presence of Castor and Pollux.-3. Pater; i. e. Aeolus. See on Virg. A. I. 52 foll.-4. The Iapygian or northwest wind, so called from Iapygia in Apulia whence it blows down the Adriatic, was favorable for a voyage from Brundusium, where Virgil would embark for Greece. - 6. Finibus; dative with debes and reddas. Macleane considers it the ablative of the place where the debt was to be paid. — 8. Cf. C. IL 17. 5.—9. Illi Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R. 5 (1). · 12. Africum. See on C. I. 1. 15.-13. Aquilonibus; the north winds. See on fluctibus, C. I. 1. 15.-14. Hyadas. See on Ov. M. III. 595; Virg. G. I. 138; A. I. 744.—15. Arbiter

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tyrant. Cf.

C. III. 3. 5. Hadriae the Adriatic. Gr. 44 A. & S. 42. 2. — 16. Seu (sive) is omitted before tollere. This is common in Horace. Ponere to smooth. Cf. Virg. A. I. 66. —17. Gradum = approach; i. e. what form of coming death should he fear, etc.— 18. C£. Milton: “Sight so deform what heart of rock could long Dry-eyed behold?" The ancients wept more freely than men do now. Caesar, describing the effect of fear on his men, says: Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas tenere potuerunt. (B. G. I. 39). -20. Acroceraunia; a promontory in Epirus (now Cape Linguetta) the western end of the Montes Ceraunii. Cf. Virg. G. I. 332; A. III. 506.-22. Dissociabili; used actively, like illacrimabilem, C. II. 14. 16, which is used passively, C. IV. 9. 26. — 24. See on Ov. M. I. 134.-25. Audax-perpeti; i. e. bold to endure all sufferings. Perpetito endure to the end.-26. Vetitum with nefas is not altogether redundant. It expresses crimes which are obviously forbidden, as shown by the obstacles thrown in the way of their commission. — 27. Genus = filius; i. e. Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven and gave it to mortals. For this he was chained to a pillar, where an eagle fed upon his liver, which grew as fast as it was consumed; and Pandora was sent down to earth (for the various forms of the myth see any Classical Dictionary) with all the ills and diseases that have since been the lot of mortals.-28. Mala = mischievous (in its consequences). — 32. The order is tardaque necessitas leti, prius semoti, corripuit gradum. — 34. Daedalus. See Ov. M. VIII. 183 and Virg. A. VI. 14 foll. — 36. Perrupit; last syllable lenghtened by the arsis. Acheronta; put, as often, for the lower world. See on Virg. G. II. 492. Herculeus. Gr. 398. 2. A. & S. 211, R. 4 (a). The reference is to the twelfth labor of Hercules. See on Virg. A. VI. 395. — 37. Ardui. Gr. 396. III.; 441. A. & S. 212, R. 3, N. 3. -40. Iracunda ponere fulmina to lay aside his wrathful thunderbolts.

ODE IV. - L. Sestius, whose name is used in this Ode, served with Horace under Brutus, and they were no doubt on terms of inti

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macy. The poem professes to be written at the beginning of spring, and its subject is the uncertainty of life and the duty of enjoying it. 1. Solvitur. Cf. the description of spring, Virg. G. I. 44 foll. Favoni = of Favonius; i. e. Zephyr, or the west wind. — 2. Machinae; the rollers used to launch vessels after they had been drawn up on shore during the winter. Carinas. See on trabe, C. I. 1. 13. -3. Neque... aut... nec. The two first of these form one branch of the sentence, and the last the other. -4. Canis pruinis = the hoar frost. - 5. Cytherea; from the island Cythera. See on Virg. A. I. 680. · 6. Gratiae: the Graces; daughters of Jupiter and Euronyme, according to Hesiod (cf. Milton's L'Allegro), the personifications of grace and beauty, and usually, as here, the attendants of Venus. Decentes = comely.-7. Graves: laborious. Cyclopum. See on Ov. M. I. 259. — 8. Vulcanus. See on Ov. M. II. 5. Urit-kindles up. Cf. incendimus aras, Virg. A. III. 279. Vulcan is hard at work, getting bolts ready for the thunderstorms of summer. - 9. Nitidum; i. e. with oil. Cf. C. II. 3. 13. Impedire vincire. The myrtle was sacred to Venus. Cf. Virg. E. VII. 62.-11, 12. Fauno = Faunus; the Latin god of fields and shepherds, worshipped also as an oracular divinity. From his varied manifestations, the idea arose of a plurality of Fauns. See on Ov. M. I. 193 and Virg. G. I. 10. The Faunalia took place on the Ides of December. But a lesser festival was observed on the Ides of February, at the advent of Faunus, or Pan, the two being identified by the later Romans. See on Ov. M. XI. 147 and Virg. G. 1. 17. At that time the flocks and herds went out to graze, and the god was invoked for their protection. Immolare takes either the accusative or the ablative of the victim. Here the MSS. vary and many editors adopt agna and haedo.-13. Pulsat = knocks at the door. Cf. Ov. Heroid. XXI. 46: Persephone nostras pulsat acerba fores.—14. Reges the rich; as often in Horace. Cf. C. II. 14. 11; C. II. 18. 34; E. I. 10. 33; A. P. 434, etc. —15. Longam far-reaching. -16, 17. Premet belongs more properly to nox, but is joined, by zeugma, with Manes and domus. Gr. 704. I. 2. A. & S. 323 (6) (2). Fabulae unreal, visionary. Cf. C. IV. 7. 16 and Persius, S. V. 152: cinis et Manes et fabula fies. Exilis = bare, or joyless. Some make it = shadowy. Simul = simul ac, as often in Horace. Cf. C. I. 9. 9; C. I. 12. 27; C. II. 16. 2; C. III. 4. 37; C. IV. 7. 10, etc. 18. Regna vini. It was usual at feasts for one to be chosen by lot or by throw of dice, as president, called by the Greeks σvμñoσiapɣos, and by the Romans rex bibendi or magister bibendi, his office being principally to regulate the quantity and quality of wine to be drunk. Talis = dice; not the adjective with vini, as a few of the editors have made it.-19. Quo. Gr. 414. 2. A. & S. 247. 1. (2).

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ODE VII. It is uncertain whether this Ode is addressed to Munatius Plancus who was consul A. U. C. 712, B. C. 42, or to his son, or to some other Plancus. Its subject is the praise of a quiet life and convivial enjoyment. The story of Teucer is taken from

some source unknown to us, probably from the Greek.

1. Rhodon = Rhodes; the capital of the island Rhodes, in the Aegean, off the coast of Caria, famous for its delightful climate (to which some critics refer claram) as well as for its architectural beauty. Mytilenen = Mytilene, or Mitylene, the chief city of Lesbos, which Cicero (de Leg. Agr. II. 16) calls urbs et natura et situ et descriptione aedificiorum et pulchritudine imprimis nobilis. — 2. Epheson Ephesus; the chief of the twelve Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Minor. Bimarisve Corinthi. See on Ov. M. V. 407.-3. Thebes, the chief city of Boeotia, was said to be the birthplace of Bacchus. Delphi, on Mount Parnasus, was famous for its oracle of Apollo. See on Ov. M. I. 313 – 321. — 4. Tempe. See on Virg. G. II. 469. -5-7. Sunt - olivam = There are those who make it the single business of their lives to tell of chaste Minerva's city in unbroken song, and to gather a branch from every olive to entwine their brow. Perpetuum carmen = a continuous poem, such as an Epic. “A branch from every olive" (more literally, "an olive-branch from every quarter,") means that the various themes connected with the glory of Athens are as olive-trees, from each of which a branch is plucked to bind the poet's brow. The olive was sacred to Minerva. Cf. Virg. G. II. 181. 8. Plurimus many a one; common with a noun, but nowhere else found alone. In honorem, for the ablative, is an unusual construction. —9. Homer calls Argos iññóßoтov (= aptum equis), the plain in which the city was built being famous for breeding horses. Juno had a celebrated temple between Argos and Mycenae. Dites Toλúxpuσos. Homer, Il. VII. 180. Cf. claros Mycenas, Virg. A. I. 284. — 10. Patiens; referring to the patient endurance which was the result of the Spartan discipline. — 11. Larissa was a city of Thessaly, on the Peneus, in an extensive plain famed for its fertility. Percussit=has struck; the English verb being used in the same figurative way as the Latin. — 12. Albuneae. Albunea, one of the Sibyls worshipped at Tibur, gave her name to a grove and fountain. There is a beautiful ruin at Tivoli which still goes by the name of "the Temple of the Sibyl."-13, 14. The Anio, now the Teverone, was famous for its falls. Tiburnus, or Tiburtus, was one of the mythical founders of Tibur. The orchards of Tibur were celebrated. — 15. Albus = clear; because it clears the sky. Cí. clarus Aquilo, Virg. G. I. 460. Deterget; an older form than detergit.-17. Sapiens. See on serus, C. I. 2. 45. — 21. Tui; because he probably had a villa there. Teucer was brother of Ajax,

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and son of Telamon, king of Salamis, the island on the southern coast of Attica where Themistocles defeated the forces of Xerxes. When he returned from Troy his father refused to receive him, because he came without his brother, whereupon he went with his followers to Cyprus, and built a city there which he called after his native place, Salamis. Quum fugeret tamen is an imitation of the Greek kai pevywv öμws. But this use of tamen is not uncommon in Cicero. Teucer selected Hercules as his protector, and so wore a crown of poplar, which was sacred to that hero. See Virg. E. VII. 61. — 22. Lyaeo. See on Ov. M. XI. 67. Cf. Virg. G. II. 229; A. I. 686, etc.-25. Melior parente Fortune, kinder than my father.-27. Duce et auspice. Horace here puts into Teucer's lips technical distinctions of which he could know nothing. The commander-in-chief of a Roman army had a power called imperium given him, in virtue of which his acts in the war in which he was engaged were done on behalf of the state. He alone had the power of taking the auspices under which the war was carried on. The difference between dux and auspex was the difference between a commander. who had the imperium (and therefore the auspicium) and one who had not. If an imperator commanded in person, the war was said to be carried on under his ductus as well as his auspicia; otherwise only under his auspicia, his legatus being the dux. — 29. Ambiguam of doubtful name; i. e. liable to be confounded with the old Salamis. Tellure; i. e. in Cyprus.-30. Cf. Virg. A. I. 198 foll.

ODE IX. This is a drinking song for the winter, imitated from an Ode of Alcaeus. A party is supposed to be assembled in the city, and one calls on the master of the feast to bring out his best wine, and make the fire burn bright, that they may banish care and all thought of the future, since youth is the time for innocent enjoy

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1, 2. Stet stands out; i. c. having a fixed and prominent appearance. Cf. Virg. A. VI. 300. See on Adspice ut, Virg. E. V. 6. Soracte was one of the Faliscan range of hills, about 2,200 feet high, and twenty-four miles from Rome. It is seen very clearly from the northern part of the city.-4. Laborantes. C£. C. II. 9. 7. — 5. Constiterint have ceased flowing. Acuto is applied to cold, like our words sharp, keen. Horace applies it to heat also. See E. I. 10. 17.7. Deprome draw out; i. e. from the diota (so called from its having two ears, ara, or handles), or amphora, testa, or cadus; all which were names for the vessels of earthenware or glass in which the wine was kept, as we keep it in bottles. The name of the wine is applied, by metonymy, to the vessel containing it.-8. Thaliarche feast-master. See on C. I. 4. 18. Some critics have

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thought it a proper name by which the poet addresses one of his friends; C. Proculeius, Ritter thinks, because the quantity of the syllables of the two names is the same (as was customary in fictitious names, it is said), and for some minor reasons. -9. Permitte divis. Cf. Milton: "Live well; how long or short permit to Heaven." Simul. See on C. I. 4. 17.-10. Fervido boiling. Cf. Virg. G. I. 327.-13. Sit futurum. Gr. 525. A. & S. 265. Fuge noli. Gr. 552. I. A. & S. 271, N. 3.-14. Quem dierum cumque = quemcumque diem. Gr. 187. 5; 396. III. A. & S. 136, R. 3; 212, R. 2. Dabit. Gr. 475. 3. A. & S. 259, R. 4 (3). —16. Puer while you are young. Gr. 363. 3. A. & S. 204, R. 1 (a). 17. Virenti; sc. tibi. Gr. 386. 2. A. & S. 224, R. 1. — 18. Campus; sc. Martius. See on Virg. A. VI. 873. Areae were open places about the temples and elsewhere, used as promenades and for games. 20. Composita appointed, agreed upon. Repetantur. Gr. 488. II. A. & S. 260, R. 6. — 21, 22. The order is, Et nunc gratus risus (repetatur) ab intimo angulo, proditor latentis puellae. 24. Male pertinaci = mischievously obstinate, or (since male may be taken in either sense) not obstinate; that "yieldingly resists," as an old English ballad has it. Cf. Virg. E. III. 65 and Thomson's "maid, On purpose guardless, or affecting sleep."

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ODE X. - In this Ode, which is a translation or close adaptation of one written by Alcaeus, the attributes and legends belonging to Hermes, the Greek divinity, are applied to Mercurius, the Latin, who was properly the god presiding over commerce.

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1. See on Virg. A. IV. 247 foll. 2. Feros — recentum rude manners of the early race of men. Voce. Hermes was the herald of Zeus and the god of eloquence.

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Decorae graceful; i. e. giving grace to the limbs. — 6. Lyrae. Hermes was said, when a child, to have taken the shell of a tortoise and put strings to it, making the lyre.-7. Hermes, as the god of gain, was the patron of thieves. -9. Translate in the following order: Olim Apollo, dum te puerum terret (terrebat) minaci voce, nisi reddidisses boves per dolum amotas, risit viduus (spoliatus) pharetra. Hermes is also said to have stolen, when a child, some cows of Apollo's. After some time, that god discovered the thief, and, when threatening to punish him if he did not restore them, he turned and found his bow and arrows gone; and Horace says he smiled at the expertness of the theft. This story is said to have been invented by Alcaeus. — 13. Atridas. See on Virg. A. I. 458.-14. Ilio; here neuter, from Ilion, or Ilium. See feminine form, C. IV. 9. 18. Priamus. Cf. Virg. A. I. 483-487.-15. Thessalos ignes; i. e. the watch-fires of the Thessalian troops of Achilles. Trojae; dative with iniqua.