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Page 59, line 89.

Who, morn and even

Hail their Creator's dwelling-place
Among the living lights of Heaven.

groves in the day-time, and from the loftiest trees at night."-Russel's Aleppo.

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Before whose sabre's dazzling light, etc. "When the bright cimeters make the eyes of our heroes wink."-The Moallakat, Poem of Amru.

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As Lebanon's small mountain flood
Is rendered holy by the ranks

Of sainted cedars on its banks.

"As to fire, the Ghebers place the spring head of it in that globe of fire, the Sun, by them called Mithras, or Mihir, to which they pay the highest reverence, in gratitude for the manifold benefits flowing from its ministerial omniscience. But they are so far from confounding the subordination of the Servant with the majesty of its Creator, that they not only attribute no sort of sense or reasoning to the sun or fire, in any of its operations, but consider it as a purely passive blind instrument, directed and governed by the im- assigned for its name of Holy. "In these are deep In the Lettres Edifiantes, there is a different cause mediate impression on it of the will of God; but they caverns, which formerly served as so many cells for do not even give that luminary, all glorious as it is, a great number of recluses, who had chosen these remore than the second rank amongst his works, re-treats as the only witnesses upon earth of the severity serving the first for that stupendous production of of their penance. The tears of these pious penitents divine power, the mind of man."-Grose. The false gave the river of which we have just treated the name charges brought against the religion of these people of the Holy River."-See Chateaubriand's Beauties by their Mussulman tyrants is but one proof among of Christianity. many of the truth of this writer's remark, "that calumny is often added to oppression, if but for the sake of justifying it."

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That enchanted tree which grows over the tomb of the musician Tan-Sein.

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A rocky mountain o'er the sea
Of Oman beetling awfully.

This mountain is my own creation, as the "stupendous chain" of which I suppose it a link does not extend quite so far as the shores of the Persian Gulf divided Media from Assyria, and now forms the boun "This long and lofty range of mountains formerly

"Within the enclosure which surrounds this monument (at Gualior) is a small tomb to the memory of Tan-Sein, a musician of incomparable skill, who flourished at the court of Akbar. The tomb is over-dary of the Persian and Turkish empires. It runs shadowed by a tree, concerning which a superstitious almost disappearing in the vicinity of Gombaroon parallel with the river Tigris, and Persian Gulf, and notion prevails that the chewing of its leaves will (Harmozia) seems once more to rise in the southern give an extraordinary melody to the voice."-Narra- districts of Kerman, and, following an easterly course tive of a journey from Agra to Ouzein, by W. Hunter, Esq. through the centre of Meckraun and Balouchistan, is entirely lost in the deserts of Sinde."-Kinnier's Persian Empire.

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The awful signal of the bamboo-staff. "It is usual to place a small white triangular flag, fixed to a bamboo staff of ten or twelve feet long, at the place where a tiger has destroyed a man. It is common for the passengers also to throw each a stone or brick near the spot, so that in the course of a little time a pile equal to a good waggon-load is collected. The sight of these flags and piles of stones imparts a certain melancholy, not perhaps altogether void of apprehension."-Oriental Field Sports, vol. ii.

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Beneath the shade, some pious hands had erected, etc. "The Ficus Indica is called the Pagod Tree and Tree of Councils; the first, from the idols placed under its shade; the second, because meetings were held under its cool branches. In some places it is believed to be the haunt of spectres, as the ancient spreading oaks of Wales have been of fairies: in others are erected, beneath the shade, pillars of stone, or posts, elegantly carved and ornamented with the most beautiful porcelain to supply the use of mirrors."-Pen

nant.

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That bold were Moslem, who would dare
At twilight hour to steer his skiff

Beneath the Gheber's lonely cliff.
hood, called Kohé Gubr, or the Guebre's mountain.
"There is an extraordinary hill in this neighbour.
It rises in the form of a lofty cupola, and on the sum-
mit of it, they say, are the remains of an Atush Kudu,
or Fire Temple. It is superstitiously held to be the
residence of Deeves or Sprites, and many marvellous
stories are recounted of the injury and witchcraft suf-
fered by those who essayed in former days to ascend
or explore it."-Pottinger's Beloochistan.

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Still did the mighty flame burn on. "At the city of Yezd in Persia, which is distinguished by the appellation of the Darub Abadut, or Seat of Religion, the Guebres are permitted to have an Atush Kudu or Fire temple (which, they assert, has had the sacred fire in it since the days of Zoroaster) in their own compartment of the city; but for this indulgence they are indebted to the avarice, not the tolerance of the Persian government, which taxes them at 25 rupees each man."-Pottinger's Beloo

The nightingale now bends her flight. "The nightingale sings from the pomegranatechistan.

Page 63, line 60.

While on that altar's fires

They swore.

eastern ocean, shifting to leeward from island to island, with the variations of the monsoon. In some of their customs this singular race resemble the na"Nul d'entre eux n'oserait se parjurer, quand il a tives of the Maldivia islands. The Maldivians anpris a témoin cet élément terrible et vengeur."-En-nually launch a small bark, loaded with perfumes, cyclopedie Francais.

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The Persian lily shines and towers. "A vivid verdure succeeds the autumnal rains, and the ploughed fields are covered with the Persian lily, of a resplendent yellow colour."-Russel's Aleppo. Page 65, line 3.

Like Dead-Sea fruits, that tempt the eye, But turn to ashes on the lips. the "They say that there are apple-trees upon sides of this sea, which bear very lovely fruit, but within are all full of ashes."-Thevenot. The same is asserted of the oranges there.-See Witman's Travels in Asiatic Turkey.

In

"The Asphalt Lake, known by the name of the Dead Sea, is very remarkable on account of the considerable proportion of salt which it contains. this respect it surpasses every other known water on the surface of the earth. This great proportion of bitter-tasted salts is the reason why neither animal nor plant can live in this water."-Klaproth's Chemical Analysis of the Water of the Dead Sea, Annals of Philosophy, January, 1813. Hasselquist, however, doubts the truth of this last assertion, as there are shell-fish to be found in the lake.

Lord Byron has a similar allusion to the fruits of the Dead Sea, in that wonderful display of genius, his Third Canto of Childe Harold,-magnificent bevond any thing, perhaps, that even he has ever written. Page 65, line 9.

While lakes that shone in mockery nigh. "The Shuhrab or Water of the Desert is said to be caused by the rarefaction of the atmosphere from extreme heat; and, which augments the delusion, it is most frequent in hollows, where water might be expected to lodge. I have seen bushes and trees reflected in it, with as much accuracy as though it had been the face of a clear and still lake."-Pottinger. "As to the unbelievers, their works are like a vapour in a plain, which the thirsty traveller thinketh to be water, until when he cometh thereto he findeth it to be nothing."-Koran, chap. 24.

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gums, flowers, and odoriferous wood, and turn it adrift at the mercy of winds and waves, as an offering to the Spirit of the Winds; and sometimes similar offerings are made to the spirit whom they term the King of the Sea. In like manner the Biajus perform their offering to the god of evil, launching a small bark, loaded with all the sins and misfortunes of the nation, which are imagined to fall on the unhappy crew that may be so unlucky as first to meet with it. Dr. Leyden on the Languages and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations.

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A silk dyed with the blossoms of the sorrowful tree Nilica.

"Blossoms of the sorrowful Nyctanthes give a durable colour to silk."-Remarks on the Husbandry of Bengal, p. 200. Nilica is one of the Indian names of this flower.-Sir W. Jones. The Persians call it Gul.-Carreri.

Page 71, line 54.

When pitying heaven to roses turn'd

The death-flames that beneath him burn'd.

Of their other Prophet, Zoroaster, there is a story told in Dion Prusaus, Orat. 36, that the love of wisdom and virtue leading him to a solitary life upon a mountain, he found it one day all in a flame, shining with celestial fire, out of which he came without any harm, and instituted certain sacrifices to God, who, he declared, then appeared to him.-See Patrick on Exodus, iii. 2.

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Where the sea-gipseys, who live for ever on the water. They were now not far from that Forbidden River. "The Biajus are of two races; the one is settled on "Akbar, on his way, ordered a fort to be built upon Borneo, and are a rude but warlike and industrious nation, who reckon themselves the original possessors the Nilab, which he called Attock, which means, in of the island of Borneo. The other is a species of the Indian language, Forbidden; for, by the superstisea-gipsies or itinerant fishermen, who live in small tion of the Hindoos, it was held unlawful to cross covered boats, and enjoy a perpetual summer on the that river."-Dow's Hindostan.

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Resembling, she often thought, that people of Zinge.

promoting a circulation of air, extremely refreshing in those sultry climates."-Richardson.

The inhabitants of this country (Zinge) are never "The swings are adorned with festoons. This pasafflicted with sadness or melancholy: on this subject time is accompanied with music of voices and of inthe Sheikh Abu-al-Kheir-Azhari has the following struments, hired by the masters of the swings."distich:

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Thevenot.

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as if all the shores,

Like those of Kathay, utter'd music and gave

An answer in song to the kiss of each wave. This miraculous quality has been attributed also to the shore of Attica. "Hujus littus ait Capella concentum musicum illisis terræ undis reddere, quod propter tantam eruditionis vim puto dictum."Ludov. Vives in Augustine, de Civitat. Dei, lib

xviii. c. 8.

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The basil tuft that waves

Its fragrant blossoms over graves. "The women in Egypt go, at least two days in dead; and the custom then is to throw upon the the week, to pray and weep at the sepulchres of the tombs a sort of herb, which the Arabs call rihan, and which is our sweet basil."-Maillet, Lett. 10.

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The mountain herb that dyes The tooth of the fawn like gold. Niebuhr thinks this may be the herb which the Eastern alchymists look to as a means of making gold. "Most of those alchymical enthusiasts think themselves sure of success, if they could but find colour to the flesh of the sheep that eat it. Even the out the herb, which gilds the teeth and gives a yellow oil of this plant must be of a golden colour. It is called Hascabschat ed aab."

As the Prophet said of Damascus, "It was too delicious." “As you enter at the Bazar without the gate of Damascus, you see the Green Mosque, so called because it hath a steeple faced with green glazed bricks, which render it very resplendent; it is covered at Father Jerom Dandini, however, asserts that the top with a pavilion of the same stuff. The Turks teeth of the goats at Mount Libanus are of a silver say this mosque was made in that place, because Ma-colour; and adds, "this confirms me in that which I homet being come so far, would not enter the town, observed in Candia; to wit, that the animals that saying it was too delicious.”—Thevenot. This re-live on mount Ida eat a certain herb, which renders minds one of the following pretty passage in Isaac their teeth of a golden colour; which, according to Walton: "When I sat last on this primrose bank, and looked down these meadows, I thought of them the mines which are under ground.”—Dandini, my judgment, cannot otherwise proceed than from as Charles the Emperor did of the city of Florence, Voyage to Mount Libanus. 'that they were too pleasant to be looked on, but only on holidays.'

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Would remind the Princess of that difference, etc.

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"Tis I that mingle in one sweet measure,

The past, the present, and future of pleasure. Haroun Al Raschid, Cinquieme Khalife des Abas"Whenever our pleasure arises from a succession sidese, s'étant un jour brouillé avec une de ses mai- of sounds, it is a perception of complicated nature, tresses nommée Maridah, qu'il aimait cependant jus-made up of a sensation of the present sound or note, qu'a l'exces, et cette meséntelligence ayant déja duré and an idea or remembrance of the foregoing, while quelque temps, commenca a s'ennuyer. Giafar Bar- their mixture and concurrence produce such a mystemaki, son favori, qui s'en appercut, commanda a Ab-rious delight, as neither could have produced alone. bas ben Ahnaf, excellent poete de ce temps-la, de And it is often heightened by an anticipation of the composer quelques vers sur le sujet de cette brouil-succeeding notes. Thus Sense, Memory, and Imagilerie, Ce poete exécuta l'ordre de Giafar, qui fit chan- nation are conjunctively employed."—Gerrard on ter ces vers par Moussali, en présence du Khalife, et Taste. Ice Prince fut tellement touché de la tendresse des This is exactly the Epicurean theory of Pleasure, vers du poete et de la douceur de la voix du Musicien qu'il alla aussitot trouver Maridah, et fit sa paix avec elle."-D'Herbelot.

Page 78, line 6.

Where the silken swing.

as explained by Cicero :-" Quocirca corpus gaudere tamdiu, dum præsentem sentiret voluptatem; anımum et præsentem percipere pariter cum corpore e prospicere venientem, nec præteritam præterfluere

sinere."

Madame de Stael accounts upon the same principle "The swing is a favourite pastime in the East, as for the gratification we derive from rhyme :-" Elle

est l'image de l'espérance et du souvenir. Un son nous fait désirer celui qui doit lui repondre, et quand le second retentit, il nous rapelle celui qui vient de nous échapper."

Page 81, line 69.

'Tis dawn, at least that earlier dawn,

Whose glimpses are again withdrawn. "The Persians have two mornings, the Soobhi Kazim and Soobhi Sadig, the false and the real daybreak. They account for this phenomenon in a most whimsical manner. They say that as the sun rises from behind the Kohi Qaf (Mount Caucasus,) it passes a hole perforated through that mountain, and that darting its rays through it, is the cause of the Soobhi Kazim, or this temporary appearance of daybreak. As it ascends, the earth is again veiled in darkness, until the sun rises above the mountain and brings with it the Soobhi Sadig, or real morning."Scott Waring. He thinks Milton may allude to this, when he says,

Ere the blabbing Eastern scout

The nice morn on the Indian steep
From her cabin'd loop-hole peep.

Page 81, line 98.

held a feast

In his magnificent Shalimar.

that is, azure is put in press, on account of the man. ner in which the azure is laid on."-"They are every now and then trying to recover the art of this magical painting, but to no purpose."-Dunn.

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More perfect than the divinest images in the House of Azor
An eminent carver of idols, said in the Koran to be

father to Abraham. "I have such a lovely idol as is
not to be met with in the house of Azor."-Hafiz.

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The grottos, hermitages, and miraculous fountains. "The pardonable superstition of the sequestered inhabitants has multiplied the places of worship of Mahadeo, of Beschan, and of Brama. All Cashmere is holy land, and miraculous fountains abound."Major Rennell's Memoirs of a Map of Hindostan.

Jehanguire mentions "a fountain in Cashmere called Tirnagh, which signifies a snake; probably because some large snake had formerly been seen there."-" During the lifetime of my father, I went twice to this fountain, which is about twenty coss from the city of Cashmere. The vestiges of places of worship and sanctity are to be traced without number amongst the ruins and the caves, which are interspersed in its neighbourhood."-Toozek Jehangeery.-See Asiat. Misc. vol. ii.

There is another account of Cashmere by Abul Fazil, the author of the Ayin-Acbaree, "who," says Major Rennell," appears to have caught some of the enthusiasm of the Valley, by his descriptions of the holy places in it."

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"In the centre of the plain, as it approaches the Lake, one of the Delhi Emperors, I believe Shah Jehan, constructed a spacious garden called the Shalimar, which is abundantly stored with fruit trees and flowering shrubs. Some of the rivulets which intersect the plain are led into a canal at the back of the garden, and, flowing through its centre, or occasionally thrown into a variety of water-works, compose Whose houses, roof'd with flowers. the chief beauty of the Shalimar. To decorate this "On a standing roof of wood is laid a covering spot the Mogul Princes of India have displayed an of fine earth, which shelters the building from the equal magnificence and taste; especially Jehan Gheer, great quantity of snow that falls in the winter season. who, with the enchanting Noor Mahl, made Kash-This fence communicates an equal warmth in winter, mire his usual residence during the summer months. as a refreshing coolness in the summer season, when On arches thrown over the canal are erected, at the tops of the houses, which are planted with a equal distances, four or five suits of apartments, each variety of flowers, exhibit at a distance the spacious consisting of a saloon, with four rooms at the angles, view of a beautifully chequered parterre.”—Forster. where the followers of the court attend, and the servants prepare sherbets, coffee, and the hookah. The frame of the doors of the principal saloon is composed of pieces of a stone of a black colour, streaked with yellow lines, and of a closer grain and higher polish than porphyry. They were taken, it is said, from a Hindoo temple, by one of the Mogul Princes, and are esteemed of great value."-Forster.

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And oh, if there be, etc. "Around the exterior of the Dewan Khass (a building of Shah Allum's) in the cornice are the following lines in letters of gold upon a ground of white marble-'If there be a Paradise upon earth, it is this, it is this.'"-Franklin.

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Like that painted porcelain.

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Lanterns of the triple-coloured tortoise shell of Pegu. "Two hundred slaves there are, who have no other office than to hunt the woods and marshes for triple coloured tortoises for the King's Viviary. Of the shells of these also lanterns are made."—Vincent le Blanc's Travels.

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The cold, odoriferous wind. This wind, which is to blow from Syria Damas cena, is, according to the Mahometans, one of the signs of the Last Day's approach.

"The Chinese had formerly the art of painting on Another of the signs is, "Great distress in the the sides of porcelain vessels, fish and other animals, world, so that a man when he passess by another's which were only perceptible when the vessel was grave, shall say, Would to God I were in his place!" full of some liquor. They call this species Kai-tsin,-Sale's Preliminary Discourse.

N

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The cerulean throne of Koolburga. "On Mahommed Shaw's return to Koolburga (the capital of Dekkan) he made a great festival, and mounted his throne with much pomp and magnificence, calling it Firozeh or Cerulean. I have heard some old persons, who saw the throne Firozeh in the reign of Sultan Mamood Bhamenee, describe it. They say that it was in length nine feet, and three in breadth; made of ebony, covered with plates of pure

gold, and set with precious stones of immense value. Every prince of the house of Bhamenee, who possessed this Throne, made a point of adding to it some rich stones, so that when, in the reign of Sultan Mamood, it was taken to pieces, to remove some of the jewels to be set in vases and cups, the jewellers valued it at one crore of oons, (nearly four millions sterling.) I learned also that it was called Firozeh from being partly enamelled of a sky-blue colour, which was in time totally concealed by the number of jewels."Ferishta.

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