plainly what I thought about the officials who thus performed their duty. The day it came out a Negro whom I should not have thought of as either reading the paper or speaking to me of what he read came by to say it was "mighty good." He evidently thought of me as a personal friend, because I had spoken a word for the most elementary justice for his race. Negroes do feel strongly the injustice of mob law, and they feel it as an injustice to their race rather than to the individuals lynched. They know that, while white men are occasionally lynched, most mob victims are Negroes. They cannot but feel that they are lynched as much because they are Negroes as because they are criminals, and they are coming to resent it all with more and more bitterness. If lynchings are allowed to continue in the South and lynchers to go unpunished, there will be racial clashes here worse than anything the South has ever known.

A third cause of bad racial feeling is the denial of the ballot to the Negro.

There is no longer any question that the wholesale enfranchisement of the Negroes was a calamity to the blacks as well as to the whites. The Negro's welfare was not served by turning him loose with a ballot he could not intelligently use. The South was justified in taking it away from him, unjust and objectionable as were some of the means employed to do it. But there is another side to this question. There cannot be a subject caste in a democracy. Either the subjects must become free or the democracy must cease to be. Because most Negroes cannot now vote intelligently it does not follow that all Negroes should be kept from voting. If it is desirable that the voter have understanding, it is also desirable, if the principles of democracy be true, that understanding have a vote.

When the ballot was taken from the Negroes in one State after another, they resented it less than might have been expected. The less intelligent did not realize what the ballot meant; the more intelligent must have known that the race had really misused the ballot to its own hurt. Things have changed since then. Now a considerable body of Negroes feel that they have earned the right to vote and

can

vote intelligently. They are not patient over being kept from voting. The war has added to their impatience. Because they know that many white people object to the Negro as a voter not because he is unqualified but because he is a Negro, because it seems to be the policy of the white South to have just as few Negro voters as possible and to keep the race politically helpless, racial feeling increases.

The white South is clearly and danger ously wrong here. The hordes of illiterate Negroes will not be turned into the votingplaces, but the Negro who has acquired the knowledge that will enable him to vote intelligently must be allowed to vote. More he should be welcomed as a voter. The people of the South owe it to themselves and to the democratic faith they profess to make the Negro who has acquired an education feel that they are glad to have him speak through the ballot for himself and his race. More than this, they owe it to themselves and to their country to give him every reasonable opportunity to prepare himself to vote. Anything less on their part is a stultification of our whole theory of government.

The eagerness of so many Negroes to acquire an education, or to have their children educated, is at once a pathetic and a heartening thing. Denied the rights of citizenship because they are ignorant, they have set themselves with splendid purpose to the acquisition of knowledge. The progress of the race along educational lines is nothing short of marvelous. Here, again, the whites are not playing fair in all respects, and the Negroes are resenting it. Some of us are still openly saying that it spoils the Negro to educate him. Some few-shame to say prefer to keep him ignorant and shiftless and untrustworthy, that he may be the more helpless economically as well as politically. Where we have spent $10.32 for the education of each white child, we have spent only $2.89 for the education of each colored child. In counties with many Negroes the appropriation for the black children is often less. Often little effort is made to enforce the attendance laws so far as they apply to Negro children. Provisions for the training of

Negro teachers are lamentably inadequate in every Southern State. Knowledge of all these things cannot make the Negro feel more friendly toward the white race which so largely controls his future.

66

Still another constant source of friction between the races is found in the Jim Crow laws." To the Negro of a certain quality of mind it is an intolerable thing that he is not allowed to eat in a room with white people, to sit in the best seat in the theater, to ride where he chooses on the trolley or the railway train.

Here the Negro is clearly wrong. The Negro is an American citizen entitled to the protection of the laws, to justice in the courts and in his business dealings, to the exercise of a citizen's privileges on the same terms as other citizens, to a fair chance and a fair start in life for his children. Justice demands these things for him; but justice does not demand for either race the privilege of crowding itself upon the other race. Recent events have shown that in the North as well as in the South it is for the real welfare of both races that the lines of social cleavage be distinctly drawn and that each race keep to its own side of the line. The Jim Crow laws, for all the unwisdom with which they are occasionally administered, are, on the whole, wise social regulations. The distinction between them and the denial to the Negro of any real right is plain to any one who will consider for but a moment. To say that an illiterate white man may vote while an illiterate Negro may not is plainly to put the Negro at a disadvantage. To say that each race shall have its place in a street car and keep in that place deprives neither of any natural or legal right.

Once the Negro is made to feel that the white man means to deal justly with him, he, too, can be made to see that there is in the social separation of the races only good for both. He will not be likely to see it, however, as long as he thinks of this enforced separation along with his children's lack of school opportunity, his own enforced absence from the voting-place, and his race's insecure hold upon the legal protections which every American is supposed to possess. Nashville, Tennessee.

LWAYS fascinating Mexico makes another picture entirely when you take the trouble to check up the headlines and the old residents with the accurately gathered and compiled official information of our own Government organizations. The truth is, as the returns demonstrate beyond argument, that Mexico is already so far along the comeback path that commercially the landmarks of the often-referred-to other epochs of that country's history have been left behind the horizon.

From every conceivable standpoint, and especially because Mexico is a member of the Pan-American family and a nextdoor neighbor, it is altogether worth while to do that country and ourselves -the justice to get the facts about her straight and from dependable sources, and in these post-war days, for commercial if for no higher reasons, to perceive clearly and adequately the lay of the land.

And it is stupid, after all, to be sentimental in our attitude, because the 1918

restricted import list, available for Mexico and everybody else to read, revealed our dependence on the rich storehouse south of the Rio Grande- to be specific, on its sisal and oil, to say nothing of its copper, silver, lead, and zine. And the first two and the fourth continue to be in demand as never before. And with all respect for the markets of Argentina and Brazil, Mexico is potentially the greatest of all the Latin-American markets for the post-war surplus manufactures of the United States.

It is pertinent right here to call attention to the 1918 balance of trade in favor of Mexico, as indicating the increasing purchasing power of the Republic-an unprecedented total, in round numbers, of $61,000,000.

The significant picture of rapidly developing prosperity that Mexico presents in the official data of the Department of Commerce, as contrasted with the impressionistic reports of amateur observers and the headlines of smelly despatches that operate to show Mexico still floundering in chaos-this other picture of Mexico may be sketched in the following summary of the trade between the two countries:

By years. Imports. Exports. Balance. 1918... $256,782,029 $158,937,393 $97,844,636 1917... 241,356,310 130,526,935 110,829,375 1916... 159,336,063 105,065,780 54,270,283 Looking back

And with reference to the situation in Mexico, the Department of Commerce reports further show the following for the calendar year of 1918:

Mexico led all countries exporting to the United States such essential raw materials as sisal, silver, oil, lead, and zine; and stood second in copper bars, ingots, and pigs, and third in hides. All the sisal, oil, lead, zinc, and four-fifths of the silver that the United States required to import in a year of unprecedented restrictions on the movement of commodities into this country came from Mexico. The imports of silver, unincluded in the table above, totaled the unequaled mark of $51,017,055, an increase over the 1917 total of $19,030,867, and over the prerevolutionary high mark, that of 1912, of $21,319,650. The copper produced in Mexico and sent to the United States made new history in that important American-controlled enterprise there. It attained a total of $34,320,501-four or five times the average for any pre-revolu tionary period. During the latter part of the year Mexican copper challenged Canadian for second place, and shortly after the end of the war did indeed succeed in ousting the northern rival.

The story of the renascence of Mexico is succinctly revealed by the amazing 1918 totals, altogether unapproached at any other time in the history of that country's trade relations with this country, for our four principal purchases from her storehouse. They are, in round numbers:

Sisal, 852,000,000 Copper, $34,000,000 Silver, 51,000,000 Oil . . . 21,090,000 There they are, in the order of their value, and two of them-sisal and silver --stand in the group of the leading twelve articles that the United States finds it necessary to obtain from other countries. It may perhaps surprise many persons having an interest in the Mexican topic

to perceive that the much-talked-of petroleum occupies fourth instead of first place in Mexico's industrial relations with the United States. In all proba bility Mexican oil will in another year become, in value as well as in other respects, the first of the notable list of products of that Republic.

Approximately one-third of the expanding trade between this country and Mexico was carried, as usual, via the border. Despite the acute ship shortage that prevailed during the fourth year of the war, the other two-thirds of the quarter of a billion dollars' business was waterborne. In fact, the Department of Commerce reports for 1918 show increased clearances and entrances of vessels in trade with the United States for only two countries in this hemisphere. One of these countries was Chile-we needed her nitrate for ammunitions and fertilizer. The other was Mexico.

If any further official facts need be cited to present an entirely different picture of Mexico than the headlines and the amateur observers continue to give, they are at hand and as conclusive as the dollar display from the Department of Commerce reports, if not more so. The following information about our trade with Mexico is taken from a most carefully compiled report issued under date of April 1, 1919, by the Division of Planning and Statistics of the United States Shipping Board. It was prepared under the direction of Mr. Walter S. Tower, the Director of the Division of Planning and a recognized authority on Latin America. It requires no explanation. Here is what it reveals:

During the fiscal year 1918 our imports from Mexico totaled 5,714,360 long tons. In 1914 they totaled 2,555.907 long tous. (There are only dollar totals for the years prior to 1914, but all such totals fall short of those for 1914. So it is fair to assume that 1914 weight totals likewise led all predecessors.)

Mexico's export trade with the United States is thus shown to have increased both in quantity and in value more than one hundred per cent since 1914. Only one other import trade, that with the Far East, approximated the Mexican advance. And only one trade region in the world showed for 1918 a higher weight total than that of Mexico-Canada, 9.098,218 long tons.

Only one other Latin-American country, Chile, made such a proportionate gain, and in actual quantity Chile's gain fell short of Mexico's by more than one million tons. The report of the Division of Planning and Statistics of the Ship ping Board reveals, indeed, the truly amazing fact that Mexican exports to the United States in 1918 exceeded those of South America by a million and a quarter long tons. The totals for South America were 3,552,516 long tons. And whereas Mexico's business with the United States,

as measured by the weight of it-incidentally perhaps the most accurate measurement possible-increased 123 per cent; that of South America, notwithstanding our war-time need for Chilean nitrate, Argentine wool and hides, and Brazilian manganese and coffee, increased but 89 per cent. And in further interesting contrast with the Mexican betterment, the much-advertised West Indies trade fell off nearly a half million long tons, or about ten per cent. It totaled nearly a million and three-quarter tons less than the Mexican trade.

Obviously, such indisputable evidence of a heavy movement of products from Mexico to this country carries its own refutation of the stereotyped tales of Mexican industrial and transportational paralysis that so often serve still to lighten up the returned traveler's impressions of that Republic. The data of the Shipping Board studies, based on unassailable official returns, simply checks them up to the contrary.

And here, in the following brief table, may be compressed the oil story of the so-called Mexican situation-figures that anybody may locate in the December, 1918, summary by the Department of Commerce of the imports and exports of the United States:

Imports of crude oil from Mexico

1915

1916

1917 1918

1,583,529,535 21,299,074

To present figures for the years preceding 1915 is quite unnecessary, because they were less than any given above; and they are especially not worth mentioning in comparison with the enormous presentday movement of 4,000,000 barrels a month from Mexico to the United States. It is pertinent to add in this connection that the largest tanker fleet in the world is that which now operates between Tampico, Tuxpam, Port Lobos, and the ports of the United States engaged in bringing Mexican oil to profitable markets. The records of the United States Shipping Board, as of April 1, 1919, list in that service 41 tankers of 223,049 gross tonsa fleet that exceeds by nearly forty thousand gross tons all the tankage in the American merchant marine at the outbreak of the world war.

In the light of the foregoing easily available official data about things Mexican, it is a test of one's intelligence to be expected to take seriously the generalities that pass current for truth about the conditions in that country. Those who indulge in the pastime, either from force of habit or less defensible reasons, simply fail to inform themselves. By and by they may wake to the realization that they have fallen out of step with the times, that they belong to a past generation, like the folks who are forever talking about the good old days.

TH

HERE is a story of an old darky preacher who began his sermon with the words," Brederen and sisteren, it am malı task to-day to define de undefinable, describe de undescribable, and to unscrew de unscrutable."

The task which Professor Lowes set for himself when he began his "Convention and Revolt in Poetry was of almost similar magnitude to that of the darky preacher.

To define poetry, describe its attributes, and delve deep into the inscrutable mystery of its creation, to measure its ebb and flow down the centuries of its existence as a living factor in our English tongue-this is no light task for any man. To accomplish this task and to state the conclusions of such an excursion into hidden things clearly, humorously, and humanely is a feat deserving of the highest praise. And this Professor Lowes has accomplished.

Professor Lowes approaches his task with queries which have baffled many writers to answer. What is convention in poetry? What is revolt? Why does the pendulum necessarily swing between these two extremes? What is the vital and common element in these two apparently contrasting forces? What have insurgents added to the sphere of poetry? What have the conservatives really conserved?

It is not the intention of the reviewer to repeat at length Professor Lowes's conclusions. His volume is so compact and so logically developed that the task of summarizing it adequately is necessarily too great for the limited space of a weekly journal. The reviewer will have accomplished his purpose if he can persuade his readers to turn to "Convention and Revolt in Poetry" for the answers to these questions and to many others.

To review "Convention and Revolt in Poetry" is to suffer constant temptation to lengthy quotation. It is quotable almost from start to finish, and the reviewer who followed his natural bent in this direction would doubtless receive a letter from the house of Houghton Mifflin politely inquiring whether or not he had received permission to republish "Convention and Revolt in Poetry" entire. Space must be made, however, for at least a few illustrations of the manner in which Professor Lowes handles the problem before him. Take this quotation, for example, from his chapter on "The Ways of Conventions:"

The relation in which the reader of poetry stands to poetic conventions is radically different from that in which the poet stands to them, as he writes. For the poet, the zest of the game lies in his adventures among conventions. Shall he clothe himself in them as with a garment? Shall he impose his will upon them until form and content coalesce, and instead of an enveloping integument the conventions become bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh? Or shall he grasp their sorry scheme of things entire, shatter it to bits, and then remold it nearer to the heart's desire? The poet, as he writes, must reckon with conventions as the tools of his craft, the medium of his expression, the impediments that thwart his utterance. His relation to them is immediate and exigent and practical. But the reader of To us poetry is in no such a predicament. the old conventions are what the new will one day be the mold which gives to the very

1 Convention and Revolt in Poetry. By John Livingston Lowes. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

age and body of their time its form and pressure. They represent to us the ways along which beauty has in the past been sought and found, and the very fact that the paths are now deserted and beauty sought no longer where they lead may lend them a peculiar permanence. An Attic drachma minted in the days of Pericles is no less beautiful because it no longer passes current. Yet, on the other hand, the coin that does pass current must bear the image and superscription of its day. There, in a word, is the distinction which there is some danger that we may obliterate. Those who make poetry are intent, and rightly, on molding it in living forms. But so in their day were all the poets who have ever lived, from puny whipsters to supreme creators. And whatever one may think about the writing of poetry, its enjoyment demands a sympathetic understanding of conventions, whether alive or dead in the death that is sometimes the only enduring life. Sympathetic understanding means, to be sure, imaginative effort-your true reader of poetry is always a bit of a poet himself-but the game is worth the candle.

In a later chapter Professor Lowes points out the talisman which turns the for

PROFESSOR JOHN LIVINGSTON LOWES, AUTHOR OF "CONVENTION AND REVOLT IN POETRY"

mal convention into life, the touch which changes the cold ivory into the warm and living flesh of Pygmalion's eternal love :

One of the most notorious instances of the mediæval trick of listing things is the so-called Ubi sunt formula. It is a comprehensive and detailed interrogation, on the order of "Where, oh, where are the Hebrew children ?" as to the whereabouts of all the ancient worthies:

"Dic, ubi Salomom, olim tam nobilis, Vel ubi Samson est, dux invincibilis-" and so on through an interminable list. The old convention came to life again only the other day, in Illinois:

Where are Elmer, Herman, Bert, Tom, and
Charley

...

Where are Ella, Kate, Mag, Lizzie, and Edith,

..

The tender heart, the simple soul, the loud, the proud, the happy one ?All, all, are sleeping on the hill. But, modern instances aside, the thing with its appalling fecundity dogs one down the Middle Ages in unrelieved monotony. All at once, in France, a supremely gifted poet took it up. He took it up and kept it; but he added one

thing-the penetrating beauty of a refrain
which fused the dead list into one of the most
haunting symbols of human transitoriness:
"Tell me now in what hidden way is

Lady Flora, the lovely Roman?
Where's Hipparchia, and where is Thaïs,
Neither of them the fairer woman?
Where is Echo, beheld of no man,
Only heard on river and mere-

She whose beauty was more than human?... But where are the snows of yester-year ?"

Whether of ballad or sonnet form, the truth still holds-the letter cannot kill until the spirit itself is dead. Form is as vital as the mind which applies it, just as vital and no more. It shackles only those who themselves are spiritually shackled. "Stone walls do not a prison make," nor do the conventions of poetry hamper the poet who is himself free.

Upon his lucid analysis of conventions in poetry Professor Lowes builds his searching study of the aims of those who times without number have assumed to speak with the tongues of rebel angelsmost of whom have ended by flinging themselves from the prison of convention into the equally conventional prison of revolt. It is the chapters dealing with the problem of revolt which should be of particular and illuminating interest to all craftsmen of verse, though they are no less of value to the general reader. The two chapters on "The Diction of Poetry and "Rhyme, Metre, and Vers Libre" form the most striking commentary on the subjects treated therein which it has been our good fortune to read in many moons.

It is the strength of the volume as a whole that its author knows not only the history and mystery of poetry, but that he also knows its relation to life. He sees poetry not as a detached creation, but as the essence of social expression. Perhaps a final quotation from Professor Lowes's last chapter may make this clearer than could any explanation on the part of the reviewer:

...

For that which goes to the making of great poetry is, mutatis mutandis, the law of the molding of life. Here is the individual, and here the chaotic welter of the life about him. And the object of the artist whose medium is words, and of that other artist whose medium is life, is one: it is to give to the amorphous welter form. Carlyle once said of Tennyson: "Alfred is always carrying a bit of chaos around with him, and turning it into cosmos." Well, that is poetry's job, and it is amazingly like the enterprise of life. And one reason why poetry is worthy of the consideration of men and women breathing thoughtful breath, in this return to chaos, is the fact that poetry's essence is also, in a sense that is profoundly true, the goal of lifeit is creative energy made effective through restraint. And in these days when a shattered world is to be made over and molded into form and comeliness again, whatever throws into relief the eternal validity of the balance between freedom and restraint, of the belief that the individual is most truly individual when he builds, as individual, upon that which is common to him and to his kind-whatever lays stress on that, is of constructive worth. And that is why, in spite of what has seemed at times the almost unbearable triviality of all but the one overpowering fact, I have still ventured to deal with poetry.

Some one once made a remark to the effect that Mark Hopkins on one end of a log with a boy on the other satisfied his definition of the word "university." To judge from this volume, Professor Lowes is a teacher who would make an admirable

addition to such a university, for he is a teacher who knows that the end of life is not learning, but that the end of learning is life. His book is an event.

THE NEW BOOKS

BIOGRAPHY

Father Tom. Life and Lectures of Rev. Thomas P. McLoughlin. By Peter P. Me Loughlin. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

Life and Letters of William Thomson, Archbishop of York. By Ethel H. Thomson. John Lane, the Bodley Head, London; The John Lane Company, New York. 1919. William Thomson was born in 1819 and died in 1890, therefore lived during the greater part of the eventful nineteenth century. England was in a ferment; science and religion, Romanism and Protestantism, conservatism and liberalism, feudalism and democracy, were in conflict. From 1862 Dr. Thomson was Archbishop of York. He dreaded universal suffrage, which was giving England, he said, a “constitution brought down to the American level;" yet in an address to working men, which might well be recommended to the clergy of to-day as an admirable model, he foretells the time when class in England I will be abolished and "all shall stand equal, whatever be the form of government, in the common weal." He had no sympathy with theological liberalism, but as little with the tendencies which took Newman into the Roman Catholic Church; represented reform, but was opposed to any departure from the standards of the Established Church toward either Romanism or liberalism. A man of clear thinking, a spirit of humanity and genuine courage, his letters are interesting reading, especially to the student of English history in the last century.

FICTION

Groper (The). By Henry G. Aikman. Boni &
Liveright, New York,

Night Operator (The). By Frank L. Packard.
The George H. Doran Company, New York.
Off Duty. A Dozen Yarns for Soldiers and
Sailors. Compiled by Wilhelmina Harper.
The Century Company, New York.
Undying Fire (The). By H. G. Wells. The
Macmillan Company, New York.

Mr. H. G. Wells is nothing if not audacious. This book is the story of an English Job who suffers a succession of disasters, is left sick and in prospect of painful death with a discontented wife, and discusses with three irritating friends the problem of sin and suffering, and, like the Hebrew Job, reaches no solution; the one concludes that life is an insoluble mystery, the other that we must meet our troubles with courage. Mr. Wells is not a Dante nor an Eschylus, and his story will not rank with "Job" nor "Prometheus Bound" as one of the great dramas of literature, but it serves to put before modern readers the ever-perplexing problem of life and the not very profound nor very satisfying philosophy of Mr. Wells.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY

Far East Unveiled (The). By Frederic Coleman, F.R.G.S. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

This book is timely at this moment of discussion concerning Japanese ambitions in China. They are, as here stated, (1) to obtain for the Japanese all possible opportunity to develop China's national resources, and thus to obtain China's raw material for Japan; (2) to secure China as much as possible as a retail market for Japan's manufactured goods; (3) to secure

China's advance towards development and power, deprecating its partition, so that China's strength shall be a bulwark to Japan against Occidental aggression; (4) to be anxiously concerned only if Chinese feeling becomes antagonistic. This is all very well, but it hardly covers the entire group of demands made in 1915 by Japan upon China. As to the relations between Japan and America, the author does not believe that war between the two countries is inevitable, and this, first, because the lessons of the great war will cause Japan to draw back from any policy that might smack of Prussian teaching, and, second, because America is now enough awakened sufficiently to arm herself so as to make an attack upon her manifestly foolish. New State (The). By M. P. Follett. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. Self-Government in the Philippines. By Maximo M. Kalaw. Illustrated. The Century Company, New York.

The present volume should be a help not only to those who want to be informed concerning Philippine developments but also to those who specially appreciate our "experiment in human brotherhood" in the Philippines, no matter whether one agrees or not that the Filipinos can now govern themselves independently of outside assistance. They expect independence for the Philippines as soon as a suitable government can be established, and many of them declare that they have already fulfilled the condition imposed. Many American critics, however, will feel that Mr. Kalaw is unreasonably biased in favor of his people.

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY Dictionary of the Apostolic Church. Edited by James Hastings, D.D. Assistance of John A. Selbie, D.D., and John C. Lambert, D.D. Vol. II-Macedonia-Zion, with Indexes. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. This monumental work is a dictionary in an unfamiliar sense-not of words, but of the doctrines and practices of the Church, its usages in worship, its sacraments, its sufferings, and its attitude to the world at large. Over against articles on Roads and Travel, Trade and Commerce, are those on Persecution, Slavery, War. Doctrinal subjects occupy large room-thirty-eight pages on the Resurrection of Christ, fifty-five on St. Paul and his epistles in alphabetical order. In the exegetical and critical exposition of these themes, and also of Marriage, at times a liberal trend, and again the reverse, is noticeable. Upwards of ninety scholarsEuropean, Canadian, American-have collaborated in this unique and invaluable work.

Next Step in Religion (The). By Roy Wood Sellars, Ph.D. The Macmillan Company, New York.

The object of this writer is to show "that mankind is outgrowing theism in a gentle and steady way until it ceases to have any meaning." He proposes a religion of humanism as a substitute for a religion of theism. His interpretations of the teaching of Paul and of Jesus are founded on either a very partial study of the original documents or on an unquestioning acceptance of interpretations of others. He indulges to a large extent in optimistic prophecies of the beautiful world which will result when men are convinced that there are no more intelligent beings and none of higher moral character than themselves-prophecies which are not sustained by the results of the teaching of the atheist Nietzsche in Germany and the

atheist Bakunin in Russia. His book says nothing that will be new to those who are familiar with the writings of such men of the same school as James Cotter Morison and Professor Clifford. But it puts in clear and dogmatic form ideas which exist in misty and questioning form in many lay minds. Its chief if not its sole value will be to religious teachers as an interpretation of one aspect of a perplexed and questioning age which they must understand if they would meet its spiritual needs.

7.

WAR BOOKS

Germany in the War and After. By Vernon Kellogg. The Macmillan Company, New York. 1914. By Field-Marshal Viscount French, of Ypres, K.P., O.M. Preface by Marshal Foch. Illustrated. Houghton Mifflin Company, Bos

ton.

As Marshal Foch reminds us in his preface, General French was Commanderin-Chief of the British Army in the year 1914. It was under his orders that the indomitable "contemptibles" held back the German tide long enough to make the victorious battle of the Marne possible, and later fought that critical battle of Ypres which balked the Germans in their attempt to reach the sea. General French tells the story with spirit and dignity. He tells also, and without bitterness, his own part in urging Kitchener and the War Council to hasten the all-essential production of high explosives in quantity, which really led to the formation of a Coalition Government with Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions. General French is justified in saying: "For my unprecedented action I claim that no other course lay open to me. To organize the nation's industrial resources upon a stupendous scale was the only way if we were to continue with success the great struggle which lay before us, and I feel that the result achieved fully warranted the steps I took."

Scenes, from Italy's War. By G. M. Trevelyan. With Maps. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Story of the Rainbow Division (The). By Raymond S. Tompkins. With an Introduction by Major-General Charles T. Menoher. Boni & Liveright, New York.

Year in the Navy (A). By Joseph Husband. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

So far as we know, this is the only narrative of a civilian's naval training and actual overseas service. The volume is valuable both because it instructs us as to our Navy and also because it is a graphic story of adventure abroad. The chapter entitled "The Freight Convoy" is specially worth reading.

MISCELLANEOUS

Robbia Heraldry. By Allan Marquand. Prince-
ton Monographs in Art and Archæology.
The Princeton University Press, Princeton.
It is pleasant to reflect, as one turns over
the pages of this beautiful book, that such
contributions to the history of art may
now again be seen in increasing numbers
as the memory of the great war happily
becomes indistinct. Professor Marquand's
monograph on the Robbia coats of arms,
with its many illustrations, appeals to us
primarily as a fine testimony to the genius
of the Robbias and an interesting contri-
bution to the history of Italy and of Italian
art; incidentally it will be of value to the
student of heraldry.

Sample Case of Humor (A). By Strickland
Gillilan. Forbes & Co., Chicago.
Vacation Tramps in New England High-
lands. By Allen Chamberlain. Illustrated.
Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
Vocational Agricultural Education. By
Rufus W. Stimson. Illustrated. The Mac-
millan Company, New York.