success in independent research, may find profitable uses for their training in this interesting and highly important work. The workers in this field are not called upon to submit to the irregular demands which are made upon the time and the energies of a practitioner, yet the work is not without its dangers of infection while handling various kinds of bacteria. The salaries range from $1,000 to $2,500.

The superintendents of the laboratories which prepare for the trade the pills, powders and tinctures in endless forms and varieties are rather pharmacists and chemists than physicians, and the manufacturers of surgical appliances and supplies are for the most part men who have had a training for business rather than for a profession; but many men of medical education are employed as salesmen to introduce, among physicians, these commercial products.

Not a few physicians in the past, not content with the slow returns from an ethical practice, have thrown their ethical codes to the winds and embarked upon the manufacture and sales of so called patent medicines. In one of our cities this business has developed to large proportions and, according to the reports made to the commercial bureaus, the managers of the houses in this line of business, after deducting their raw materials, salaries and wages and other expenses from the factory value of their manufactured product, had left, in 1909, 198 per cent. on their capital invested. In recent years, on account of the rigid supervision, and the refusal of their advertisements by newspapers, there has been some decline in this business. In few of these concerns which were examined did any of the employees receive more than a living salary. It is a mistake for one com

mercially inclined to enter medicine with the desire to "get-rich-quick" through quackery. There are so many respectable commercial enterprises that should appeal to such, rather than this questionable trafficking in human lives.

Biological Laboratories.

The following biological laboratories were licensed (1916) by the Treasury Department of the federal government to manufacture vaccines, serums, toxins, antitoxins, bacterins, etc.: The Cutter Laboratories, Berkeley, California; Hygienic Laboratories, State Board of Health, California; American Biological Co., Washington, D. C.; National Vaccine and Antitoxin Institute, Washington, D. C.; Memorial Institute, Chicago; The Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Alkaloidal Co., Chicago; Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis; Swan Myers Co., Indianapolis; Dr. W. T. McDougall, Kansas City, Kansas; Greeley Laboratories, Boston; Stafford Biological Laboratories, Detroit; Dr. G. H. Sherman, Detroit; Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit; The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan; St. Louis Pasteur Institute, St. Louis, Missouri; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Kansas City, Missouri; Bactero-Therapeutic Laboratories, Asheville, North Carolina; E. R. Squibbs & Sons, Research & Biological Laboratories, New Brunswick, New Jersey; New York Pasteur Institute, New York City; Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, Pearl River, New York; Laboratories of Dept. of Health, New York City; Dr. James McI. Phillips, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. H. M. Alexander & Co., Marietta, Pennsylvania; H. K. Mulford Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; The Slee Laboratories, Swiftwater,

Pa.

CHAPTER XXV.

SPECIALISM.

One often hears the school boy say that he is going to be an expert surgeon in response to the question as to what he intends to make of himself. This is really a commendable ambition, but little does the average boy realize what it takes to make his dream come true. To be an expert in any of the special fields of medicine means years of work of preparation and practice. The impression prevails among many prospective students that the only requirement to become a specialist is to comply with the accepted curriculum of a regular medical college, and subsequently to add a postgraduate year in the specialty desired. This impression is erroneous. To become a specialist in medicine one must have a wide experience in a general practice of medicine. He must have a grasp of the whole category of disease, and the effect of disease on the whole body of man, before he is able to analyze in detail the cause of disease of special organs.

A young graduate who, during his college years, paid especial attention to the eye, called upon his professor, one of the best eye specialists in Philadelphia, and asked him what more he should do to become an eye specialist. The professor told him to go out into general practice for ten years, and then if still ambitious to become an eye specialist, to take a postgraduate course in one of the ophthalmic hospitals in America or in Europe, or in both. This advice was sound.