and a democratic love the more intense for the depth of that radical misery which it saw in all existence. I find the orator Quintilian continually appealing to the sentiments of compassion and brotherly love, as the noblest in man, and ‘as uniting all men by the will of the Common Father.' I find Cicero over and over again affirming that men are "created for the purpose of mutual help," and that "one man should never be unfriendly to another, for the simple reason that he is a man." I know not where I should end, if I should undertake to quote what Cicero, Epictetus, Aurelius and Seneca have said of the common citizenship and brotherhood of men. I believe most thoroughly with Saisset, that Stoicism "anticipated Christianity in the recognition that men are brothers and brothers in God." It is difficult to see how any student of Roman civilization at the beginning of the Christian Era can doubt that the universality of spirit attained by the new faith was largely due to the influence of Roman Law, Philosophy, Philanthropy and Piety. Need I refer Dr. Clarke to the concessions of early Christian Fathers concerning the wisdom of the Heathen, or to the statement of the orthodox Merivale, that "while the apostles preached the commandment of Jesus that he who loveth God love his brother also, the same instinct and sympathy sprang spontaneously, and without a sanction but that of nature, in many a (heathen) watcher of the wants and miseries of men"? Let me say in general, what I hope one day to prove more fully, that I find all through the Oriental Religions vigorous germs of these great natural beliefs, quite adequate to guarantee their fullest expansion in Christianity. It is easy to point out inadequacies and inconsistencies in these earlier confesBut the assumption I oppose is not that the convictions in question were more purely conceived, and more grandly lived by Jesus than by the others; but that they are so exclusively his that he may properly be called the "one mediator" of them between God and Man. This phraseology seems to me quite unworthy the free thought and scholarship of this time and this country. If Christianity is to be our religion, it must be founded in nature, not on the absurdity of a gospel appealing to no human experience, a teacher declaiming in an unknown tongue. In this I am sure Dr. Clarke will agree with me. But some of his positions almost imply such absurdity.

sors.

The question does not depend on historical testimonies. What if we could not find one teacher who had lisped of these eternal verities before Jesus and Paul? The inference of Dr. Clarke would not be justified. Truth is not bound to come only through the mediation' of the man who may have first uttered it, nor of the man who may have best lived it. Essentially, it comes in others as it came in him. Education and Inspiration ; Past and Present; God, the Soul and the World; - these, its Eternal Factors, abide for all.

SAMUEL JOHNSON.

SECOND GENERAL MEETING.

THIS body, which held its first general meeting on the 4th of October last, opened its second general meeting in the hall of the Lowell Institute in Boston, on Wednesday, the 27th of December, 1865, at 10, A. M.

Prayer having been offered by Rev. Dr. Neale, of Boston, the records of the previous meeting were read. From these it appeared that the officers of the Association, as at present serving, are the following:

PRESIDENT.

- Prof. William B. Rogers, 1 Temple Place, Boston.

VICE PRESIDENTS. -1. Rev. Thomas Hill, D. D., Harvard College, Cambridge; 2. Charles E. Buckingham, M. D., 911 Washington Street, Boston; 3. Hon. George S. Boutwell, M. C., Groton, Mass.; 4. Francis Lieber, L. L. D., 48 East 34th Street, New York.

DIRECTORS. -1. Rev. E. O. Haven, D. D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 2. Mrs. Mary Eliot Parkman, 109 Boylston Street, Boston; 3. David A. Wells, Esq., Custom House, New York; 4. Hon. Emory Washburn, Cambridge; 5. Mrs. Caroline Healy Dall, 70 Warren Avenue, Boston.

GENERAL SECRETARIES. 1. Samuel Eliot, L. L. D., 30 Chestnut Street, Boston; 2. F. B. Sanborn, Esq., 12 State House, Boston.

SPECIAL SECRETARIES. -1. Hon. Joseph White, Williamstown, Mass; 2. James C. White, M. D., 10 Park Place, Boston; 3. Hon. George Walker, Springfield, Mass; 4. Prof. Theodore W. Dwight, Columbia College, New York. TREASURER. — James J. Higginson, Esq., 40 State Street, Boston.

The chair was occupied by the President, PROFESSOR ROGERS, who called on the Recording Secretary to bring forward any business which might come before the meeting.

Mr. Sanborn, the Secretary, then read a list of Honorary and Corresponding Members, which had been agreed on by the Executive Committee. The Honorary members, residing in America, were the following:

Dr. E. Sayre, New York; Samuel B. Ruggles, Esq., New York; Henry Barnard, L. L. D., Hartford; A. Bronson Alcott, Esq., Concord; Rev. Frederic N. Knapp, Yonkers, N. Y.; Prof. Daniel Wilson, Toronto, C. W.; Edward A. Meredith, Esq., Quebec, C. E.; Rev. Philip Carpenter, Montreal, C. E.

To these were afterwards added, Henry C. Carey, Esq., Philadelphia; Charles L. Brace, Esq., N. Y.

The Corresponding Members, residing in Europe, were the following:

In Great Britain and Ireland, The Right Honorable Lord Brougham, George W. Hastings, Esq., John Stuart Mill, Esq., M. P., Thomas Hughes, Esq., London; Miss Mary Carpenter, Bristol; Matthew Davenport Hill, Esq., Birmingham; Sir Walter Crofton, Winchester; Edward Peacock, Esq., Botsford Manor; Lord Radstock, Miss Frances Power Cobbe, Edward Chadwick, Esq. C. B., Edwin Lankester, M. D., William Farre, M. D. F. R. S., Hon. Edward Twistleton, Prof. J. E. Cairnes, London; Captain J. M. Whitty, James P. Or: gan, Esq., Dublin; Sir John Bowring, Exeter; Prof. Henry B. Rogers, Glasgow. In France, M. Bonneville de Marsangy, Paris; M. F. A. Demetry, Mettray;

M. A. de Gasparin, Paris; M. Gustave de Felice, Montauban; M. Edward Laboulaye, Paris.

In Belgium, Hon. Henry S. Sanford, U. S. Minister, M. Edward Ducpetiaux, Brussels.

In Prussia, Baron Franz Von Holtzendorff, Berlin.

In Italy, Signor Martino Beltrani Scalia, Turin.

In Russia, M. J. Kapnist, St. Petersburgh.

The name of Lord Brougham was objected to by Mr. G. H. Snelling and Mr. Capen, on account of his expressions in regard to America. A discussion followed, which was closed by a brief speech of the President, deprecating any rejection of members on account of their opinions, and reminding the association of the life-long services of Lord Brougham in the cause of human improvement. The list was then adopted by the meeting, the names of Messrs. Kapnist and Laboulaye having been inserted at the suggestion of Rev. C. F. Barnard.

The Executive Committee, through the recording secretary, then proposed a by-law allowing the Executive Committee of the several departments to hold meetings of their departments at any time and place they may choose. This was adopted by the meeting.

The President then addressed the association, calling attention to the objects of investigation, and showing the practical connection between all the physical sciences, and what is called "Social Science." Professor Rogers spoke with great force and clearness, and was applauded by the audience.

The subject of Education was then brought forward by Dr. Hill, the President of Harvard College, and Vice President of this department. His address related to Problems in Education, and was full of interesting observations on the subject.

At 12 0,clock the chair was taken by Dr. Charles E. Buckingham, Vice President of the department of Public Health; and Mrs. Dall, one of the directors, presented a report on the subject of a Library devoted to Social Science. This lady stated that there was great difficulty in America, in obtaining works of authority on such questions; that the Boston Public Library contained a small collection of such works, but still very insufficient; and that it is very desirable to raise money and purchase such a Library to facilitate the operations of the Social Science association. Mrs. Dall spoke with earnestness on this point, and closed by stating the desire of the Association to welcome women as members, and to receive suggestions and papers from them.

Dr. Buckingham then laid before the Association certain questions which the Executive Committee of the department of Public Health had proposed for discussion in the coming year. There are six in number, as follows : I. Quarantine, considered in its relation to Cholera.

2. The Tenement House; its economical and healthful arrangements, and how by legal means, to provide for the latter.

3. The present method of drug inspection in the United States.

4. Pork, and the diseases in man caused by its use as an article of food.

5. A system of sewerage applicable to large inland cities, and intended to promote health in the future, as well as economy in the present.

6. The adulteration of milk.

Dr. Buckingham then read a paper by Dr. A. B. Palmer, on "Sanitary Education," in which was given an interesting scheme of lectures on sanitary matters which have been commenced in the University of Michigan during the past year.

Dr. Palmer's paper gave a general view of the subject treated, fortified with illustrations and statistics. At the conclusion of this paper, a little past one o'clock, the association adjourned.

At the opening of the afternoon session, Henry C. Carey, Esq., of Philadelphia, read a paper on "our National Resources." Mr. Carey began by contrasting the countries in which capital commands a high rate of interest, with those in which the rate of interest is low. He then dwelt on the importance of bringing the producer and consumer near together, and thus avoiding the "petrifaction of capital," as he phrased it. He spoke of the waste of capital and resources in America, giving several illustrations of this. He commented on the neglect of our mineral wealth, on the cost of the tariff of 1846, which he estimated at 6,000,000,000 a year for a long period. He contrasted the paralysis of labor during Mr. Buchanan's administration, with the extraordinary activity of the four or five years of war. The cause of this change was, in his opinion, the increased rapidity of circulation of the products of industry, and the tariff of 1861. He gave several illustrations of his statement that our products had been enormously increasing during the past few years. In a brief review of the industrial history of the United States for half a century, he spoke of the effect of successive tariffs, ascribing the prosperity of the country to a protective policy, or what he called, "National Free Trade," in opposition to "British monopoly." The views of Mr. Carey, while strongly favoring protection, were ably stated and clearly illustrated, and commanded the close attention of the audience, who applauded heartily at the close of the paper.

E. H. Derby, Esq., of Boston, followed Mr. Carey, directing his remarks to the importance of the New England fisheries, and the Reciprocity Treaty with the British Provinces, which he hoped would be renewed. He dwelt on the antiquity of our fisheries, on their value pecuniarily, and as a school for seamen, and spoke eloquently of the services rendered by the Massachusetts fishermen to the country in the Revolution, in 1812, and in the late rebellion.

John L. Hayes, Esq., of Boston, added his testimony to the importance of the Reciprocity Treaty, which he trusted would be renewed. He believed its advantages were mainly on the side of the United States, although both parties were gainers.

At the close of the remarks of Mr. Hayes, the association adjourned to 10-30 A. M., on Thursday, December 28th.

The session was opened by a paper from F. B. Sanborn, the Recording Secretary, on Prison Discipline in Europe and America. Mr. Sanborn spoke of the Irish Convict System, and of its real founder, Captain Macon

ochie, who, however, had no direct connection with the establisment of the Work System in Ireland under Sir Walter Crofton. Portions of two letters from Captain Maconochie to Horace Mann in 1846, were read, in which an account was given of the state of affairs at Norfolk Island, before and after 1840, when Captain Maconochie was sent to take command there. These letters, which have been published, are of great interest. A brief account of the working of the Irish system since 1854 was then given, and extracts were read from a letter of Captain Whitty the present chief of the Irish prisons, in which the present condition of these persons was stated. Mr. Sanborn concluded with some account of the movement for a reformed prison discipline in America, which has been commenced within the past two years.

The second paper was read by Dr. Ray of Providence, on the Isolation of the Insane, in which it was stated that the imprisonment of the sane in asylums rarely if ever takes place, either in this country or in England, — Mr. Charles Reade to the contrary, notwithstanding. Dr. Ray also presented, with the needful explanations, a project of a law for the regulation of Insane Asylums and Hospitals. The whole paper was admirable, and was well received by the association.

Professor W. P. Atkinson next read a paper on the English Civil Service Examinations, in which that subject was fully discussed. He was followed by Charles L. Brace, Esq., of New York, who read a most interesting paper on the Sanitary Legislation of England, fortified by statistics and by the results of his own observation during a recent visit to England.

In the afternoon session of Thursday, Dr. Edward Jarvis of Dorchester, read a paper on the Duration of Human Life, in which he touched upon the subject which Mr. Brace had treated, drawing from the same statistics inferences of another kind, of no less importance. This was the last paper read; but a communication was laid before the association on the Eight Hour System in Australia, and some discussion was had in regard to the paper of Mr. Carey.

After speeches from Professor Rogers, Judge Washburn and other members of the association, the meeting adjourned at 4 P. M. on the 28th.

It was the general opinion of all who attended the sessions, that the association had begun its labors with great spirit and in a very interesting manner. It is understood that the proceedings of the October and December meetings, together with the papers read, will soon be published in a small volume for the convenience of the members. We venture to say that this volume will contain much that the general public will wish to read.

S.

This paper was very full and valuable, and we are glad that it will be printed for the service of the public. ED.