14 quasi rursus incipiens: Doubtless also a Ciceronian reminiscence. Cf. Brut. 55, 201 Cum haec disseruissem uterque assensus est. et ego tamquam de integro ordiens, quando. — initia et semina: Cf. Cic. Tusc. Disp. V 24, 69 inde est indagatio initiorum et tamquam seminum Quint. II 20, 6 initia quaedam ac semina sunt concessa natura. On the omission of an apologetic particle, see note

c. 5 23.

15 docendo: On the modal abl. of the gerund, see note c. 11 6. 16 institui erudirique: Combined also in Cic. Verr. II 3, 69, 161 eos (sc. liberos) instituere atque erudire ad maiorum instituta. debuisti.

17 quamquam 'of course.' On this use of 'quamquam' at the beginning of a sentence, cf. note c. 28 8.-ipsis artibus inest: Tacitus invariably construes 'inesse' with a dative in his later writings, and so generally in Silver Latin; Cicero, on the other hand, always has a preposition, with the single exception of de off. I 42, 151 quibus autem artibus . . . prudentia maior inest. Cp. Dr. H. S. I 416. But the 'm' of quamquam immediately preceding may possibly have caused the omission of 'in,' so that T. would be here still following Ciceronian usage, as in c. 11 15 and 30 4, where see notes.

...

The numerous variants in our MSS. seem to me due to the fact that ' varias,' having been accidentally omitted, was placed above the line and on being reintroduced into the text caused the confusion now existing. As 'varias' is more closely allied to 'tot' than reconditas,' I have had no hesitation in accepting John's transposition (Fleck. Jahrb. 1888 p. 574), but I now prefer to read ac' for aut,' for 'varias' and 'reconditas' constitute no logical alternative but are simply enumerative. So many, so various and abstruse subjects.' 'Ac was either confused with aut' (cf. crit. note 31 5) or omitted after 'varias' (-acac) as an apparent dittography. With the asyndeton, cf. e. g. Liv. V 54, 5 tot tam valida oppida XXV 37, 13 tot tam inopinata and Dr. H. S. II 12 f.

=

19 nisi ut nisi ita ut. So Quint. V 10, 57 Plin. II 11, 16 Suet. Claud. 35. In Tac. perhaps in but one other passage: Ann. IV 38 alii modestiam... quidam ut (= ita ut) degeneris animi interpretabantur. scientiae meditatio, meditationi facultas, facultati usus: The ancients generally regarded three things as essential to complete culture (1) pois, natura, ingenium, facultas (2) TÝμN, μάθησις, scientia, doctrina, ars (3) μελέτη, γύμνασις, ἄσκησις, exercitatio, declamatio. In our passage the last category seems to be subdivided into (a) meditatio μeμeλernμévos λóyos 'theoretical exer

cises' (b) usus actual forensic experience.' Cp. Arist. ap. Diog. Laert. V 18 φύσεως, μαθήσεως, ἀσκήσεως. Dionys. Halic. ap. Syrian. (Rhet. Gr. IV 41 W.) Ps. Plut. de educ. 4 Rhet. ad Her. III 16, 28 f. Cic. de invent. I 2 Quint. III 5, 1.- Other examples of climax in Tacitus are c. 30 24 32 8. 21 34 8 Ag. 41 infensus virtutibus princeps et gloria viri ac pessimum inimicorum genus. These instances ought perhaps to be distinguished as κλîμaέ diavolas from the following which are chiefly phraseological (kλîμaέ λéέews): H. II 32 Italiam... transitu exercitus vastam, non frumentum usquam exercitui nec exercitum sine copiis retineri IV 74 nam neque quies gentium sine armis neque arma sine stipendiis neque stipendia sine tributis. For exx. in other writers, cp. Sandys, Orat. 39, 135 Volkmann, Rhet. p. 403 and esp. Gerber, Die Spr. als Kunst II 197 ff.

John ad loc., following Sauppe (Philol. XIX 262), deletes 'eloquentiae' as an interpolation, perhaps caused by the preceding phrase facultate et usu eloquentiam contineri.' This is possible, and it must be admitted that the word is not essential to the context. But when John bases his condemnation upon the supposition that it is not likely that usus eloquentiae' would be here put down as the ultimate outcome of theoretical instruction rather than the result of actual experience, he seems to me to misinterpret the passage which does not imply any such contradiction to c. 34 8, but simply inculcates the necessity of rounding out one's theoretical education by subsequent (accedat) practical training, i. e. scientia and meditatio together with the requisite amount of native talent (facultas) must be supplemented by usu eloquentiae' before the orator is thoroughly equipped for his future career.

.20 per quae quibus. See note c. 24 5.

21 et percipiendi quae proferas et proferendi quae perceperis : i. e. the character of one's theoretical knowledge will determine the expediency of its particular use and so inversely what the orator carries out in practice, will depend upon the thoroughness of his theoretical training. In other words, theory and practice are reciprocally related and must always go hand in hand, one being incomplete without the other. This opinion is apparently not shared by Quintilian. Cf. XII 6, 4 est tamen proprius quidam fori profectus, alia lux, alia veri discriminis facies, plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valeat, but see also X 1, 1 ff. The obscurity of the phrase, admitted by the author himself (cf. also c. 42 4), was doubtless due to his desire to formulate an artistic epigrammatic antithesis. It is an example of

the figure termed avriμeraßoλn, commutatio, which is defined by the Auct. ad Her. IV 28, 39: commutatio est cum duae sententiae inter se discrepantes ex transiectione ita efferuntur ut a priore posterior contraria priori proficiscatur e. g. poema loquens pictura, pictura tacitum poema debet esse, which is a translation of a saying ascribed to Simonides ap. Plut. Quaest. Conv. IX 5 (wypadía pér ἐστι φθεγγομένη ἡ ποίησις, ποίησις δὲ σιγῶσα ἡ ζωγραφία. Cf. Cic. de orat. I 39, 180 Brut. 39, 144 (Scaevola) iuris peritorum eloquentissimus, eloquentium iuris peritissimus pro Cluent. 2, 5 ut et sine invidia culpa plectatur, et sine culpa invidia ponatur. In Tacitus e. g. c. 39 2 ridiculum videbitur quod dicturus sum, dicam tamen vel ideo ut rideatur H. I 1 ubi sentire quae velis et quae sentias dicere licet II 37 ut qui pacem belli amore turbaverant, bellum pacis caritate deponerent III 73 quae iusserat, vetare, quae vetuerat, iubere and perhaps c. 28 18 where see crit. note. This figure is also very common in modern writers e. g. Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'Tis true, 'tis pity, and pity 'tis, 'tis true, which may be added to the many exx. cited from the English, French and German by Gerber II p. 212-216. See also Sandys' note to Cic. Orat. 39, 135 and Volkmann Rhet. p. 416.

22 scientiam ab exercitatione separat: This was done, for instance, by Cicero's brother, as we learn from de orat. I 2, 5 solesque nonnumquam hac de re a me in disputationibus nostris dissentire, quod ego eruditissimorum hominum artium eloquentiam contineri statuam, tu autem illam ab elegantia doctrinae segregandam putes et in quodam ingeni atque exercitationis genere ponendam, and was especially characteristic of the Stoics: de orat. II 38, 159 III 18, 65. Cp. Seyff.-Müll. Lael. II 10 (p. 46 ff.).

23 concedet with acc. cum inf., as in c. 12 19. — plenum with the abl. for the more usual genitive. Tacitus uses both constructions. Cp. Lex. Tac. s. v. Dr. H. S. I 559, Quint. IX 3, 1 cited to note c. 3 14 and Plin. Ep. II 1, 7.

24 instructum... longe paratiorem... venturum Cf. Cic. Verr. I 3, 7 paratum atque instructum ad iudicium venire Orat. 5, 20 ad permovendos . . . animos instructi et parati Brut. 76, 263 paratus ad causas veniens. — longe : = multo. Cf. note c. 32 3.

25 videntur are generally held to be.' Cf. Cic. de orat. I 12, 54 totus hic locus philosophorum proprius videtur, where some inferior MSS. read putatur,' an evident gloss of 'videtur.' See Wilkins 1. c. So similarly doke in Gk.

34. 1 ergo marking the resumption of a theme, after a digression or interruption. Cf. Tac. G. 45 Ann. XIV 3 XV 33. 50. foro et eloquentiae: Hendiadys.

3 deducebatur a patre etc. On this practice, cf. Cic. Lael. 1 ego autem a patre ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam sumpta virili toga ut quoad possem et liceret a senis latere numquam discederem Brut. 89, 305 f. Quint. X 5, 19 quare iuvenis qui rationem inveniendi eloquendique a praeceptoribus diligenter acceperit. . . exercitationem quoque modicam fuerit consecutus, oratorem sibi aliquem, quod apud maiores fieri solebat, deligat, quem sequatur, quem imitetur iudiciis intersit quam plurimis et sit certaminis cui destinatur frequens spectator XII 11, 5 frequentabunt vero eius (sc. Domiti Afri) domum optimi iuvenes more veterum . . . hos ille formabit quasi eloquentiae parens . . . sic ad se Caelium deductum a patre Cicero profitetur (pro Caelio 4, 10) sic Pansam, Hirtium, Dolabellam (ad fam. IX 16, 7 VII 33) in morem praeceptoris exercuit cotidie dicens audiensque Plin. Ep. II 14, 3 at hercule ante memoriam meam . . . ne nobilissimis adulescentibus locus erat nisi aliquo consulari producente. See also note c. 2 7.

...

4 principem in civitate locum obtinebat: Cf. c. 38 11 primum obtinent locum Ann. I 13 principem 1. III 75 principem in civitate locum . . . adsecutus IV 38 XI 16 pr. loc. implere. 'principem,' as John well observes, must here be understood in a relative sense, for all these youths could not attach themselves to one orator. Translate who held a leading position in the commonwealth.'

5 sectari = adsectari, on which see note c. 1 18; for the meaning, cf. note c. 2 7.-dictionibus: Translate: 'public utterances,' for the usual meaning 'orations' (Cic. de orat. I 15, 64. 33, 152 Quint. II 4, 27) is inapplicable here, as 'altercationes' and 'iurgia' are also included. The speeches made by these orators in the senate are designedly omitted, because their young followers could not be present at these meetings.

altercationes... iurgiis: Altercatio designates the tilts between the contending parties, usually consisting of short questions and quick repartee and as such opposed to perpetua or continua oratio. Cf. Liv. IV 6, 1 res a perpetuis orationibus in altercationem vertisset Tac. H. IV 7 paulatim per altercationem ad continuas et infestas orationes provecti sunt. The subject is treated by Quintilian in a special chapter (VI 4). Cf. also Cic. ad Att. I 16, 8

Clodium praesentem fregi in senatu cum oratione perpetua, plenissima gravitatis, tum altercatione. The orator Crassus is said by Cicero in Brut. 43, 159 to have had no equal in this field: iam in altercando invenit parem neminem. Iurgiis, because these encounters easily led to personal abuse. Cf. Quint. 1. c. asperrima in hac parte dimicatio est, nec alibi dixeris magis mucrone pugnari, but he adds bonus altercator vitio iracundiae careat. . . ne turbidus et clamosus tantum sit altercator.- Both nouns are found together in Suet. Tib. 2 nonnulli in altercatione et iurgio tribunos plebis pulsaverint. On the repetition 'interesse-interesset,' see note c. 1 8.

7 ut sic dixerim: According to Woelfflin Philol. XXVI 139 the classical 'ut ita dicam,' occasionally found in Silver Latin, took the form ut sic dicam' or 'ut ita dixerim' which in turn was probably due to a confusion with 'ut dixerim,' as Nipp. Ann. XIV 53 suggests. Both forms were then combined in ut sic dixerim.' This construction is perhaps first met with in Val. Max. VI 2 init. and is especially characteristic of Tacitus and Quintilian. Cf. c. 40 19 Ag. 3 G. 2 Ann. XIV 53 Quint. Pr. 23. I 6, 1. 12, 2 II 13, 9 V 13, 2. 11 IX 4, 61 VI 3, 93 Plin. Pan. 42. The logical perfect subj. in subordinate clauses is very rare and chiefly postAugustan. Cf. Cic. Phil. XIV 6, 7 Liv. VIII 18, 3 Quint. X 1, 77 Plin. Ep. V 1, 10 and Tac. H. II 50 V 7 Ann. VI 22. Cp. in general, Woelfflin 1. c. Dr. H. S. II 699 Stil p. 13 Gantrelle, Style § 77 Schmalz Syntax p. 518 E. Wolff Die Sprache d. Tac. p. 24 J. P. Lagergren De... elocut. C. Plinii, Upsala 1872 p. 168 Nipp. and Furneaux ad Ann. XIV 53.

8 pugnare in proelio: Tacitus avoids the figura etymologica, on which see c. 22 17. —constantiae 'self-possession.' Used of the orator e. g. by Ascon. in Milon. p. 42. Or., cited c. 37 27.

10 in media luce: 'In the full light of publicity.' A common metaphor. Cf. e. g. Cic. Brut. 8, 32 forensi luce caruit intraque parietes aluit eam gloriam, quam nemo . . . est postea consecutus de sen. 4, 12 Quint. I 2, 18 ante omnia futurus orator cui . . . in media rei publicae luce vivendum est, adsuescat. . . non reformidare homines neque illa solitaria et velut umbratica vita pallescere XII 2, 8 in hac fori luce and similarly Cie. de leg. III 6, 14 mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.