COLCHESTER. The largest contains about 60 acres. On the outlet to this pond are still seen the remains of beavers' works. The principal streams of this town are, the river Lamoille which runs from Milton through the northwest corner into lake Champlain; Mallets creek which also comes from Milton and empties into Mallets bay; Indian creek which runs into Mallets creek; and Winooski river on the south. The soil in the north and northwestern parts is a variety of gravel and loam, and is well adapted to grazing, though Indian corn, the English grains and the common culinary roots are successfully cultivated. The timber in these parts is principally white pine, beech, maple, birch, basswood, ash, elin, oak, walnut, butternut and some chestnut. In the middle part of the town is a large tract of pine plain, mostly covered with pitch pine and small oaks, and seems more particularly adapted to the raising of rye and corn. On the bank of the Winooski river, are large tracts of intervale. Besides the ordinary methods of enriching the soil, plaister of Paris has been used in this town with great success. The rocks in the northern and eastern parts are mostly composed of lime and slate with occasional bolders of granite; red sand stone is found in abundance near Mallets bay. Iron ore has been found in small quantities in the western part of the town, and sulphate of iron is found in the northeastern part. About the year 1812, or 13, the dysentery prevailed here extensively, and in the early settlements there were frequent cases of the fever and ague, but the town has generally been very healthy. There have been two individuals in this town who have lived to be upwards of 100 years old, and two others who have lived to be above 90. CONCORD. 306; oats, 9,856; rye, 5,973; b'k wheat, 1,202; Ind. corn, 10,343; potatoes, 36,324; hay, tons, 3,401; sugar, lbs. 1,900; wool, 11,375. Population, 1739. CONCORD, a post town in the southern extremity of Essex county, situated in lat. 44° 25' and long. 5° 8', containing about 47 square miles. It is bounded northwesterly by Kirby and Bradleyvale, northeasterly by Lunenburgh, southeasterly by Connecticut river, and southwesterly by Waterford, lying opposite to Littleton, in New Hampshire. It was granted Nov. 7, 1780, and chartered September 15, 1781, to Reuben Jones and his associates. The first settlement of Concord was commenced in 1788, by Joseph Ball. Among the settlers, who came into town previous to the year 1794, may be mentioned Amos Underwood, Solomon Babcock, Daniel Gregory, Benjamin Streeter, Jonathan and Jesse Woodbury and Levi Ball. in 1795, when John Fry came into town, there were 17 families here. The first settlers were principally from Westboro' and Royalston, Mass. John, son of Joseph Ball, was born in 1789, and was the first child born in town. The first town meeting was held and the town organized March 3, 1794. Elijah Spafford was first town clerk. At this meeting 14 persons took the freeman's oath. There are a Congregational, a Free will Baptist and a Methodist church, in this town. The Congregational church was organized January 7, 1807, and then consisted of 17 members. The Rev. Samuel Godard was ordained over it Sept. 7, 1809, and dismissed June 6, 1821. The Rev. Samuel R. Hall was ordained March 4, 1823, and continued till August, 1830. The Rev. Solon Martin was ordained June 7, 1835, and dismissed Oct. 1, 1838. The FreeWinooski village is situated at Winoos- will Baptist church was formed Oct. 10, ki lower falls, being partly in this town 1821, and the Methodist church in May, and partly in Burlington, and 1 miles 1822. Concord academy was incorporafrom Burlington village. The water pow- ted here November, 1823, and was for 6 er here is sufficient for almost any amount or 7 years, while under the charge of the of machinery. The village has suffered Rev. S. R. Hall, a very flourishing instivery severely by fire. On the 21st of tution. Hall's pond, lying near the cenDec. 1838, an extensive block factory, a tre of the town, is about a mile long and large satinet factory, a paper mill, and on an average 100 rods wide. Miles' saw mill were consumed in one conflagra- pond is about the same size, and lies near tion. There are at present in this village, the northeast corner of the town. This on the Colchester side of the river, a hand- town is watered by Moose river, which some meeting house, two stores, two tay-passes through the northwest part, by erns, a saw mill, machine shop, sash factory, and an extensive woollen factory for the manufacture of broad cloths. A substantial covered bridge connects the two parts of the village. The town is divided into 9 school districts. Statistics of 1840.Horses, 229; cattle, 1,667; sheep, 5,953; swine, 1,169; wheat, bu. 1,903; barley, 8 Pr. III. Connecticut river, on the south, and by several small streams. The surface of the town is uneven, and in the northeastern parts, very stoney. It is an excellent grazing township, and has some good tillage land. The town contains two stores, a meeting house and several mills. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 329; cattle, CONNECTICUT RIVER. 1,837; sheep, 3,880; swine, 812; wheat, bu. 3,579; barley, 308; oats, 13,150; rye, 469; b'k wheat, 614; Ind. corn, 1,906; potatoes, 48,885; hay, tons, 3,609; sugar, lbs. 19,090; wool, 6,218. Pop. 1024. CONNECTICUT RIVER lies between Vermont and New Hampshire, and belongs wholly to the latter. * Its name is from the Indian words Quonnec or Unnec, signifying long, and Tucque or Tuck, signifying river. When the Indians spoke of any thing happening at this river they used the expression Quonnec tucquok, or Unnectuckok, meaning at the long river; and hence comes Connecticut. This river originates among the mountains in the north part of New Hampshire, and, for some distance, forms the boundary between that state and Canada. After running between New Hampshire and Vermont, it passes through Massachusetts and Connecticut, and falls into Long Island Sound. The breadth of this river, when it first washes Vermont, is about 150 feet, and, in the course of 60 miles, increases to 390 feet. In Massachusetts and Connecticut its breadth may be estimated from 450 to 1050 feet. The depth of the river, below the head of boat navigation, may be stated to vary from five to twelve feet. This river is navigable for vessels drawing ten feet of water, 36 miles, to Middletown; for small sloops, 50 miles to Hartford; and by means of canals and other improvements, it has been rendered passable for boats to the Fifteen Mile Falls, 250 miles further. There are, in this river, many rapids. The most considerable are Bellows' Falls, between Rockingham and Walpole, N. H., (see Rockingham,) Ottà Quechee Falls, just below the mouth of Ottà Quechee river, White River Falls, just above the mouth of White river, and the Fifteen Mile Falls, which extend from Barnet to Lunenburgh. The perpendicular height of the falls, which have been made passable by dams and locks, between Springfield, Mass. and Hanover, N. H. a distance CORINTH. There of 130 miles, is about 200 feet. * CORINTH, a post town six miles square in the central part of Orange county, is in lat. 44° 2' and long. 4° 42', and is bounded northerly by Topsham, easterly by Bradford, southerly by Vershire and westerly by Washington. It lies 21 miles southeast from Montpelier, 12 westerly from Haverhill, N. H. and 41 north from Windsor. It was chartered by New Hampshire, Feb. 4, 1764, to Messrs. Ward, Taplin, and others. A confirmation grant was, afterwards procured from New York, by Henry Moore and others. In the spring of 1777, previous to the settlement of the town, Ezekiel Colby, John Nutting and John Armand, spent several weeks here in manufacturing maple sugar. They started together from Newbury, with each a five pail kettle on his head, and with this load they travelled, by a pocket compass, 12 miles through the wilderness to the place of destination near the centre of the township. This year, Mr. Colby moved his family into Corinth, which Preparatory to granting the townships along was the first family in town. The next Connecticat river, Joseph Blanchard, under a commission from the governor of New Hampshire, in year, 1778, Mr. Nutting moved his family March, 1760, made a survey of that river upon the here, and Mrs. Colby was delivered of a ice, from Charlestown, N. H. to the lower Coos, and son, Henry, the first child born in town. the next year the survey was continued by Hugh-In 1779, Messrs. Edmund Brown, Samuel bartes Neel, to the upper Coos. In this survey monuments were placed upon the banks of the river, Norris, Jacob Fowler and Bracket Towle, once in the distance of 6 miles in a right line, to moved their families here, and the same mark the corners of the river towns, which were to be surveyed afterwards. A plan of this survey was *The total fall of Connecticut river, from lake kept in the land office at Portsmouth, and from it the Connecticut to the head of McIndoes falls in Barcourses and distances were taken by Gov. Went-net, 92 1-2 miles, is 1140 feet; and from the latter worth,in making out the charters of townships along place to tide water, at Hartford, Conn. the fall is the river. These facts, together with a full account 449 feet. of the surveys, and the troubles arising from con- The first bridge over the Connecticut was built flicting claims, and which we are obliged for the in 1785, at Bellows' Falls, by Col. Enoch Hale. The want of room to omit, were furnished by J. Mc-second was built at Windsor, and completed in Oct. Duffee, Esq. 1796.-Graham. CORINTH. COOS. CORNWALL. died here, March 26, 1824, aged 101 year, Mr. John Aiken, of Wentworth, N. H., erected the first grist mill, which went into operation the year following Previous to this, the settlers had to go to Newbury, 12 miles, for their grinding. In 1780, several other families came in, and the town was organized. George Bondfield was first town clerk, David McKeen first constable, and Nehemiah Love well first representative. Some time, this year, Lieut. Elliot was stationed here with 20 men to defend the inhabitants against the Indians and tories, and built a small fort. In 1781, Col. Wait and Major Kingsbury, with two companies of soldiers, under Captains Sealy and Nelson, built a fort near the centre of the town, on what is called Cook's hill, and made this their head quarters. October 16, of this year, five men, from this fort, viz: Moses Warner, John Barret, John Sargeant, Jonathan Luce and Daniel Hovey, being on a scout, and proceeding down Winooski river, were fired upon in the township of Jericho by a party of 16 tories. Warner, Sargeant and Barret were wounded, the latter mortally. He lived about 40 hours and was buried near the margin of Winooski river in Colchester. The others were carried to Quebec, and kept till the next spring when they were suffered to return. In 1782, a British scouting party from Canada, about 20 in number, under Major Breakenridge, after annoying the settlers of Newbury, killing one man and taking another prisoner, proceeded to Corinth, where they compelled the settlers to take the oath of allegiance to the British king. The reli- Coos, an Indian word, signifying at the gious denominations are Baptists, Congre- pines. This name was applied by the gationalists, Methodists, Freewill Baptists Indians to two sections of Connecticut and Universalists. There are two Free-river, one below, and the other above the will Baptist churches; that in the northwest part was organized in 1805, and that CORNWALL, a township in the central in the south in 1807. The Congrega- part of Addison county, is in lat. 43° 57' tional church was organized Oct. 10, 1820. and long. 3o 50', and is bounded north by Jan. 25, 1821, they settled the Rev. Cal- Weybridge, east by Middlebury and Salisvin Y. Chase, who died here in 1831.bury, south by Whiting and west by BridThe Rev. Stilman Morgan, was settled in port and Shoreham. It was chartered 1832, and continued till 1836. In 1838 November 3, 1761, to Elias Read and his the Rev. Solon Martin, their present associates. It is 75 miles north of Benminister, was settled. The Congrega-nington, and 36 south of Burlington. The tional meeting house was built in 1800, as was that of the Freewill Baptists, in the northwest part of the town. The Freewill Baptist house in the south part, was built in 1837. The Methodist house in the west part, was built in 1838, and that in the east in 1840. In 1804, the canker and dysentery were fatal here to a great number of persons, mostly children, and many families lost from one to three of their number. Mrs. Jane Brown, a native of Ireland, and relict of Mr. S. Brown, town was organized in March of this 15 mile falls. See part second, page 205. settlement was commenced in 1774, by Asa Blodget, Eldad Andrus, Aaron Scott, Nathan Foot, William Douglass, James Bentley, James Bentley, junior, Ebenezer Stebbins, Thomas Bentley, Samuel Blodget and Joseph Troup. When Ticonde roga was abandoned to the British in 1777 the settlers ali fled to the south, and did not return till after the war. In the winter of 1784, about 30 families came into the township from Connecticut. The year, and Joel Linsley was the first town clerk, and Hiland Hall the first representative. The Congregational church, in this town, was organized July 15, 1785, and September 26, 1787, they settled the Rev. Thomas Tolman, who was dismissed November 11, 1790. The Rev. Benjamin Wooster was ordained over this church February 23, 1797, and dismissed January 7, 1802. The Rev. Jedediah Bushnell was installed May 25, 1803, and this year, their meetinghouse was erected. He was dismissed May 25, 1836, and was succeeded by the Rev. Lamson Miner, who was settled January 3, 1837, who has since been succeeded by the Rev. Jacob Scales the present pastor. This church consists of about 350 members. In 1841, a Free church was organized from the Congregational and Baptist churches, which is under the care of the Rev. Wm. B. Ran som There is a Methodist church in the west part of the town who have a neat chapel. There is a literary debating society which was incorporated in 1832. It has a good hall for its weekly meetings and a choice library of about 450 volumes. Elder Henry Green was settled over the Baptist church and society, in 1809, and dismissed February 28, 1824. The Baptist meeting house was erected in 1807. One person has died, in this town, aged 106 years, and several have lived to be upwards of 90. This is a very handsome township of land, and the surface is generally level. Lemonfair river crosses the northwest corner, and Otter creek washes a part of the eastern boundary. This township, by charter, comprehended that part of Middlebury, which lies west of Otter creek, including the mill privileges on the west side of the creek at Middlebury falls. In the south part of the town is a quarry of excellent dark blue lime stone from which the materal for the front of the new college in Middlebury was obtained, and near the centre of the town is a bed of hydraulic cement, or water lime. Calcareous spar, in very beautiful, transparent, rhomboidal crystals, is found in the western part of this township. Along Otter creek, in the southeast part, is a large swamp covering several thousand acres. There are here 2 saw mills, 3 stores, 1 tavern, 2 tanneries and 1 marble shop. Statistics of 1840.-Horses, 318; cattle, 3,059; sheep, 24,561; swine, 824; wheat, bus. 2,436; oats, 9,021; rye, 874; buck wheat, 690; Indian corn, 7,288; potatoes, 24,307; hay, tons, 8,751; sugar, lbs. 11,000; wool 60,897. Population 1163. COVENTRY, name altered to Orleans, November, 1841. See Orleans. CRAFTSBURY. COVENTRY GORE, a tract of 2000 acres of land belonging to Coventry, (now Orleans,) lying in Orleans county, a few miles to the southwest of that town. It is bounded north by Newport, east by Irasburgh, south by Lowell and west by Troy, and contains 10 inhabitants. CRAFTSBURY, a post town in Orleans county, lat. 44° 39' and long. 4° 32', six miles square, and is bounded on the north by Albany, east by Greensborough, south by Wolcott, and west by Eden. It is situated twenty-five miles south from Canada line, and about the same distance northerly from Montpelier, and is nearly at equal distances from Connecticut river on the east, and lake Champlain on the west. It was granted Nov. 6, 1780, to Timothy Newell, Ebenezer Crafts, and their associates, and chartered by the name of Minden, Aug. 23, 1781. The first settlement in the town was commenced in the summer of 1788, by Col. Ebenezer Crafts, who during that summer opened a road from Cabot, eighteen miles, cleared ten or twelve acres of land, built a house and saw mill, and made considerable preparation for a grist mill. In the spring of 1789, Nathan Cutler and Robert Trumbell moved their families into this township. In the ensuing fall Mr. Trumbell, by reason of the sickness of his family, spent the ensuing winter in Barnet, but Mr. Cutler's family remained through the winter. Their nearest neighbors were Ashbel Shepard's family, in Greensborough, distant six miles; there were at that time no other settlements within the present bounds of Orleans county. In Nov. 1790 the name of the town was altered to Craftsbury. In Feb. 1791, Col. Crafts, having previously erected a grist mill, and made considerable additions to his improvements, together with John Corey, Benjamin Jennings, Daniel Mason, John Babcock, and Mills Merrifield, removed their families from Sturbridge, Mass. After arriving at Cabot they found it impossible to proceed any further with their teams, on account of the great depth of the snow, being about four feet deep. They were obliged to provide themselves with snow-shoes, and to draw the female part of their families on hand sleds, a distance of eighteen miles. These settlers were soon after followed by several other families from Sturbridge and other towns in Worcester county. In March, 1792, the town was organized, and Samuel C. Crafts was the first town clerk, and was annually chosen to that office until March, 1829, when Joseph Scott, (then jun.) was elected, and continues to hold said office. The CRAFTSBURY. town was first represented in the general assembly by Ebenezer Crafts, in 1792. In 1797, a Congregational church was organized, and the Rev. Samuel Collins was installed, and continued to preach in this town until 1804, when he died. From 1804 to 1822 the town was without a settled minister, in which last mentioned year the Rev. William A. Chapin was ordained pastor of the Congregational society; which office he held for about twelve years, and then took a dismission. The Rev. Samuel R. Hall is at present pastor of the Congregational church and society, he was installed into that office in 1841. There has for many years past been a very considerable society of Methodists in Craftsbury, the Rev. Joseph C. Aspenwall has at present the charge of the society. There is also a society of Reformed Presbyterians, or Covenanters, over which the Rev. Samuel Wilson has been ordained. There are some Baptists, and several Universalists, which are only occasionally supplied with preaching The professional men, besides the above named, are James A. Paddock and Nathan S. Hill, attornies, Daniel Dustin, Ephraim Brewster and Daniel Bates, physicians. This township is well watered by Black river which is formed here, and by its several branches, which afford numerous mill privileges. Black river was known to the natives, who occasionally resided in this part of Vermont, by the name of Elligo-sigo. Its current is in general slow, the whole descent from Elligo pond to Memphremagog lake, including the falls at Irasburgh and Coventry, being by actual survey only 190 feet. Wild branch a tributary of Lamoille, rises in Eden and passes through the western part of this township. There are five natural ponds, viz: Elligo, (see Elligo,) lying partly in Greensborough, Great Hosmer, lying partly in Albany, Little Hosmer, and two smaller ponds. The geology of this town is in many respects interesting, and, in some, peculiar. Few areas of the same space, in a region of primary rocks, furnish so many varieties in situ. In the eastern borders, granite appears, then gneiss, then mica slate; and these in the central portions are displaced by argillaceous slate of a very dark or plumbago color, alternating with silicious lime stone. The rocks on the west side of Black river are hardly more uniform; strata of mica slate, agillaceous and chlorite slates, and limestone, give place to each other in rapid succession. Near the south village is an extensive body of gray granite, very much broken on the surface. This rock is filled with nodules of black mica and CRAFTSBURY are quartz, in concentric lamina. These about the size of butternuts, and, in many of the specimens, are so numerous that a hundred may be counted within a circle of of two feet in diameter. In some parts the ledge these nodules are very much flattened, as if subjected to an immense vertical pressure when the mass was in a semi-fluid state. A rock similar to this, it is believed, has not been found in any other place in this country or Europe. Near the centre of the township, on an elevated plain, affording an extensive prospect, is situated the centre village, containing over thirty dwelling houses, two meeting houses, a town house, an academy, school house, two taverns, two dry goods and one hardware store, two cabinet makers', two saddlers', two blacksmith's, one tin maker's, and one hatter's shop, and one tannery. This village is principally situated round an open square, forty rods north and south, by twentyfour rods east and west. Craftsbury academy is located here; was incorporated in October, 1829, and has the avails of one half of the grammar school lands in Orleans county, being about two thousand six hundred acres, about half of which is leased. The building is of brick, two stories high, and is pleasantly situated on the west side of the common. It is the object of the trustees and instructers to render it a place of thorough education to those who resort to it. The institution embraces three departments. The cassical, is designed for those who are fitting for college: the teachers, for those who are qualifying to become instructers; and the general, for those who wish to qualify themselves for business in the various pursuits of life. The apparatus is extensive, including a galvanic battery, electro magnetic apparatus, air pump, electrical machine, telescope, double and single microscopes, globes, chemical apparatus, &c., together with a very extensive cabinet of minerals, shells and marine productions; and a museum of curiosities in other departments of natural history and the arts. The collection of ancient coins contains specimens from the Catacombs of Egypt and Herculaneum, besides numerous other interesting varieties. The institution is under the superintendence of the Rev. S. R. Hall. There is another village situated on Trout brook, a large branch of Black river, a mile and a half from the centre village, containing about twenty dwelling houses, two saw mills, an oil mill, a fulling mill, a carding machine, a carriage maker, a blacksmith and a chairmaker's shop, one store and a tavern. There are three |