marians the σχῆμα ἀπὸ κοινοῦ, a repetition of the idea, by means of a pronoun or otherwise, is avoided; as

C. II. II. II quid aeternis minorem consiliis animum fatigas? (= quid aeternis consiliis animum, illis minorem, fatigas ?); C. II. 14. 15 frustra per autumnos nocentem corporibus metuemus austrum (where both nocentem corporibus and corporibus metuemus can hardly fail to convey to the reader the usual significance of such juxtaposition); Epod. 9. 9 vincla quae detraxerat servis amicus perfidis.

Number and Tense of the Verb.

77. Horace is noticeably fond of using a singular verb where there are two or more subjects; as

C. II. 13. 38 quin et Prometheus et Pelopis parens dulci laborem decipitur sono; C. II. 18. 26 pellitur paternos in sinu ferens deos et uxor et vir sordidosque natos; C. III. 16. 32 rivus aquae silvaque . . . et segetis certa fides . fallit sorte beatior.

78. The colloquial present with future meaning, common in old Latin, is occasionally used by Horace; as

C. III. 9. 17 quid si prisca redit Venus, diductosque iugo cogit aeneo, si flava excutitur Chloe, reiectaeque patet ianua Lydiae? › Ep. I. 7. 34 hac ego si compellor imagine, cuncta resigno, nec otia divitiis Arabum liberrima muto.

79. The future indicative is sometimes used with a concessive force, expressing, with indifference or acquiescence, the action of some other person or persons, with which that of the speaker, or of some one in whom he is more nearly interested, is brought into contrast; as

...

... me

C. I. 7. 1 laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut Mytilenen, . . nec tam, etc.; C. II. 12. 10 tuque pedestribus dices historiis proelia Caesaris, me dulcis dominae musa Licymniae cantus, me voluit dicere (Cf. Verg. Aen. VI. 847 excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore voltus, | orabunt causas melius, . tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento.)

80. The perfect indicative is used by the Augustan poets, like the Greek 'gnomic' aorist, to express a general truth or a customary action, the statement that such and such a thing has proved true in the past conveying the implication

that it is always true (cf. invictus, unconquered,' hence by implication, unconquerable); as

Ep. I. 17. 37 sedit qui timuit ne non succederet, he sits still who fears he may fail; C. I. 28. 20 nullum saeva caput Proserpina fūgit; Ep. I. 7. 21 haec seges ingratos tulit et feret omnibus annis (i. e. produces and always will produce).

81. (a) The archaic use of the perfect infinitive with volo, nolo, etc. (see § 94) was adopted by the poets, partly for metrical convenience, often merely to give variety to their diction. Horace in particular uses this construction with great freedom, the tense being often quite without significance; as

S. I. 2. 28 sunt qui nolint tetigisse; S. II. 3. 187 ne quis humasse velit Aiacem vetas (an intentional imitation of the archaic legal form); Ep. II. 3. 455 tetigisse timent fugiuntque poetam.

(b) It may be doubted, however, whether the consciousness of the tense was ever entirely lost, and in many cases the idea to be expressed is distinctly that of completed action; as

C. III. 4. 51 tendentes Pelion imposuisse Olympo (i. e. aiming at the achievement of that feat); S. II. 8. 79 nullos his mallem ludos spectasse (prefer to have seen); Ep. I. 17. 5 si quid et nos quod cures proprium fecisse loquamur; Ep. II. 3. 168 commisisse cavet quod mox mutare laboret.

Conditional and Concessive Clauses.

82. By a rhetorical exaggeration the pluperfect indicative is occasionally used in apodosis, instead of the pluperfect subjunctive, to indicate that the result of a condition contrary to fact was partly accomplished, or to give a vivid impression of the imminence of its accomplishment; as

C. III. 16. 3 inclusam Danaen turris aenea robustaeque fores et vigilum canum tristes excubiae munierant satis, si non Acrisium Iuppiter et Venus risissent (they had proved sufficient up to that point); C. II. 17. 28 me truncus inlapsus cerebro sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum levasset.

83. In concessive clauses with quamvis, Horace, like the early Latin writers, uses both the indicative and the subjunctive, more commonly the former. The indicative usually expresses a conceded fact, the subjunctive an assumption ; but there are some exceptions; as

C. III. 11. 18 cessit . . . Cerberus, quamvis furiale centum muniant angues caput saniesque manet ore (fact); C. IV. 6. 7 tibi miles impar, filius quamvis Thetidis marinae Dardanas turris quateret (fact); S. II. 5. 15 qui quamvis periurus erit (assumption), ... ne tamen illi tu comes exterior ire recuses.

Relative Clauses.

84. In relative clauses of characteristic after sunt qui and the like, Horace more commonly uses the indicative (a construction frequent in comedy), but also the subjunctive, with no apparent distinction of meaning; as

C. I. 7. 5 sunt quibus unum opus est; Ep. II. 1. 63 interdum volgus rectum videt, est ubi peccat; Ep. I. 1. 78 sunt qui viduas venentur avaras excipiantque senes; Ep. II. 2. 182 sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curat habere (where the more definite implication of the second relative clause is due to the number, not to the mood).

85. In a relative clause of characteristic with causal or concessive implication, Horace commonly uses the subjunctive, but sometimes the indicative; as

Ep. II. 3. 302 o ego laevus, qui purgor bilem sub verni temporis horam! C. II. 13. 34 quid mirum, ubi illis carminibus stupens demittit atras belua centiceps auris et intorti capillis Eumenidum recreantur angues?

86. In temporal clauses of repeated action after a past tense, Horace has the subjunctive once (two verbs):

S. I. 4. 107 cum me hortaretur parce frugaliter atque viverem uti contentus eo quod mi ipse parasset, . . . a turpi meretricis amore cum deterreret, . . . aiebat.

Elsewhere he uses the pluperfect indicative; as

S. II. 1. 71 quin ubi se a volgo et scaena in secreta remorant, . . nugari et ludere soliti (sc. sunt); Ep. I. 15. 34 hic ubi fautoribus nil aut paulum abstulerat, patinas cenabat omasi; ib. 39 ubi omne verterat in fumum et cinerem, aiebat; Epod. 11. 13 sqq.

Commands and Prohibitions.

87. In commands and prohibitions, Horace uses the hortatory subjunctive in the second person singular as well as in the third, and whether the injunction is addressed to a definite person or to the general reader; as

C. I. 11. 6 (to Leuconoe) sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi spem longam reseces; C. II. 11. 3 quid bellicosus Cantaber et Scythes, Hirpine Quincti, cogitet, remittas quaerere, nec trepides; S. I. 1. 93 cum habeas plus, pauperiem metuas minus, et finire laborem incipias; S. II. 3. 88 ne sis patruus mihi.

88. In prohibition, besides the customary forms, ne feceris, cave (or cave ne) facias, and noli facere with its various equivalents (see § 948) - Horace uses very rarely the imperative itself; as

C. I. 28. 23 ne parce; C. II. 7. 20 nec parce cadis; C. III. 7. 30. neque in vias despice.

89. An emphatic non, standing at the head of a sentence and belonging rather to the whole sentence than to the verb,

as C. II. 10. 17 non, si male nunc, et olim sic erit; Ep. I. 3 21 non tibi parvum ingenium, non incultum est, - is sometimes used even with a hortatory subjunctive in prohibition; as

Ep. I. 18. 72 non ancilla tuum iecur ulceret ulla puerve; S. II. 5. 91 cautus adito, neu desis operae neve immoderatus abundes. non etiam sileas; Davus sis comicus, etc.

NOTE. Nec (neque), for neve (neu), is very common.

90. A command or prohibition is often expressed by the future indicative; as

Ep. I. I. 87 cras ferramenta Teanum tolletis, fabri; Ep. I. 13. 2 ut docui te saepe diuque, Augusto reddes signata volumina, Vini; Ep. I. 18. 37 arcanum neque tu scrutaberis illius umquam, commissumque teges . . . ; nec tua laudabis studia aut aliena reprendes. (Cf. the form of modern military orders: 'You will proceed with your command to such and such a place, etc.')

The Infinitive.

91. The so-called 'Historical Infinitive' occurs nowhere in the Odes and only once in the Epodes (5. 84 lenire). In the Satires it is not infrequent, and three instances of its use are found in the Epistles.

92. The Infinitive in Exclamation is used twice in the Epodes (8. 1 rogare; 11. 11 valere), and four times in the Satires (I. 9. 73 surrexe; II. 4. 83 sq. radere, dare; II. 8. 67 torquerier). In all these examples except the first it is introduced by -ne. It does not occur in the Odes or Epistles.

93. The Infinitive of Purpose was an old colloquial construction, used especially after verbs of movement; as Ter. Hec. 345 intro iit videre, he has gone in to see. It is frequent in comedy, but except in the phrase do (or, once, ministro) bibere is not found in classical prose writers; nor did it, like most poetical constructions, obtain a footing in later prose. The Augustan poets took it up, under Greek influence, but used it sparingly. The examples in Horace are as follows:

After verbs of movement: C. I. 2. 8 pecus egit altos visere montis; C. I. 23. 10 non te frangere persequor; C. III. 8. 11 amphorae fumum bibere institutae. With trado: C. I. 26. 3 tristitiam et metus tradam protervis in mare Creticum portare ventis. With sumo, to take or choose (as a subject): C. I. 12. 2 quem sumis celebrare? Ep. I. 3. 7 quis sibi res gestas Augusti scribere sumit? With other verbs; Ep. I. 2. 27 fruges consumere nati; Epod. 16. 16 (see note).

94. The Complementary Infinitive. For the colorless expression of will, desire, intention, effort, power, capacity, and the like, by such verbs as volo, nolo, cupio, possum, cogito, conor, which take a simple infinitive to denote the action (of the same subject) to which they point, it is natural in animated discourse to substitute words more vividly expressive of the feeling or power to be indicated. Some of these found their way into classical prose. Thus Cicero, to ex