubtedly of the same type: they are all of a corrugated pattern, apparently produced by the same means, that is, by beating out a thin plate of gold over a carved model of wood, stone, or perhaps bronze, the handle being rivetted on afterwards. A few other articles of a similar style, and almost of the same pattern, are known, one being an armlet of gold, found in Lincolnshire, and another the splendid gold corselet from Mold in Flintshire, now in the British Museum, but the pattern of the latter is much more elaborate, the plain ribs being alternated with bands of raised balls, the effect of which is very fine; nevertheless, Mr. Franks, no mean authority, classes this corselet with the Cornish cup and the Lincolnshire armlet, and also with some other golden ornaments called lunulæ, some of which are found corrugated, although the majority are plain thin plates of gold, in the form of a crescent, hence their name; their use is somewhat uncertain, although they are commonly regarded as ornaments for the head, or gorgets. And amongst them I must not fail to notice one of great size and beauty, discovered in Ireland, which Keating says was "a chain, or collar, or breastplate, worn on the neck of the judge when on the bench, and that it would close and choke him if he gave wrong judgment." This splendid specimen, figured in Vol. V of the " Archæologia," is not only corrugated, but ornamented round the edge somewhat after the fashion of the Mold corselet. The great majority of these moon-shaped articles have been found in Ireland, fifteen of them being in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy, whilst four have been found in Cornwall, two in Scotland, and some nearly resembling them are reported in French Bretagne and in Denmark. Of these, there was also one, and I think parts of others, in the case containing the cup, in the Museum of Tarquinia-Corneto, having been found in the Necropolis of Tarquinii, but whether with the cup I cannot say. There is yet another class of golden articles frequently made in a corrugated form, and abounding in Ireland, where they are supposed to have been worn as buttons or clasps to fasten the outer garment, although it is probable that they also served as money, and these also, but of a small size, reappear at Tarquinia-Corneto. From their shape they were possibly either the origin of, or derived from the fibula, which are so numerous in Etruscan and Roman tombs. These fibulæ were chiefly of bronze, and most of the articles to which I have referred above are assigned to the bronze age. It is certain that the corrugated pattern of the cups and of the Mold corselet is similar to that of numerous bronze shields, chiefly Etruscan, whilst I must not omit to mention that the pattern of the Mold corselet is reproduced in a small but very elegant cap or diadem of gold, in the museum of the Royal Irish Academy. There are numerous other points of resemblance between articles found in ancient Etruria and Ireland, but at present I will content myself with mentioning one more only, namely, the bronze horns or trumpets, which visitors to the British Museum may compare, and will not fail to be struck with the strong similarity. Mr. Blight has observed that "it is very remarkable that all the Cornish gold ornaments have their counterparts in Ireland," but I venture to think that it is still more remarkable that Irish and Cornish prehistoric ornaments, whether in gold or bronze, should have their counterparts in Etruria and Greece: |