WILLIAMS: Brut y Tywysogion, or the Chronicle of the Princes, edited by John Williams Ab Ithel (Rolls Series, London, 1860), 79, 513.

WILLIAMS: A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Welshmen, by the Rev. Robert Williams (ILandovery, 1852), 534.

: Y Seint Greal, edited with a translation and glossary by the Rev. Robert Williams (London, 1876), 438, 514, 580. WILLIAMS: The Doom of Colyn Dolphyn, by Taliesin Williams (London, 1837), 561.

: Traethawd ar Gywreined Glynn Ned, by Taliesin Williams : see 439.

WILLIAMS: Observations on the Snowdon Mountains, by William Williams of ILandegai (London, 1802), 48, 673, 674.

WINDISCH: Irische Texte mit Wörterbuch, by Ernst Windisch (Leipsic, 1880), 501, 657.

: Kurzgefasste irische Grammatik (Leipsic, 1879), 291, 501, 502, 531, 546, 547, 603, 613, 618, 691.

: Über die irische Sage Noinden Ulad, in the Berichte der k. sächs. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (phil.-historische Classe, Dec. 1884), 654.

WOODALL: Bye-gones, a periodical reissue of notes, queries, and replies on subjects relating to Wales and the Borders, published in the columns of The Border Counties Advertizer, by Messrs. Woodall, Minshall & Co. of the Caxton Press, Oswestry, 169, 378.

WOOD-MARTIN: Pagan Ireland, by W. G. Wood-Martin (London, 1895), 612.

WORTH: A History of Devonshire, with Sketches of its leading Worthies, by R. N. Worth (London, 1895), 307.

WRIGHT: The English Dialect Dictionary, edited by Professor Joseph Wright (London and Oxford, 1898–), 66.

WYNNE: The History of the Gwydir Family, published by Angharad ILwyd in the year 1827, and by Askew Roberts at Oswestry in 1878, 490, 491, 670.

Y Cymmrodor, the magazine embodying the transactions of the Cymmrodorion Society of London (Secretary, E. Vincent Evans, 64 Chancery Lane, W.C.), 374, 384, 480, 510, 513, 520, 600, 610, 690, 693, 694.

Y Drych, a newspaper published at Utica in the United States of North America, 234.

Y Gordofigion, an extinct Welsh periodical: see p. 450.

Y Gwyliedyd, a magazine of useful knowledge intended for the benefit of monoglot Welshmen (Bala, 1823-37), 450.

Y Nofelyd, a Welsh periodical published by Mr. Aubrey, of ILannerch y Med, 396.

YOUNG: Burghead, by H. W. Young (Inverness, 1899), 345.

CELTIC FOLKLORE

WELSH AND MANX

GALLIAS utique possedit, et quidem ad nostram memoriam. Namque Tiberii Cæsaris principatus sustulit Druidas eorum, et hoc genus vatum medicorumque. Sed quid ego hæc commemorem in arte Oceanum quoque transgressa, et ad naturæ inane pervecta? Britannia hodieque eam attonite celebrat tantis cerimoniis, ut dedisse Persis videri possit. Adeo ista toto mundo consensere, quamquam discordi et sibi ignoto. Nec satis æstimari potest, quantum Romanis debeatur, qui sustulere monstra, in quibus hominem occidere religiosissimum erat, mandi vero etiam saluberrimum. PLINY, Historia Naturalis, xxx. 4.

Pline fait remarquer que ces pratiques antipathiques au génie grec sont d'origine médique. Nous les rencontrons en Europe à l'état de survivances. L'universalité de ces superstitions prouve en effet qu'elles émanent d'une source unique qui n'est pas européenne. Il est difficile de les considérer comme un produit de l'esprit aryen; il faut remonter plus haut pour en trouver l'origine. Si, en Gaule, en Grande-Bretagne, en Irlande, tant de superstitions relevant de la magie existaient encore au temps de Pline enracinées dans les esprits à tel point que le grand naturaliste pouvait dire, à propos de la Bretagne, qu'il semblait que ce fût elle qui avait donné la magie à la Perse, c'est qu'en Gaule, en Grande-Bretagne, et en Irlande le fond de la population était composé d'éléments étrangers à la race aryenne, comme les faits archéologiques le démontrent, ainsi que le reconnaît notre éminent confrère et ami, M. d'Arbois de Jubainville lui-même.

ALEXANDRE BERTRAND, La Religion des Gaulois, pp. 55, 56.

...

Une croyance universellement admise dans le monde lettré, en France et hors de France, fait des Français les fils des Gaulois qui ont pris Rome en 390 avant Jésus-Christ, et que César a vaincus au milieu du premier siècle avant notre ère. On croit que nous sommes des Gaulois, survivant à toutes les révolutions qui depuis tant de siècles ont bouleversé le monde. C'est une idée préconçue que, suivant moi, la science doit rejeter. Seuls à peu près, les archéologues ont vu la vérité. . . . Les pierres levées, les cercles de pierre, les petites cabanes construites en gros blocs de pierre pour servir de dernier asile aux défunts, étaient, croyait-on, des monuments celtiques. ... On donnait à ces rustiques témoignages d'une civilisation primitive des noms bretons, ou néo-celtiques de France; on croyait naïvement, en reproduisant des mots de cette langue moderne, parler comme auraient fait, s'ils avaient pu revenir à la vie, ceux qui ont remué ces lourdes pierres, ceux qui les ont fixées debout sur le sol ou même élevées sur d'autres. . . . . Mais ceux qui ont dressé les pierres levées, les cercles de pierres; ceux qui ont construit les cabanes funéraires ne parlaient pas celtique et le breton diffère du celtique comme le français du latin.

H. D'ARBOIS DE Jubainville, Les premiers Habitants de l'Europe, II. xi–xiii,

CHAPTER I

UNDINE'S KYMRIC SISTERS

Undine, liebes Bildchen du,

Seit ich zuerst aus alten Kunden

Dein seltsam Leuchten aufgefunden,

Wie sangst du oft mein Herz in Ruh!

DE LA MOTTE FOUQUÉ.

THE chief object of this and several of the following chapters is to place on record all the matter I can find on the subject of Welsh lake legends: what I may have to say of them is merely by the way and sporadic, and I should feel well paid for my trouble if these contributions should stimulate others to communicate to the public bits of similar legends, which, possibly, still linger unrecorded among the mountains of Wales. For it should be clearly understood that all such things bear on the history of the Welsh, as the history of no people can be said to have been written so long as its superstitions and beliefs in past times have not been studied; and those who may think that the legends here recorded are childish and frivolous, may rest assured that they bear on questions which could not themselves be called either childish or frivolous. So, however silly a legend may be thought, let him who knows such a legend communicate it to somebody who will place it on record; he will then probably find that it has more meaning and interest than he had anticipated.

I.

I find it best to begin by reproducing a story which has already been placed on record: this appears desirable on account of its being the most complete of its kind, and the one with which shorter ones can most readily be compared. I allude to the legend of the Lady of ILyn y Fan Fach in Carmarthenshire, which I take the liberty of copying from Mr. Rees of Tonn's version in the introduction to The Physicians of Mydvai1, published by the Welsh Manuscript Society, at ILandovery, in 1861. There he says that he wrote it down from the oral recitations, which I suppose were in Welsh, of John Evans, tiler, of Myđfai, David Williams, Morfa, near Mydfai, who was about ninety years old at the time, and Elizabeth Morgan, of Hentlys Lodge, near ILandovery, who was a native of the same village of Myđfai; to this it may be added that he acknowledges obligations also to Joseph Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., Brecon, for collecting particulars from the old inhabitants of the parish of ILandeusant. The legend, as given by Mr. Rees in English, runs as follows, and strongly reminds one in certain parts of the Story of Undine as given in the German of De la Motte Fouqué, with which it should be compared :

'When the eventful struggle made by the Princes of South Wales to preserve the independence of their country was drawing to its close in the twelfth cen

'As to the spelling of Welsh names, it may be pointed out for the benefit of English readers that Welsh ƒ has the sound of English v, while the sound of English ƒ is written ƒƒ (and ph) in Welsh, and however strange it may seem to them that the written ƒ should be sounded v, it is borrowed from an old English alphabet which did so likewise more or less systematically. Th in such English words as thin and breath is written th, but the soft sound as in this and breathe is usually printed in Welsh dd and written in modern Welsh manuscript sometimes d, like a small Greek delta: this will be found represented by a in the Welsh extracts edited by me in this volume.-J. R.