members and more determined in disposition. Its civic services have already been touched upon, but some indication of its lighter labors should not be omitted. Within recent years its department of philosophy and science has been busy upon the results of recent investigation in the sciences," its educational department has considered through several months "the fundamental principles of education," and its art study class has studied in (theoretical) detail the elaborate technique of painting. During the coming season the club will study the history of sculpture, the evolution of modern music, and the masterpieces of English poetry. The club (in whole or in part) meets weekly throughout the greater portion of the year, and wields an influence in just accord with such determined and unremitting efforts and so thorough a scheme of organization.

The Friday Club resembles the Fortnightly, and is said to draw its membership even more distinctly from the ranks of "society." The Junior Fortnightly, the Wednesday, and others are clubs of a similar sort organized among the younger set. The Arché Club, with a membership of six hundred, meets in the neighborhood of Jackson Park and the Field Museum, and pursues its literary and artistic studies under the leadership of a lecturer. The "

new woman," as is readily seen, must stand well in the foreground of any picture of to-day's society in Chica go; happily, she is coming to take herself a little more for granted. May not the influence of her advent be figured more or less successfully from analogous cases, - from the introduction of tolerance into religion, from the introduction of democracy into politics? The woman movement seems but another link added to one general chain. An exaggerated emphasis on sex may moderate itself, as the exaggerated enforcements of bigotry and the exaggerated claims of social privilege have moderated them

selves already; and we may find that the abolition of a number of arbitrary and invidious distinctions between man and woman marks but one more step toward the general solidification of the body politic.

Compared with the bustling and ambitious aggregations just named, the men's clubs must infallibly suffer; as we enter them we find ourselves among the helots whose labors make possible the mental expansion of the feminine aristocracy. The down-town club is used chiefly as a lunching convenience and for the discussion of business affairs, being little frequented save at midday. The Union League Club, however, has distinct political leanings, and its annual celebration of Washington's Birthday has added point and interest to one of the few conspicuous dates in the American calendar. The first of its meetings upon this anniversary was addressed by James Russell Lowell. Recent speakers have been the Hon. Theodore Roosevelt and Mr. Frederic R. Coudert. The socio-political clubs, with houses situated in the widely scattered residential quarters, -one may instance the Marquette, the Hamilton, and the Ashland, - frequently entertain visiting political celebrities, and also coöperate steadily in the cause of reform and good government. The Chicago Literary Club, a homogeneous body of professional men, holds weekly meetings throughout a large part of the year, and has recently begun the practice of issuing in pamphlet form such of its papers as provoke a demand for publication. The Caxton Club, resembling the Grolier of New York, gives an annual exhibition of books and bookbindings.

All this, however, does not go far in comparison with the activities of the other sex, and the balance should be restored by some reference to the benefactions of individual citizens. Half a dozen examples (added to the number already indicated) will suffice. The

ground upon which the University of Chicago stands and the funds necessary for the establishment of the Columbian Museum are alike the gift of Mr. Marshall Field; the Armour Institute and Mission, together with the extensive range of adjoining tenements, the income from which supports them, the city owes to Mr. P. D. Armour; the construction of the observatory at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, for the University of Chicago, and its equipment with the largest telescope in the world, are to be credited to Mr. C. T. Yerkes; the development and prosperity of the Art Institute are due in great part to the energy, enthusiasm, and public spirit of Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, its president; and an endless series of widespread donations has made the name of Dr. D. K. Pearsons a household word throughout the educational world.

Among the clubs of mixed membership-most of them mediating between literature and society - may be mentioned the Twentieth Century Club, an organization of wealthy people with a taste for private views of passing celebrities. This practice, mutatis mutandis, is pretty widely diffused throughout Chicago; a nice discrimination is not invariably shown by every minor association, and the docility and credulity of our eager neophytes, when brought face to face with stranger evangelists of limited value, cannot yet be classed among vanishing phenomena. The Contribu tors' Club, active at the period of the Fair, wrote and published its own magazine, until the demand for bricks outran the supply of straw. Its most notable achievement was the publication of a number made up wholly of articles (accompanied by facsimiles in many strange languages) contributed by distinguished foreigners who were associated with the Exposition. The Chicago Chapter of the University Guild of the Northwestern University has been customed to hold each winter a series of

meetings at the houses of persons prominent in society; it thus bridges over the thirteen miles that separate Evanston from Chicago, and gives added cohesion to a great institution whose topographical dispersedness is surpassed only by its enormous enrollment. I may note here, in passing, that the property of this university amounts in value to more than four million dollars.

Literature proper in Chicago is represented by The Dial; here, too, the special slant is toward the educational. The Dial is well known and much esteemed by the schools and libraries of the whole country. It is as irreproach able in its ideals as in its typography; but its tone of somewhat cold correctness causes one to feel that there is a certain lack of temperament.

"Literary Chicago," thanks to the successive advents of many emissaries from both East and West, is finally conscious of itself; its consciousness has once or twice taken the form of an "authors' reading," with moderate interest on the part of the public. The literary people of Chicago, freed from rivalry by the absence of prizes to struggle for, live together in a sympathetic and companionable spirit that has been more than once remarked by visitors who have themselves borne the burden and heat of effort in the Eastern arena.

Chicago is said to be the largest bookmanufacturing city in the country; its number of " publishers" is in proportion. However, we need not pause over its tons of school-books, nor its mountains of German and Scandinavian Bibles intended for the farmhouses of the Northwest, nor its cheap and sometimes unauthorized editions of authors favorably or unfavorably known, but destined in either case for the railway train and the news-stand. Yet Chicago possesses at least one old-established and conservative publishing firm of high rank (to

ether with the largest book-shop in the

country), and one or two newer firms

that stand for a notably delicate and refined practice in book-making. Chicago also enjoys the further celebrity that comes from the publication of the quaint Chap-Book. This highly individual semi-monthly, having lately enlarged itself and subdued the intensity of a yellow tone reflected from London, may now be fully accepted as an embodied response to Chicago's long and earnest prayer, that for a magazine.

From such educational exactions as have occupied the preceding pages the public have but two apparent refuges, the parks and the theatres. Within the past few years the idea of the value of leisure and recreation has been steadily gaining ground; the Saturday half-holiday has become quite general during the summer months, and the great system of public parks now yields the fullest service that even the most prophetic of its originators could have foreseen. A Saturday afternoon in August spent in Washington Park is recommended with confidence to the casual tourist, in place of the "Levee," the Stockyards, and the contemplation of the "submerged tenth," all of which have been too much favored

of late by the stranger eye.

The park area of Chicago is soon to be increased by the enlargement of the Lake Front to two hundred acres. Four fifths of this area will be obtained by filling in beyond the shore line, and the material will come from the excavations for the great drainage canal, upon which work has been prosecuted for the past five years. This undertaking - said to be the most extensive piece of engineering now doing in the world will eventually turn the waters of Lake Michigan into the Mississippi River, and will give a final solution to Chicago's vexatious sewage problem. Roughly speaking, the canal will be thirty miles long, and will cost thirty million dollars. The enterprise has thus far escaped the contamination of partisan politics. A splendid project to connect the Lake - NO. 480.

VOL. LXXX.

35

Front with Jackson Park by a six-mile boulevard along the lake shore has lately received a serious official check, but will probably be revived upon the coming of better times or of a better governor. The city, in its increasing aptitude for relaxation, is learning, despite this check, to turn the lake to proper account. A score of yachts, anchored within the "breakwater," point to the opportunities for one kind of pleasure, and for the past two or three seasons the south shore has witnessed a determined effort toward another kind. Lake-bathing, after many years of failure, has at last been established; and on a summer Sunday the half-mile stretch of piers, kiosks, and bungalows along the beach is thronged by bathers enjoying the fresh-water equivalent of Nantasket and Coney Island.

Little can be said for the local theatre, which sinks lower in the esteem of the better class as it rises higher in the esteem of the populace. However, a dirty dollar contains as many cents as a clean one, and the dirty dollars are in the large majority, besides. Not much can be found for approval beyond the efforts of Miss Anna Morgan, of the Chicago Conservatory, who gives infrequent performances of Ibsen, Maeterlinck, and the like, a work which she carries on with great enthusiasm and optimism, despite the indifference of the middle public and the resentment of the newspaper press. When one has noted a Greek play brought to town by a country college, and has recalled that the most respectable successes in the way of American light opera originated in Chicago, little more remains to justify attention. Certainly, no one need remember the immense effort and mistaken expenditure undergone to make Chicago a "producing centre " of - extravaganza.

To the many active educational agencies already mentioned, add, of course, the public schools, the parochial schools, and the variety of small and dispersed private establishments that, even in a

town so rampantly democratic, must live their own lives and enter into the general count. Education, education, and again education. Is education the safeguard of the res publica? Then perhaps we are safe. Is character? Then perhaps we are not. Instruction is booming; principle is hardly holding its own. The recklessness and consciencelessness of the earlier Western day were barely showing some sign of abatement, when the voice of a proletariat, disappointed in the efficacy of its own fetish and disposed to a clamorous and summary revision of meum and tuum, began to make itself heard. Although the city of Chicago, a year ago, indeed pronounced most outspokenly for honor and principle, still the persistent agitation of such matters could have but one effect upon a community that, for the first time within a quarter of a century, was suffering a serious check in its course of unparalleled prosperity a partial disintegration of its moral fibre, a serious slackening of the sense of obligation and of the integrity of contract, and a diminished adhesion to the principles of common commercial honesty. This lapse may be but temporary; certainly the only basis upon which a great and complicated community can conduct its affairs is not far to seek nor difficult to find.

:

It remains to state the effort which the city is putting forth on behalf of the whole Middle West, a propaganda of music, art, and literature which is little suspected in the East, and not fully realized at home.

The Public Library of Chicago has become a bureau of inquiry for the whole country; it is constantly furnishing data on all sorts of subjects, dignified or trivial, to all sorts of people. The country editor, the country physician, the exChicagoan, and the new woman appear to be the chief beneficiaries; not a day passes in which information is not furnished (at a moderate charge) to persons

far beyond the designated scope of the institution. It is here that the club woman comes most fully into view, and aids to her study in history, art, language, and literature are provided on the most

extensive scale.

The extension system of the University of Chicago reaches through eight States, from Minnesota to Kentucky, from Ohio to Nebraska. Eighty-five of the courses in its lecture study department are conducted outside of the city itself. The correspondence study department engages the services of sixty instructors, and meets the requirements of six hundred students.

The musical propaganda has been conducted in large part by the Chicago Orchestra, which has been in the habit of interrupting its home series of concerts two or three times during the season to give performances in outside towns. These concerts have usually been secured on the basis of a guarantee fund, and the orchestra has appeared in places as distant and as far apart as Pittsburg, Toronto, St. Paul, Omaha, and Louisville. A similar service for painting is performed by the Central Art Association, originated by Mr. Hamlin Garland and Mr. Lorado Taft, and headed at present by Mr. Halsey C. Ives. This association aims to aid the progress of the student and art-lover in interior towns by giving lectures on art, by suggesting courses of reading on related subjects, by sending out reproductions in pictorial form of the great masterpieces, and (chiefly) by arranging circulating exhibitions of the best obtainable examples of recent American art. It also conducts Arts for America, a periodical in which architecture, decoration, and ceramics are discussed, as well as painting and sculpture. This association, devoted to Western art and to the plein air idea, has brought to light fresh talent in Indiana, Colorado, and Texas, and has given to these workers, as well as to many home painters, a wide currency through the West by send

ing small but carefully composed collections to many towns in the Mississippi Valley and beyond. In future a more pronounced coöperation on the part of Eastern artists is assured, and it should seem an easy matter for any Western community that wishes to inform itself about the most recent and peculiar developments of American art to gratify its desire. The latest organization in this field is the Society of Western Artists, which has established a "circuit" comprising half a dozen of the largest Western towns, and undertakes perambulatory displays of contemporary art.

The foregoing pages may serve to show the stage that has been reached by the Chicago of to-day, and to indicate what the city is doing for itself, for the West, and for the world at large. That further and more remarkable stages are yet to be arrived at may well be granted to an energy, ambition, and initiative in which no hint of failure or of pause is to be detected. Sixty years ago the Pottawatomies held their last war-dance within a few steps of the site of Chicago's

city hall; to-day the centre of population of the United States is but a few miles south of our limits. The bulk of Chicago already shuts off Eastern prospects from Western eyes, and indications abound that the city is coming to assume an equal importance in the eyes of the South. The increasing centrality of her position, coupled with the widening exercise of her powers, appears to her confident and rather arrogant mind a sufficient earnest of her final supremacy, commercial, intellectual, and political. Material prosperity is already won; a high intellectual status seems assured; and her principal concern for another generation the extirpation of the moral and civic evil that has reared itself behind the back of a resolute but too preoccupied endeavor-will be prosecuted, let it be hoped, in that spirit of civic regeneration whose signs are just now so encouraging and so abundant. The absence of such signs would be doubly discouraging in a day wherein a city life seems indicated with growing certainty as the future condition of the greater part of the American people.

Henry B. Fuller.

DURING the Middle Ages, it was a pastime of philosophical monks to write treatises closing up "mental and moral science." In similar fashion, in our own day, it is assumed by many schoolmen that there is a definite and final "code of principles" of education. " of education. In education as in theology, it is granted, there may be sects, but the general impression exists that there are certain fundamental laws that are final, and certain definite principles with whieh teachers may be fitted out for their work. This it is fair to call the old, even mediæval view of

education; and the modern or scientific view is in such sharp contrast to it that, at this late time, it ought not to be necessary to explain the difference. To get some first-hand knowledge of what the normal schools are doing in this matter, and to ascertain to what extent the new conception of education has been accepted by them and is now followed in the training of teachers, I have recently visited all the normal schools of Massachusetts.

As an illustration of the medieval conception of the mind and of the proper