lum conspicis Cic. de orat. III 10, 25 (Nepos Paus. 4, 5) tamquam in aram confugitis Prop. V 8, 13 si fuerint castae redeunt in colla parentum Claud. in Ruf. I 22 tolluntur in altum. - Sacra, we are assured by Baehrens and Andresen, is not elsewhere found in the sense of 'sacra loca' and the dictionaries, it is true, do not cite any instances. Nevertheless examples are by no means lacking even in Tacitus, where this word, as shown by the context, can have no other signification, while in others there is, at least, no obstacle to its being interpreted in a local sense. Cf. Tac. H. III 33 cum omnia sacra profanaque in ignes considerent solum Mefitis templum stetit ante moenia, loco seu numine defensum Ann. I 54 profana simul et sacra et celeberrimum templum . . . solo aequantur 79 qui sacra et lucos et aras patriis amnibus dicaverint Prop. IV 1, 1 Callimachi Manes et Coi sacra Philetae | in vestrum, quaeso, me sinite ire nemus Pers. Prol. 7 ipse semipaganus | ad sacra vatum carmen affero nostrum. The shrines of the Muses, as remarked, were generally located on the tops of mountains and in the immediate neighborhood of springs, whence poets were said to drink inspiration. So Mt. Helicon, with the sacred springs of Aganippe and Hippocrene (Paus. IX 29, 3), Mt. Parnassus with the Castalian spring (Plut. de Pyth. orac. 402 C). Numa Pompilius dedicated a grove to the Muses next to a sacred fountain, because they were believed to associate there with the nymph Egeria (Liv. I 21 Plut. Num. 13). Cf. also Mayor, ad Iuv. III 13 nunc sacri fontis nemus et delubra locantur. From the above it must be clear that the passage is entirely sound, neither the preposition nor 'sacra' nor fontes' presenting the slightest difficulty. On the other hand, the generally received reading of Ritter (for even Peter and John join 'in' with 'fontes' by assuming a kind of zeugma of the preposition), besides being based upon a palpable misinterpretation, is open to other insuperable objections. (1) The variation of the preposition violates a stylistic usage of Tacitus, pointed out c. 10 25. (2) The anastrophe of the preposition is confined to the later writings of Tacitus (cp. Woelfflin, Phil. XXV 116), and even in these, ad in anastrophe after a pronoun is extremely rare. Cp. H. C. Maué p. 71 A. Gerber, Progr. Glückstadt 1871, and Am. Jour. Phil. XII p. 333-5. 20 insanum ultra et lubricum forum: Cf. Verg. Georg. II 501 f. ferrea iura insanumque forum Prop. IV (V) 1, 134 insano verba tonare foro Cic. pro Mil. 17, 45 insanissima contio Sil. Ital. VII 542 insanae spectate tribus pro lubrica rostra et vanis fora laeta viris. Insanus designates the senseless noise made by the populace; lubricum the uncertainty and danger attending forensic pleading. 21 famamque pallentem: Fame is here said to cause paleness, because of the instability and transitoriness of forensic reputation, which is wholly dependent upon the fickle favor of the populace. For the thought, cf. Sen. Ep. 95, 57 f. Non contingit tranquillitas nisi immutabile certumque iudicium adeptis: ceteri decidunt subinde et reponuntur et inter intermissa adpetitaque alternis fluctuantur. Causa huius iactationis est quod nihil liquet incertissimo regimine utentibus, fama. For the metonymy (cause for effect), cf. Verg. Aen. VI 275 pallentes morbi Hor. C. I 4, 13 pallida Pers. Prol. 4 pallidam Pirenen V 55 cuminum pallens Mart. XI 6 pallentes . . . curae Hom. H 479 xλwpòv déos Tac. G. 36 pax marcens, and so similarly Iuv. VII 206 gelidae cicutae Hom. Θ 159 βέλεα στονόεντα ο 463 οἶνος ἠλεός Eur. Bacch. 691 Paλepòv... Uπvov (refreshing sleep). In the following two instances. from Tacitus, we have metonymy and oxymoron combined: H. II 45 misera laetitia Ann. I 8 arroganti moderatione. mors ... John and Andresen take fama to mean 'town-talk, popular opinion,' on the ground that 'glory' is equally sought both by orator and by poet. But this interpretation conflicts with the character of the speaker as drawn by Tacitus, for Maternus disdainfully ignores the gossip of the multitude (see c. 2. 3) and by the use of the epithet pallentem' simply distinguishes the bubble reputation' of the orator, acquired amid surroundings which place him in a perpetual state of worry and excitement, from the stable and lasting fame vouchsafed to the poet. 'Palantem,' which John accepts, would of course be a very suitable attribute of 'fama' in the sense which he erroneously attributes to it here. non me trepidus: On the adj. for the adverb, see note c. 4 4. nec... excitet: 'non' is used in place of 'ne' to emphasise 'me,' some phrase like 'sed alii' being understood. Cf. Tac. Ann. I 11 non ad unum omnia deferrent, where Nipp. also cites examples from Cic. pro Cluent. 57, 155 and Liv. IX 34, 15. In the poets (e. g. Verg. Aen. XII 78) and post-Augustan prose-writers this usage is common. For nec' with the optative or hortative subjunctive, cf. c. 13 ext. 22 ext. nec . . . determinet 32 init. nec quisquam respondeat H. I 84 nec illas voces ullus usquam exercitus audiat II 47 nec tempus computaveritis nec diu moremur 76 nec . . . expaveris. See Nipp. Ann. I 43, where similar instances from other writers are also given. — fremitus salutantium: Cf. Sen. Ep. 19, 11 turba salutantium and Mayor ad Iuv. III 127. : 22 anhelans libertus: Let no freedman in panting haste rouse me from my sleep,' namely, in order to convey some message from the Emperor, or to bring the information that his master has arisen and is ready to receive the early morning visits of his friends.' Cf. Epictet. Diss. IV 8, 41-50, quoted by Friedländer 16 p. 143. Schaubach p. 5 and Weinkauff p. CLVIII erroneously take 'anhelans' to mean 'maxime studiosus,' in which figurative sense the word would be an. cip. Cp. also Kleiber p. 75 note. — incertus futuri: Perhaps a reminiscence of Verg. Aen. VIII 580 spes incerta futuri (cp. Schmaus p. 36). Incertus c. gen. is in prose first found in Bell. Afr. 7 and then in Liv. I 7, 6. Frequently in the poets. In Tacitus H. III 55 Ann. II 75 VI 46 and so 'certus,' on which see Nipp. Ann. XII 66 Heraeus Hist. II 46. On these adject. with genit., in the use of which the culminating point is reached in Tacitus, cp. G. Schoenfeld, De T. studiis Sallust. p. 34-39 Dr. H. S. § 206 and esp. A. Haustein, De genit. adiect. accommodati in ling. lat. usu, Halle 1882. It was customary for wealthy Romans to bequeath legacies to the Emperor in their wills in order to insure the carrying out of the other bequests, for, where this caution was omitted, emperors such as Caligula, Nero and Domitian (Suet. Calig. 38 Ner. 32 Dom. 12) often annulled the testament, appropriating the entire estate to themselves. Nero, according to Suetonius 1. c., even went so far as to enact ut ingratorum in principem testamenta ad fiscum pertinerent.' Maternus, therefore, sincerely hopes that, rather than submit to such compulsion, his fortune, unlike the colossal wealth of Marcellus and Crispus of which Aper had spoken so admiringly (c. 8), might remain within moderate limits, so as not to excite the covetousness of the princeps. No other writer, it may be observed, refers to this practice more frequently than Tacitus. Cf. Ag. 43 satis constabat lecto testamento Agricolae quo coheredem optimae uxori et piissimae filiae Domitianum scripsit, laetatum eum velut honore iudicioque. tam caeca et corrupta mens adsiduis adulationibus erat, ut nesciret a bono patre non scribi heredem nisi malum principem H. I 48 testamentum Titi Vini magnitudine opum inritum, Pisonis supremam voluntatem paupertas firmavit Ann. XIV 31 Rex Icenorum Prasutagus longa opulentia clarus, Caesarem heredem duasque filias scripserat, tali obsequio ratus regnumque et domum suam procul iniuria fore XVI 11 nec defuere qui monerent magna ex parte heredem Caesarem nuncupare atque ita nepotibus de reliquo consulere G. 20 Ann. VI 29 Plin. Paneg. 43 in eodem genere ponendum est quod testamenta nostra secura sunt; nec una omnium nunc quia scriptus nunc quia non scriptus heres est. Cp. Marquardt Staatsverw. II p. 294. — Ruperti, blissfully oblivious of the rules of prosody, regards 'futuri-scribam' as a hexameter. = 24 quandoque fatalis et meus dies veniet statuar: Quandoque= et quando. So Cic. de orat. III 55, 212 quid quandoque deceat Liv. XXXIV 56, 13 dimittendique ei quos eorum quandoque vellet, ius esset, the former instance is unjustly rejected by Madvig de fin. p. 833 and the latter by Wilkins 1. c. The possible ambiguity arising out of this use of quando-que is no greater than that of quoque et quo, on which see note c. 8 12. 'Quando' as a temporal conjunction cum is chiefly poetic (e. g. Liv. Andr. ap. Gell. III 16, 11 quando dies adveniet quem praefata Morta est Hor. Epod. 16, 27) but occurs also in prose, according to Woelfflin's observation (Philol. XXV 119 f.), whenever the style strikes a higher tone, as here and Tac. G. 33. —fatalis, and similarly 'fatum,' are repeatedly used of natural death. Cf. C. I. L. I 1009 hora . . . fatalis mea Orelli, Insc. 3023 (4777) hic tuus fatalis dies (which also furnish illustrations of the collocation of the pronoun with fatalis, although the position of et etiam is certainly awkward) 4758 f. diem peragere Vell. II 4, 6 seu fatalem seu conflatam insidiis mortem obiit II 48, 6 quieta aut certe non praecipitata fatali. . . morte functi sunt Sen. Nat. Quaest. III 27, 1 cum fatalis dies diluvii venerit Tac. Ag. 45 H. V 10 fato aut taedio occidit Ann. I 3 vulnere in validum mors fato ... vel dolus abstulit II 42 finem vitae sponte an fato implevit VI 10 L. Piso pontifex rarum in tanta claritudine fato obiit XI 2 functam fato (sc. uxorem) XIV 12. Silana fato functa est 62 fato obiit, where see Furneaux. The last four examples seem to me sufficient to invalidate Peter's, Baehrens' (Comm. Crit. p. 66) and John's assertion (Correspbl. p. 22) that these words derive this meaning only through the expressed or implied antithesis of an untimely or violent death. Fatum' in this latter sense is found but once in Tacitus: Ag. 42. Meus dies simply repeats the idea already expressed by fatalis.' Cf. diem suum obire to die a natural death,' e. g. in Plaut. Poen. IV 2, 82 ་ ... Sulpicius in Cic. ad fam. IV 12, 2 Sen. Apocol. 1 Fronto, Ep. ad Anton. IV 1 and analogously Suet. Caes. 89 nemo percussorum Caesaris sua morte defunctus est. Of the numerous interpretations to which this passage has been subjected, such as are entirely or partially based upon objections against the phrase 'fatalis et meus dies' may be, I think, dismissed as groundless on the strength of the many passages just cited. The others naturally group themselves under two heads, according to the interpretation of 'quandoque' in the sense of aliquando' (Halm, Peter, Andresen, Wiesler), or in that of 'quandocunque' (Ritter, John, Wolff). Both parties agree in reading 'statuarque.' According to the first-mentioned view, the entire phrase is a parenthetical remark, containing the sanguine assurance of the speaker that he will not meet with the violent death which Aper is alleged to have predicted for him (c. 10 ext.), if he persisted in provoking his powerful superiors by too outspoken poetical productions. To this, it may be replied: (1) That such a statement is wholly out of place in a parenthesis, and not properly introduced by enim,' which Peter and Andresen retain, for there is no causal connection between 'nec plus habeam' and 'quandoque veniet.' See John, Correspbl. p. 22. (2) Aper's words ‘igitur . . . superiorem' cannot be made to imply the prediction of a violent death any more than those immediately following, 'si quando necesse sit. . . potentiorum aures offendere.' (3) Maternus had already disposed of his opponent's warning in c. 12 ext., rendering a renewed refutation entirely useless (see John 1. c.).—The other interpretation is open to equally serious objections, for (1) quandoque veniet is now closely connected with the preceding clause, being thus deprived of any independent force, as will be clear from a translation: 'Let me not possess more wealth than what I can dispose of according to my own wishes, at whatever time my last hour may come.' (2) But supposing this to be satisfactory, we should still have the correlation of 'nec-que,' which never occurs in Tacitus, neque que being also found but once, viz. Ann. III 12 sed neque reum prohibeo . . . vosque oro, where, however, it must be observed, there is an interval of nearly two lines between the two conjunctions. There remains, therefore, the interpretation offered above, which involves no violent changes and brings out the full force of the passage. 'Let me not possess more wealth, etc., and when my final summons too (et) shall come, then let me stand upon my tomb,' etc. It is curious to notice that Wolff, though he follows Ritter and John in his commentary (1890) adopts the very view here advocated, in his German translation of the Dialogus (Frankfurt-a.-M. 1891). 'und wann . . . soll man.'- 'Quandoque . . . veniet' is not sufficiently characteristic either in thought or phraseology to be plausibly taken, with Heller (Philol. LI 348), as a direct poetic quotation. ... 25 statuar tumulo: The local ablative of rest without the preposition seems particularly characteristic of Tacitus, although not uncommon in other post-Augustan writers (cp. Dr. H. S. II |