first trials may be said to open a new and improved æra in the history of the colonies.

Your insertion of the above in the next number of your valuable Magazine, will oblige your very obedient servant, ABRAHAM Воотн, Lecturer on Chemistry, &c.

London, August 3rd, 1832.

P.S. For the information of those of your readers who are further interested in the inquiry, I may state, that samples of the sugar may be seen at the counting-house of Messrs. Oaks, 97, Houndsditch, the manufacturers of the apparatus.

EUROPE IN THE SUMMER OF 1832.

IN Great Britain, what many have called a new constitution, and others a renovation of the old one, has been long in progression by the legislators of the realm, the measures for which originated in the House of Commons, proceeded through the House of Lords, and finally received the sanction of the throne. "Alas, for man! he is never at one stay." Contention and broils, from shore to shore, shook the realm, and loosened from its propriety the bond of society during the progress of this measure; and if the salvation of a world had been the stake, greater eagerness could not have been evinced by multitudes of the combatants in this war of opinions. For, after all, the whole measure resolves itself into a matter of opinion; whether this great change will minister to the weal or to the woe of an empire, comprising, in all its ramifications, more than one hundred and fifty millions of the human race.

If unity and love, in place of contention and strife, swayed the millions of mankind, how fair, how lovely would be the face of this fecundant sphere, how serene the society therein, compared with the incessant broils of politicians and the lust of sway, so evidently rampant and fearful, ever and anon, as occasion arises of change. The prayer of every pious Christian, amidst this awful excitement is, " Arise, O Lord; save me, O my God!" And his advice to rulers and people is, "Be wise, O ye kings; be instructed, ye judges of the earth. Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son, lest He be angry, and ye perish from the way, when His wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in Him." In the eagerness for legislation, how many, alas, forget that they are men; that they

were born for a nobler purpose than earth can minister to them; and, being appointed unto death, that beyond the grave lies their inheritance, for there the meek, the pure in heart alone, behold their God, and partake His glory.

The time of the end brings with it its personages. We have already the king of the south, in the act of pushing at the king of the north. Empire was transplanted from Antioch to Constantinople, and from Egypt, "become a base kingdom," the sway departed; it appears, however, to have returned, and a new edition of old wars, between the king of the south and the king of the north, is in progress, Dan. xi. 40. Mahomet Ali, Pacha of Egypt, crowned by the Sheriff of Mecca king of Egypt, it is rumoured, will soon sway a sceptre, instead of crouching as a servant to the Grand Sultan. Acre and Damascus have already fallen before his son, Ibrahim Pacha, who, with the Egyptian army, reinforced by the Druses of Mount Lebanon, meditates the conquest of Aleppo, and the discomfiture of the Grand Seignior's army in Syria. Thus a large portion of the East seems to be wresting from the Sublime Porte, while another interesting portion is being ceded, in the west, to round off the territorities of the new kingdom now arising in Greece.

In Italy we observe the old state of things, namely, discontent and rebellion, kept down by main force; the presence of foreign troops being held absolutely needful to preserve the peace of the country, and to prevent the dissolution of the existing government.

Switzerland, by the orders of its own diet, is disturbed anew, and all its forces are under arms, apparently without a cause; yet a cause may exist, known and feared while Germany is agitated throughout, by a declaration of the Diet of Frankfort, levelled at the liberty of the press, and certain of the liberties of the states, as well as their subjects. Austria and Prussia, which now enjoy peace in the confidence of their strength, would give laws to all Germany, and Switzerland also; but the secret workings of the movement party cut down their potence as it arises, and maintain the balance amidst all the oscillations of power.

Amidst France, after turmoils which would have overturned, if not have annihilated, the social compact in almost any other than that volatile nation, there reigns for the moment comparative peace. One of the great factions in that turbulent community has received its death-blow, in the

decease of the Duke de Reichstadt, the only descendant of that mighty warrior, Napoleon Buonaparte-he who waded up to Empire, from the lowest walks of life, through seas of blood, and, from his dazzling height, consummated his mighty acts in the death of an exile. The dying lips of his only son pronounced a moral upon the fleeting grandeur of his father, although without design, which ought not to be forgotten, when he said to the grand Duchess, his mother: "The dream of life will soon be at an end." Alas, what a dream of vanity was the life of that dignified slaughterer of the human race, Napoleon!-May it never be imitated by mortal man!

Seldom have we known so long a scolding as the one between Belgium and Holland end in blows. Both parties are adepts at the war of words, and, from what has hitherto appeared, they are both too artful to proceed further. The matrimonial alliance between Belgium and France, already consummated, will, we doubt not, weigh heavily in the scale against the potence of Holland, and induce sober councils at the court of the Hague.

The northern powers enjoy peace; and except some awful remains of the inflictions on Poland, which still rankle in that community, and induce distractions, internal quiet, as well as external, is their portion. Vast armies are, however, yet kept on foot, evincing to every meditating mind distrust, apprehension, and fear-but of what, or of whom, who can inform us? The secret is with Him, "who doeth according to His will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth." He disquieteth not the earth in vain.

Portugal is become the seat of a sanguinary contest. There, two brothers marshal host to host, and beat up for recruits of father against son, brother against brother, native against native, every man's hand against his fellow, to deluge with blood the fertile field, and convert their vine-hooks into swords of slaughter. Alas, what is man? We beheld the marshes of Poland red with the blood of natives and foreigners, mingled as they fell beneath a war hateful to Europe, and mourned over by millions, who sighed on the slaughter of heroes, and longed for their salvation. It is but as yesterday that this carnage ceased, and behold, anew, instead of the blood of the grape, "which cheereth God and man," the vineyard of Europe is become a field of blood; and in place of the joy of vintage and the shouts of the wine-press, we have the shout of battle and the groans

of the dying! Oh, when shall wars cease from the earth?

Of Spain we have no note. She hugs her chains, and sits in darkness.

The cholera-morbus, like the ebbing and flowing tide, visits, retires, and revisits certain districts; and ever and anon evinces to man, while it baffles all his art, the processes of its progression over the face of the whole earth. Instead of enumerating the nations which have experienced its ravages, it will soon be, if it is not so already, much more easy to count up those which have not. "When Thou, O Lord, with rebukes dost correct man for iniquity, thou makest his beauty to consume away like a moth: surely every man is vanity: O, remove Thy stroke from us.' It is upon record in the Word of truth, that in the latter days a time of unexampled trouble shall arrive, which will loosen the hearts of men from their attachment to the earth and earthly things, and prepare them for the glory which shall then be revealed: and this we expect; for the time is at hand.

We have repeatedly stated, that the time of trouble, Jer. xxx. Dan. xii. Matt. xxi. Luke xxi., &c. &c. is the short or half-time, consisting of one hundred and eighty years; commencing in the year eighteen hundred and sixteen; or rather, in eighteen hundred and twenty, and ending in the year of our Lord two thousand. We have also repeatedly stated, that the woman, Rev. xii. or, christian church, came out of the wilderness, in the west, prior to the commencement of this time of trouble, when the secular arm of the Pope was broken by the extinction of, what was called, the Holy Roman Empire, and that no potentate now exists, throughout all Christendom, who dares publicly to burn the saints of the Most High. "The times of the Gentiles are thus fulfilled," and fulfilling; and, according to the prophecy of the Lord of life, Luke xxi. God hath remembered his people, and a kindly feeling pervades the christian churches for the lost sheep of the house of Israel: "for their redemption draweth nigh." We must now, in its turn, occupy ourselves with the Eastern church; the head of which, Greece, is in Europe; and there we find another personage of the time of the end appearing in his place; for at this moment Greece arises, in the face of all Europe, into a kingdom, and its king elect is acknowledged by all the leading powers of Christendom."

In a version of the Psalms, published by me in the year 1821, the argument of the fortieth psalm contains the following:-"How minutely was this psalm realized in

the life, sufferings, and death of Jesus Christ! The visions of Jehovah to Daniel and Nebuchadnezzar, of the four great monarchies, long subsequent to this revelation to David, contain, also, a prophetic epitome of the Messiah's reign upon earth: first, in the way of providence; secondly, in delegated power, through others; and, finally, in His own Person. His reign shall succeed, and swallow up all the others; and become universal on the earth for He suffered, that He might reign. "Nebuchadnezzar was the first heathen king to whom power passed from the God of Israel, to afflict His chosen people to the last extremity. No man, from the moment the tabernacle was constructed, either in the Wilderness or in Canaan, had power to destroy the tent or house and symbols of Deity, originally given to Israel as a testimony of, and a place for, the Shechinah, or presence of Jehovah, with His people, until that awful moment. several occasions, the worship of the True God was suspended; and on one occasion, the Ark of the Covenant, carried into the camp of Israel by impious priests, as a vain-glorious palladium to insure victory, was taken by the enemy, and borne away in triumph. But, even in this case, the ark was honoured by the presence of Jeho vah; and His power, called into action by the vaunting of the enemy, soon compelled them to restore it to Israel.

On

"Although, after the manner of the original tabernacle, a splendid temple arose, into which were brought the vessels and furniture of the tabernacle, and all the wisdom of Solomon, and the riches of his empire displayed themselves in the magnificence of this stupendous structure, designated the seat of God upon earth, and formed according to the pattern given by vision from heaven, and therein Jehovah visibly displayed the Shechinah, or Divine Presence; yet, this Nebuchadnezzar was commissioned to destroy all; and, to outward appearance, completely desecrate Israel. The ark of the covenant, the mercy-seat, the tables of the law, the pot of manna, Aaron's rod which budded, the holy anointing oil, and the sacred lamp perpetually burning, all perished on this occasion; never to be renewed. The Urim and Thummim then departed from His people, and no responsive oracle has, even to this day, returned to Israel.

"To this Nebuchadnezzar did Jehovah, in vision, reveal futurity. An image stood before him; the head of which was gold, the breast and arms silver, the belly and thighs brass, and the legs and feet iron.

This image represented four great empires; each of which was to succeed the other in the order of the vision. Nebuchadnezzar, himself being the head of gold, the first empire was then in existence, and held the people of Israel at that moment in bondage. The second in succession was the Media-Persian empire; and the third, the Grecian; each of which, in its turn, ruled over and afflicted Israel. The fourth and last empire was the Roman; and this empire acted over again the tragic scenes of the first empire. For after the chosen people had returned from Babylon, and rebuilt Jerusalem, and the temple therein, and restored the worship of the true God; because of the crimes of Israel, the Romans besieged and took Jerusalem, and all the fenced cities of the land, and utterly destroyed the temple and the state, and completely desecrated Israel. Alas, for the sons of Jacob, even to this day are they held in the iron bondage of Rome!

"The head of gold fell before the breast and arms of silver; these in their turn fell before the belly and thighs of brass; and, finally these were smitten by the legs and feet of iron. The most noble parts are now down, and the most ignoble trample royally upon their remains; and another power has arisen, which tramples as royally upon the three first, and even upon a large portion of the fourth empire: namely, the Turkish empire.

"A time is also announced, when a fifth monarchy will be set up; and as all the former monarchies had metallic symbols, namely, gold, silver, brass and iron, so this has a mineral symbol, namely, a rock. A stone, not in the hand, like the arms of these several empires, but in the mouth.— The Word of God, it is announced, shall smite this image, when one and entire; and then shall the clay, the iron, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces, become like the chaff of the summer thrash. ing floors, Dan. ii. 34, 35.

"The image must, therefore, previous to this final breaking, become an entire image: this it never yet has been; because the several parts have passed away, in succession, each before the other. The Assyrian, Media-Persian, Grecian, as well as Roman portions of the image, will all be in existence at that day; and on that day will they all be broken to pieces by the RockChrist- the Word of God, and be no more for ever; and the Rock, become a great mountain, will fill the earth.

"Futurity will accomplish this prophecy; for Daniel, who was favoured with a similar vision, under the symbols of four successive

beasts, instead of the image of a man, states, of the three first, when they fall before the fourth beast, chap. vii. 12.

"As concerning the rest of the beasts, a prolonging in life was given them." We may, therefore, look for a resurrection of the power of the three first empires; and the destruction of every power which holds these powers in bondage; and the consequent redemption of the scattered tribes from thrall.

"Then, when the image is entire, shall the Word of God, smiting all these, become a mountain, and fill the earth; "And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people, the saints of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom and all dominions shall serve and obey Him!"

:

Be

In reference to the foregoing notes on the fortieth Psalm, we learn from the Prophet Isaiah, the founding of Babylon, and also its destruction, chap. xxiii. 13. hold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not till the Assyrian founded it, for them that dwell in the wilderness they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought it to ruin." That chapter comprises the doom of Nineveh, Babylon, Tyre, Zidon, and Carthage, all of which have awfully sunk into oblivion. To Assyria, therefore, we must refer the first desecration of Israel: for the Assyrian empire destroyed the state, and carried away captive the remnant of the ten tribes, while its capital was Nineveh ; but Nineveh was destroyed by Cyaxares, king of Media, and Nebuchadnezzar, and when its capital became Babylon, it destroyed the state, and carried away captive the two remaining tribes; thus effecting the overthrow of the whole Hebrew nation.

To the Media - Persian monarchy we must ascribe praise. For they restored captive Israel to their country; and under these were Jerusalem and the second temple therein built and protected, during a series of years; although with intervals of affliction.

To the Grecian monarchy, praise is also due. For, with the exception of Antiochus, the Jewish state and temple service were in general protected by the successors of Alexander; due allowance being made for the turbulance of these times, and the haughty character of the Hebrews.

The Roman monarchy, "that brake all these in pieces, and stamps the residue with its feet," uprooted Israel, also; and holds that people in iron bondage to this day. Thus, "with a band of iron

and brass, is the stump of the roots of these monarchies bound, amidst the tender grass of the field, and wet with the dew of heaven, until seven times pass over him."

On looking out for the revivification of these several states, we behold Greece, the last in order, at this moment successfully struggling for empire. The struggle commenced in or about the year eighteen hundred and sixteen, and in a few years the Greeks and Turks were at open war; which continued, with varied success, until the independence of Greece was acknowledged by the "foes of the Roman empire," as well as by the Turks. From herself, her internal demoralization during ages of abject slavery, she has most to bear, and more to struggle with at present, than from all her foreign foes. So true it is, that from slavery to freedom there is a space not to be overleaped at one bound-to pass this gulf requires time; yea, frequently an age. Many, if not all the then generation of men, pass away during the progression of society, and their children, rising up, become free-men. At length, however, a King, Prince Otho of Bavaria, is named, and over the rising realm of Greece he is acknowledged to be the monarch by the great powers of Europe. The iron feet and legs of the empire thus acknowledge the belly and thighs of brass, and unite to rear the image; and in the order of Divine Providence, the breast and arms of silver, and the head of gold, will, in their times, be added, to complete the whole. King Square, Aug. 18, 1832. WM. COLDWell.

GLEANINGS.

Experiments on the Strength of Wood.-From an interesting series of experiments by Mr. Barlow, junior, on the strength of various woods; especially of oak, both fast and slow grown; it appears that the fastgrown is the strongest. Mr. Barlow experimented on two specimens received from Mr. W. Boorue, of Erpingham; the fast-grown, from a tree, on a very good strong soil, of about sixty years old and the slow-grown, from a tree of about one hundred and twenty years old, upon a light soil, with gravel about two feet below the surface. It required a weight of nine hundred and ninety-nine pounds, to break a piece of the fast-grown, five feet long and two inches square; the props on which it was supported being fifty inches apart. The weight required to break a similar specimen of the slow-grown, was six hundred and seventy-seven pounds. A weight of one thousand four hundred and forty-seven pounds was required, to break a very fine specimen which had been in store two years. Among several specimens of foreign timber, one of tonquin bean, taken from the middle, required the greatest weight to break it, which was two thousand four hundred and fourteen pounds. The least weight required was six hundred and sixty pounds, which broke a specimen of elm from the outside, prepared exactly in the same manner as the above.

Experiments on Feeding Animals.-We understand, the council of the Zoological Society have fully concurred in the utility of the experiments suggested to them. We noticed them in our number for May, and have now the pleasure to inform our readers that they are to be tried on two leopards, two ocelots, and two hyænas.

Reproductive power of the Planaria. - The recent researches of Dr. J. R. Johnson, on the reproductive power of these animals, are highly interesting. They are allied to leeches, live in water, have a head, and usually large eyes; and feed by a kind of proboscis, which they put forth from the middle of the under part of the body. They increase by depositing eggs, and also by subdivisions of themselves. They are from a quarter of an inch to an inch in length; and are generally found in ponds, adhering to those parts of the leaves of aquatic plants which grow under water. If one of them is cut in halves, the anterior gets a new termination, and the posterior a new head: even if they are divided into several pieces, each piece will become a perfect animal. In some cases, the doctor has divided the head longitudinally, so that each part should adhere to the body; and the result has been, a double-headed animal; in others, he has obtained nimals with one head and two bodies. In fact, these animals multiply very curiously under the knife.

Structure of the Infusoria.-The philosopher, Ehrenberg, by feeding these microscopic animals with coloured food, as indigo, carmine, &c., has been able to ascertain the parts which receive these substances; and to prove that their organization is far higher than has usually been supposed. When the coloured food is perfectly pure, the animals will readily receive it, and many of them become dotted with coloured spots in those places where it is received. He has accordingly arranged them in two classes: one he has termed polygastrica, having many stomachs; and the other rotatoria, which have but one long stomach. They have been proved to have mouths; stomachs, which in some species amount to two hundred; intestinal canals, muscles, vascular and nervous systems, &c. They propagate by direct subdivision, off-sets, and eggs; some are viviparous.

Chronometers.-The public are aware that the Lords of the Admiralty give annual premiums to the three artists, whose chronometers perform with the least variation from mean time, within prescribed limits. In December, terminated the ninth annual trial of skill, of the numerous artists employed in the construction of chronometers. The prizes were awarded to the following makers:-Mr. Cottrell, Oxford-street; Mr. Fordsham, junior, Change-alley; and Mr. Webster, Cornhill. The actual error on any of their rates, during the year, did not amount to one second of time, a degree of accuracy unprecedented in three chronometers in former trials. So perfectly were they adjusted, that either could have enabled a mariner to navigate a vessel round the world with less than one mile error in longitude at the close of such voyage.Repository of Patent Inventions for June 1832.

To make Lemon Wine.-To every gallon of water take four lemons, and forty-eight ounces of sugarfirst take off the yellow peel, and cover it with boiling water, let it stand all night, then take off the white skin, (which is of no use,) then cut your fruit in slices in a small tub, bruise it, and wash it well in water till all the juice is extracted from the pulp, then strain off the water, and mix it with what the peel has been steeped in-put in your sugar, and, when quite dissolved, put all in your cask; add a little yeast, and stir it every day during fermentation; rack it, and if you like, when fine, to every twenty gallons add a pint of brandy. It should be put in stone bottles from its rebellions disposition, when the weather is warm; but if the cellar be cool, common wine bottles will do. The cork should be fastened down with a string or wire.

The Moravians.-According to the late statement of the Moravians, the total number of the Brethren scattered over the whole earth, amounts to no more than about sixteen thousand; nevertheless, they keep up one hundred and twenty-seven missionary establishments among the heathens, at an expense of more than nine thousand pounds per annum.

Strength of Fleas.-The flea, called by the Arabians "the father of leapers," and the locusts, jump two hundred times their own length and, supposing the same relative force to be infused into the body of a man six feet high, he would be able to leap three times the height of St. Paul's.

Gas in China.-In the district of Kea-ting-too, in the province of Sze-chuen, are ancient salt-pits or wells, which no longer afford water, although they have been dug for that purpose to the depth of three thousand feet, but, instead, they yield matter for a prodigious quantity of fire, which is applied to use, being, by means of conducting tubes of bamboo, employed to heat the cauldron in which the salt is boiled down. The residue is used to light the streets and halls and kitchens, by means of conducting tubes. -Asiatic Journal.

Extraordinary Block of Granite.-The Emperor Nicholas is about to erect a monument in honour of his brother Alexander. For this purpose, a single block of granite has been procured, which is to be shaped into a column of 12 feet in diameter, and 84 in height. The block is said to weigh nearly 250 tons, and for two years 600 people have been employed in detaching it from the quarry, and preparing it for removal, and a vessel has been built solely for the purpose of transporting it.

England and France. - England contains 10,000 leagues of roads, 1,500 leagues of canals, and 1,900 leagues of rail-roads. The territory of France is twice more extensive than that of England, and has only 1,500 leagues of roads, 500 leagues of canals, and 40 leagues of rail-roads.

Literary Notices.

Just Published.

Part XLI. National Portrait Gallery :-Baron Durham, Admiral Gardner, and Dr. Parr.

Reflections and Admonitory Hints of the Principal of a Seminary, ou Retiring from the Duties of his Station. By John Fawcett.

An Historical Account of the Plague, and other Pestilential Distempers, which have appeared in Europe, more especially in England, from the earliest Period; with an account of the Cholera Morbus, from its first appearance in India.

Au Inquiry into the Origin of Intemperance; with particular reference to its Influence on Mortality.

Dictionary of the Anglo Saxon Language; containing the Accentuation, Grammatical Inflexions, Irregular Words, &c. By the Rev. J. Bosworth, LL. D. F. R.S. F.S. A. Member of the Royal Society of Literature, &c. &c.

Practical Treatise on the Growth of Cucumbers. By John Weeden, upwards of Twenty-one Years Gardener, &c. to R. H. Cox, Esq. of Hillingdon House, Uxbridge.

New Gil Blas; or, Pedro of Penaflor. In 3 vols. post 8vo. By the Author of "Spain in 1830." History of the Revolution in England, in 1688. By the Right Honourable Sir James Mackintosh. 1 vol. 4to.

Three Sermons. By a Soldier.

Political Economy, No. 7.

A Manchester Strike. By Harriet Martineau. The Redemption of the World, the Doctrine of the Holy Scriptures.

Anti-Slavery Record, No. 4.

History. Description, and Survey of London, Westminster and Southwark, Parts 1, 2, 3.

The System, a Tale of the West Indies. By Charlotte Elizebeth, 2d edition.

The Christian Warfare Illustrated. By the Rev. Robert Vaughan, 8vo.

Maxims and Morals for every Day in the Year. By C. W.

The British Preacher, under the sanction of the Ministers whose Discourses appear in its pages. Svo. vol. 3.

Constable's Miscellany of Original and Selected Publications in the Various Departments of Literature, Science, and the Arts, vol. 75, Butterflies, Moths, &c.

Spiritual Perfection Unfolded and Enforced. By William Bates, DD. 1699.

A Memoir of Miss Mary Jane Graham. By the Rev. Charles Bridges, M. A.

The Child's Book on the Soul. By the Rev. T. H. Gallaudet.

Scripture Portions for the Afflicted, especially the Sick.

Combination; a Tale founded on Facts. By Charlotte Elizabeth.

A Harmony and Exposition of our Blessed Lord's last Prophecy, &c. By John Fannin, A. B.

In the Press.

A Series of Discourses illustrative of Divine Dispensation. By the Rev. John Ely, of Rochdale. 1 vol. 8vo.

No. I. of The Christian Record, and Monthly Theological Expositor. 8vo.

Steel's Shipmaster's Assistants, and Owner's Ma nual, 20th edition, newly arranged, and corrected to 1833; including the Regulations of the New Customs Act. By J. Stikeman, Custom-house Agent.

The Second Volume of the Friends' Library, consisting of the Life and Travels of Thomas Chalkley. The Journals, or Extracts from them, of Edmundson, Ellwood, Fox, Richardson, Gough, &c. &c. are to follow in succession.