word expressing the object: as, na how ia gi-héni GER MO'H", he came here to sleep; na aloo ia gi-héna GER TOW, he went there to fight: ger mohe and ger tow may here be con. sidered the subjunctive mood, that he might sleep, that he might fight; for ger is actually the sign of that mood, though the pronoun ia is not repeated after mothe and tow, because it was already indicated after how and aloo. In the second case, viz., where wish or desire is expressed, the noun is used without the article: as, goo'a te fi'a MO'HE, I wish to sleep; goo'a te fi'a MATE, I wish to die; and this is exactly the form in which it may be expressed in English: as, I wish death; I want sleep: where it is seen that the noun is used without the article, as if it were the proper name of a being. It often happens in the Tonga as well (probably) as in other uncivilized tongues, that ideas are expressed by the aid of nouns, which could not bear to be translated into cultivated languages, but as verbs, or at least as participles; though in the language to which they belong they shall have all the character of nouns, even with the article before them : : as, in this sentence, he met the man walking: the participle walking would have in the Tonga the article before it, like a noun: as, na'i féccatagi HE E'VA he tanga'ta, he met the walking; (i. e. in the walk), the man. As therefore the noun in this language is proportionably so much more frequent than the verb, wherever it may be doubtful whether a word be a verb or a noun, for the sake of uniformity, we call it a noun. The third and last form of the infinitive is where it has decidedly the character of a noun, and is therefore in the Tonga expressed with the article; (that is to say, where desire or wish is not expressed): as, to sail is pleasant, goo'a lillé he felo'w; i. e. is pleasant the sailing; goo'a lillé he molke, i. e. is good the sleep, or, to sleep is good. There are three words in this language which may be used either as verbs or prepositions; these are my, a'too, and angi; as verbs, they mean to give ; as prepositions, they signify to, or towards: they are to be used, accordingly, as the first, second, or third person follows; thus, my signifies to give any thing to me, or us; a'too, to give to thee, or you; angi, to give to him, her, it, or them: for example, My ia giate au: give it to me. My ia giate gimowtolloo: give it to us. Téoo a'too ia giate coy: I will give it to thee. Téoo a'too ia gi'ate gimowto'loo: I will give it to you. Angi ia giate ginowto loo: give it to them. They mean, therefore, not only to give, but they signify, also, the direction of the gift: as prepositions they signify not only towards, but also the direction in which the motion is made; i. e. whether it is towards the first, second, or third person. The present tense of the verb to give is never used by itself, the future being substituted for it: but when my, átoo, and angi are joined to other verbs, which is often the case where transferring or giving is signified, or motion towards is implied, they may be used in the present tense if the sense require it. Thus ófa means to love; but for I love you, it is not sufficient to say, goóa te ófa coy; the verb átoo must also be used: example, goóa te ófa átoo giate coy; literally, I love give to you; goóa te ófa angi giate ia, I love give to her in which two examples, if átoo and angi be considered verbs, then ófa assumes the character of a noun: but if they be considered prepositions, then ófa remains a verb, and the literal translation will run thus: I love towards to you; I love towards to her; in which giate (to) will ap : pear superfluous. But it is not of much consequence whether they are verbs or prepositions, provided we understand how to use them. The best rule to be given is, that when the pure simple act of giving or making a present is signified, they are used without any other verb, as tévo átoo ia giate coy, I will give it to thee; and, in this case, either the past or the future tense must be used as the sense will best indicate. In respect to their junction with other verbs, it is generally either with verbs neuter, expressing motion towards, as to fly, to swim, to walk, to go, &c., or with such other verbs, the Tonga words for which may be used either as nouns or verbs, and being nouns, may be conceived to be transferred, or, at least, to be directed from one object towards another; thus ófa means, to love; also, love: jio means, to see, or look at; also, a look: tu means, to strike ; also, a stroke, or blou, &c. as, Téoo o'fa angi giate ia: I shall love give to her; or, I shall love towards to her. Névo jio átoo giate coy: He a look gave to thee; or he looked towards at thee. Na ta my ia giate au: He a blow gave to me; or, he struck towards at me. In these instances the words my, átoo, and angi are perhaps best translated as verbs of giving, transferring, or directing towards; but when they are joined with verbs of motion, they appear to assume more of the character of prepositions. Na boo'na a'too he ma'noo gilate coy: Flew towards the bird to thee; or, the bird flew towards thee. Névo lelle angi gi he falle: I ran towards to the house. Na lélle my ia giate au Ran towards he to me; or, he ran towards me. In both cases, the words my, too, and angi, immediately follow the verb or noun to which they belong, and if the agent of the verb be in the third person, whether a pronoun, a proper name, or any thing else, it always comes after átoo, my, or angi; as in two of the examples last given, he mánoo (the bird), follows átoo, and ia (he), follows my. They also form parts of compound words: as, talamy', talátoo, and talángi, which signify to tell, say, or disclose; but the first, from tála and my, means to inform me or us; the second, from tála and a'too, to inform thee, or you; the third, from ta'la, and angi, to inform him, her, them. As the words my, a'too, and angi, involve the idea of the person, the personal pronoun is often not expressed; as, my means, give to me, instead of saying, my gi'ate au. ADVERBS. Most of the adverbs are formed from adjectives by the addition of fucca (mode, or manner), or ange (like or similar to): when the former is used, it constitutes the first part of the adverb; when the latter is adopted, it forms the latter part: for examples, Matta-matta tow. Warlike. Fucca matta-matta tow. In I'ta. Anger. Bibi'co. Lazy. a warlike manner. Fucca-i'ta. Angrily. Fucca-bibi'co. Lazily. In the formation of the greater part of adverbs that are thus derived these affixes may be used indifferently; or, to speak more explicitly, any of them may be formed by ange, used as a suffix, and the greater part by fucca, used as a VOL. II. cc. prefix: but as fucca is often employed to form verbs and adjectives, as may be seen in the vocabulary by the list of words beginning with it, the adoption of it is not so safe as that of ange: for instance, lillé means good; but fucca lillé means peace, peaceful, to make a peace; we must therefore say, lille' ange, for well. As there are several adverbs, chiefly those of time and place, which are not formed according to the foregoing rules, it would be well to subjoin a list of them. Gi-bo'too; tow-bo'too. On Tow botoo gi héna. On that |