A "graylle booke" or graduale has nothing whatever to do with the Gradual Psalms, but is a book containing the graduale sung after the Epistle in the Mass. N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 278. gradualism (grad'ū-al-izm), n. [< gradual + -ism.] A gradual, progressive, or slow method of action. [Rare.] Corresponding to the gradients of the normal temperatures of latitude there are also gradients of normal pressure of latitude, with corresponding wind velocities and directions. Report of Chief Signal Officer (1885), ii. 280. Gradualism in destroying slavery] is delay, and delay is the betrayal of victory. Sumner, Speech, Feb. 12, 1863. gradienter (gra'di-en-tér), n. [< gradient + er.] A small instrument used by surveyors graduality (grad-u-al'i-ti), n. [< gradual + for fixing grades, and for many other purposes. -ity.] The character of being gradual; regular progression. [Rare.] It consists of a small portable telescope, to be mounted on a tripod having a horizontal and a vertical motion, a graduated vertical are, and a spirit-level. Gradientia (gra-di-enʼshi-ä), n. pl. [NL. (Laurenti, 1768), neut. pl. of L. gradien(t-)s, ppr. of gradi, walk, step: see gradient.] Reptiles that walk, as distinguished from those that leap or are salient. At first (in Laurenti's classification) the Gradientia included, besides the gradient reptiles proper or lacertilians, such amphibians as newts and salamanders; with the latter excluded, Gradientia is some. times used as equivalent to Lacertilia. gradin, gradine (grā'din, gra-dēn′), n. [< F. gradin It. gradino, a step, < L. gradus, a step: see grade1.] 1. One of a series of steps or seats raised one above another. Subsequent excavations disclosed in front of the large bas-relief a slab of alabaster, . . . cut at the western end into steps or gradines. Layard, Nineveh, v. 2. An altar-ledge or altar-shelf; one of the steps, ledges, or shelves above and back of an altar, on which the altar-cross or crucifix, flower-vases, candlesticks, etc., are placed. The term gradin seems to have been recently introduced from the French. Before the Reformation the simple name shelf was used. The gradin or gradins collectively are sometimes called a superaltar, or by some confusion of terms a retable (this being distinguished from a reredos). 3. A toothed chisel used by sculptors. gradino (grä-dē ́nộ), n.; pl. gradini (-ně). [It.: see gradin.] 1. Same as gradin, 2.-2. A piece of ornamentation, painting, sculpture, or the like intended for the front of an altarledge or raised superaltar: as, a gradino of mosaic. The four small bas-reliefs of the Nativity, the Annunciation, the Epiphany and the Presentation, in the gra dino, are sweet and tender in feeling, and simple in composition. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 143. gradual (grad'u-al), a. and n. [= F, graduel Pr. Sp. Pg. gradual = It. graduale, ML. *gradualis, only as neut. n. graduale, also gradale, gradalis (> ult. E. grail), a book of hymns and prayers, such as were orig. sung on the steps of a pulpit, L. gradus (gradu-), a step: see gradel. For the noun, cf. graill.] I. a. 1. Marked by or divided into degrees; proceeding by orderly stages or sequence; graduated. Flowers and their fruit, 2. Moderate in degree of movement or change; proceeding with slow regularity; not abrupt or sudden: as, a gradual rise or fall of the thermometer; gradual improvement in health. What prospects from his watch-tower high Gleam gradual on the warder's eye! Scott, Rokeby, ii. 2. Marriage... is still the beginning of the home epic the gradual conquest or irremediable loss of that complete union which makes... age the harvest of sweet memories in common. George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 445. Gradual emancipation, modulation, number, etc. See the nouns.-Gradual Psalms, Psalms cxx. to cxxxiv. inclusive: supposed to have been so called because sung on the fifteen steps from the outer to the inner court of the temple at Jerusalem. Also called Psalms of Degrees, [The title at the head of each of these Psalms is in TE, literally a song of the goings up, ascents, or steps.' In the Septuagint it is on avaßaðμôr; in the Vulgate, Canticum graduum; in the authorized version, “A Song of Degrees"; in the revised version, “A Song of Ascents."] II. n. 1t. A series of steps. Before the gradual prostrate they ador'd, The pavement kissed, and thus the saints implor'd. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. 507. 2. In the Rom. Cath, Ch.: (a) An antiphon sung after the reading of the epistle, while the book is moved from the epistle to the gospel side of the altar: so called because it was formerly sung by the subdeacon or epistler and cantor on the step (gradus) of the ambo or pulpit from which the epistle was read. (b) An office-book formerly in use, containing the antiphons called graduals, as well as introits and other antiphons, etc., of the mass. Also called the cantatory or cantatorium. graduale (grad-ù-ñ ́lő), n.; pl. gradualia (-li-ä), [ML.: see gradual.] Same as gradual, 2. The close resemblance of the seedling to the tree, and the graduality of the growth. J. S. Mill, Logic, III. xv. § 3. gradually (grad'u-al-i), ade. 1. In a gradual manner; by degrees; step by step; slowly. No debtor does confess all his debts, but breaks them gradually to his man of business. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxvi. A languor came Upon him, gentle sickness, gradually Weakening the man. Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 2t. In degree. Human reason doth not only gradually but specifically differ from the fantastic reason of brutes. Grew. gradualness (grad'u-al-nes), n. The character of being gradual. The gradualness of growth is a characteristic which strikes the simplest observer. H. Drummond, Natural Law, p. 92. graff fessional incorporated society, after examination. I would be a graduate, sir, no freshman. Fletcher (and another), Fair Maid of the Inn, iv. 1. Sweet girl-graduates in their golden hair. Tennyson, Princess, Prol. 2. A graduated glass vessel used for measuring liquids, as by chemists, apothecaries, etc. A graduate that has contained tincture of iron, or solutions of lead or lime. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 114. graduateship (grad'u-at-ship), n. [< graduate +-ship.] The condition of a graduate. = = An English concordance, and a topick folio, the gatherings and savings of a sober graduateship. Milton, Areopagitica. graduation (grad-ū-ā'shọn), n. [= F. graduation Pr. graduacio Sp. graduacion Pg. graduação = It. graduazione, < ML. graduatio(n-), the act of conferring a degree, gra< duare, confer a degree: see graduate.] 1. The act of graduating, or the state of being graduated. (a) The act or art of dividing into degrees or other definite parts, as scales, the limbs of astronomical or other instruments, and the like. Graduation is the name given to the art of dividing straight scales, circular arcs, or whole circumferences into any required number of equal parts. Eneve. Brit., XI. 27. (b) Admission to a degree in a college or university, or by some professional corporation, as a result of examination. Bachelors were called Senior, Middle, or Junior Bachelors according to the year since graduation, and before Woolsey, Hist. Disc., p. 122. taking the degree of Master. (c) The raising of a substance to a higher degree of fineness, consistency, or the like; transmutation, as of metals (in alchemy); concentration, as of a liquid by evaporation. 2. Collectively, the marks or lines made on an sions.-3. The act of grading, or the state of instrument to indicate degrees or other divibeing graded; grading. graduand (grad-u-and'), n. [< ML. graduandus, to be graduated, ger. of graduare, graduate: see graduate.] In British universities, a student who has passed his examinations for a degree, but has not yet been graduated. graduate (grad'ū-āt), v.; pret. and pp. graduated, ppr. graduating. [ML. graduatus, pp. of graduare (> It. graduare Sp. Pg. graduar F. graduer), confer a degree upon (in mod. use with extended meaning), < L. gradus, a step, degree, ML. an academical degree, etc.: see graduation-engine (grad-u-a ́shọn-en ̋jin), n. grade1, n.] I. trans. 1. To mark with degrees, Same as dividing-engine. regular intervals, or divisions; divide into small graduator (grad'u-a-tor), n. [< graduate + regular distances: as, to graduate a thermome-or.] One who or that which graduates. Speter, a scale, etc. = = According to these observations he graduates his thermometers. Derham, Physico-Theology, i. 2, note 3. 2. To arrange or place in a series of grades or The special and distinctive cause of civilization is not the division but the graduation of labor. W. H. Mallock, Social Equality, p. 171. cifically(a) A dividing-engine. (b) A contrivance for accelerating spontaneous evaporation by the exposure of large surfaces of liquids to a current of air. graduatory (grad'u-ā-to-ri), a. [ graduate + gradations; establish gradation in: as, to grad-ory.] Adapted for use in graduation. See uate punishment. Nine several subsidies of a new kind, a graduated income and property tax, were levied at more critical periods. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 250. 3. To confer a degree upon at the close of a course of study, as a student in a college or university; certify by diploma, after examination, the attainment of a certain grade of learning by: as, he was graduated A. B., and afterward A. M. The schools became a scene Of solemn farce, where Ignorance on stilts . . . With parrot tongue perform'd the scholar's part, Proceeding soon a graduated dunce. Cowper, Task, ii. 739. Young Quincy entered college, where he spent the usual four years, and was graduated with the highest honors of his class. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 103. 4. To prepare gradually; temper or modify by degrees. Dyers advance and graduate their colours with salts. Sir T. Browne. Diseases originating in the atmosphere act exclusively on bodies graduated to receive their impressions. Medical Repository. 5. To raise to a higher degree, as of fineness, consistency, etc.: as, to graduate brine by evaporation. The tincture was capable to transmute or graduate as much silver as equalled in weight that gold. Boyle. II. intrans. 1. To pass by degrees; change or pass gradually. A grand light falls beautifully on the principal figure, but it does not graduate sufficiently into distant parts of the cave. Gilpin. 2. To receive a degree from a college or university, after examination in a course of study; be graduated. He graduated at Leyden in 1691. London Monthly Mag., Oct., 1808, p. 224. graduate (grad'ū-āt), a. and n. [< ML. graduatus, pp.: see the verb.] I. a. 1. Arranged in successive steps or degrees; graduated. Beginning with the genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages. Tatham. 2. Having received a degree; having been graduated: as, a graduate student. II. n. 1. One who has been admitted to a degree in a college or university, or by some pro graduation, 1 (c). Others or the same [chemists] speak of [it] as a graduatory substance (as to some metals). Boyle, Works, V. 591. graduction (gra-duk'shon), n. [Irreg. < L. gradus, a step, degree, + ducere, pp. ductus, lead.] In astron., the division of circular arcs into degrees, minutes, etc. gradus (gra'dus), n.; pl. gradus. [Abbr. of L. Gradus ad Parnassum, steps to Parnassus, a fanciful name for an elementary book in prosody or music: L. gradus, pl. of gradus, a step; ad, to; Parnassum, acc. of Parnassus, Parnassus.] 1. A dictionary of prosody designed as an aid in writing Greek or Latin verses. scan. Martin then proceeded to write down eight lines in English,... and to convert these line by line, by main force of Gradus and dictionary, into Latin that would T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 3. 2. In music, a work consisting wholly or in great part of exercises of gradually increasing difficulty. Specifically, the Gradus ad Parnassum, a celebrated treatise or musical composition, written in Latin, by Johann Joseph Fux, published in Vienna in 1725, and since translated into the principal modern languages of Europe; also, the title of a book of exercises for the piano by Muzio Clementi, now regarded as a classic. grady (gra'di), a. [ Heraldic F. as if *gradé, <L. gradatus, furnished with steps: see grade1, gradation.] In her., cut into steps, one upon another: said of lines, of the edges of ordinaries, or the like. Sometimes called battled embattled, battled grady, or embattled grady.- Cross grady, in her. See Calvary cross and cross degraded and conjoined, under cross1. Græcize, Græcism, etc. See Grecize, etc. graf (gräf), n. [G., a count: see grave5.] A German title of dignity equivalent to count: the title corresponding to English earl, French comte, etc. The Graf, or administrative ruler of the province which is composed of the aggregations of the hundreds, is a servant of the king, fiscal and judicial. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 25. I do not want you to marry the best baron or graf among them. Mrs. Alexander, The Freres, xli. graff1 (graf), n. [A var. ( ME. graf, < AS. græf, nom.) of grave2 (< ME. grave, ‹ AS. græfe, graff dat.): see grave2. Cf. staff and stave.] 1. A grave. [Scotch.] should feed the corbies. E'en as he is, cauld in his graff. Burns, On a Henpecked Country Squire. I'll houk it a graff wi' my ain twa hands, rather than it Blackwood's Mag., May, 1820, p. 66. 2t. A ditch or moat; a canal. Also graft. Here we visited the engines and mills both for wind and water, draining it thro' two rivers or graffs cut by hand, and capable of carrying considerable barges. Evelyn, Diary, July 22, 1670. = graff2 (graf), n. [Early mod. E. also greff, griff; <ME. graffe, also gryffe, < OF. greffe, F. greffe, a particular use, in allusion to the shape of the slips, of OF. grafe, graffe, graife, grefe, greffe, a style for writing with (cf. MD. grafie Pg. garfo, a graff; ML. grafiolum, graphiolum, LL. graphiolum, a small shoot or scion), L. graphium, ML. also grafium, graffium (AS. græf), Gr. ypapeiov, a style for writing with, a pencil, ypápew, write: see graphic and gravel. In mod. E. usually graft: see graft2.] Same as graft2. The grafe is to be take amydde his tree. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 122. I have a staff of another oke graff. In Marche as other thinke And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be graffed in; for God is able to graff them in again. 2. To incorporate; attach. Of those [houses] are Twelue in that rich Girdle greft Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 4. graffst, n. An obsolete variant of greave1, To keep in repair the long line of boundary fence, to graffer1 (gråf'er), n. [< ME. graffere, greffere Graffillidæ (gra-fil'i-de), n. pl. [NL., < Graf- tance. a [his] God). Rome. 2591 The outward defence seemes to consist but in 4 towers, Yong Graftes grow not onelie sonest, but also fairest, The pointed arch was a graft on the Romanesque, Lom- Specifically-3. In surg., a portion of living Dryden. With his pruning-hook disjoin Th' amazed Reaper down his sickle flings; And sudden Fear grafts to his Ankles wings. Book of Common Prayer, Collect for 7th Sunday after No art-teaching could be of use to you, but would 4. In surg., to implant for growth in a different The graffe and grayne is goode, but after preef Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 5. and chevroné. grafter (graf'ter), n. [graft2, v., +-er1. Cf. I am informed by trials of the most skilful grafters of 2. A saw designed especially for sawing off A graft-hybrid, that is, one produced from the united cellular tissue of two distinct species. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 416. graft-hybridization (gråft'hi brid-i-za" shọn), n. See hybridization. The cases above given seem to me to prove that under certain unknown conditions graft-hybridisation can be effected. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 424. grafting (gråf'ting), n. [Verbal n. of graft2, v.] 1. The act of inserting a shoot or scion taken from one tree into the stem or some other part of another, in such a manner that they to the tree from which the scion was taken. unite and produce fruit of the kind belonging The methods of grafting are of great variety, designated by the words whip, splice, cleft, saddle, crown, etc. In whip-grafting, or tongue-grafting, the stock and scion, of equal size, are fitted together by tongues cut in each, and tightly bound (whipped or lashed) until they are well united in growth. Splice-grafting is performed by cutting the direction, in such a way that the sections are of the same ends of the scion and stock completely across in an oblique shape, then laying the oblique surfaces together so that the one exactly fits the other, and securing them by tying or otherwise. In cleft-grafting the stock is cleft down, and the graft, cut in the shape of a wedge at its lower end, is inserted into the cleft. In saddle-grafting the end of the stock is cut in the form of a wedge, and the base of the scion, slit up or cleft for the purpose, is affixed. Crowngrafting, or rind-grafting, is performed by cutting the lower end of the scion in a sloping direction, while the head of the stock is cut over horizontally and a slit is made through the inner bark; a piece of wood, bone, ivory, or other such substance, resembling the thinned end of the scion, is inserted in the top of the slit between the alburnum and the inner bark and pushed down in order to raise the bark, so that the thin end of the scion may be introduced without being bruised; the edges of the bark whole is bound with matting and clayed. on each side are then brought close to the scion, and the 2. In carp., the joining of two piles or beams endwise; scarfing.-Grafting by approach. Same Graham bread. See brown bread, under bread1. as approaching. Grahamism (gra'am-izm), n. [< Graham (Sylvester Graham, an American reformer and writer on dietetics (1794-1851)) + -ism.] Vegetarianism. [U. S.] Grahamism was advocated and practiced by many. Grahamitel (gra'am-it), n. [See Grahamism.] N. Y. Med. Jour., XI. 567. A follower of Sylvester Graham in respect to diet; a vegetarian. [U. S.] grahamite (gra'am-it), n. [Named after J. Lorimer Graham of New York, and Col. Graham of Baltimore.] A bituminous mineral resembling albertite, filling a fissure in the carboniferous sandstone in West Virginia. graid, graidly. Same as graith, graithly. graillt (gral), n. [<ME. grayle, grayel, grale: OD. gral, OF. grael, greel, graal, greil, gree, a service-book (cf. grael, greal, a degree) (F. graduel ML. graduale, also gradale, a service-book, a Pr. Sp. Pg. gradual = It. graduale), gradual: see gradual, n., 2.] Same as gradual, 2. = = in the mass about the year of our Lord 490. mass. J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 306. In the Graduale, or Grail, was put whatever the choir took any part in singing, on Sundays or festivals, at high Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 212. grail2 (gral), n. [Early mod. E. grayle; < ME. graal (= MHG. gral, grazal, gresal, G. graal, gral), etc., < OF. graal, greal, greail, greel, greil, also in the general sense grasal, F. dial. grazal, grazau, grial, grau, gro: Pr. grazal OCat. gresal OSp. grial Pg. gral, in ML. variously gradalis, gradale, grasale, grasala, a flat dish, a = = grail shallow vessel; the forms show unusual variation, being appar. manipulated on account of the legendary associations of the word (so OF. saint greal, holy dish,' was manipulated into sang real, prop. 'royal blood,' but taken for 'real blood,' ML. sanguis realis), and the original form is not certain; it was prob. gradalis, pointing to a probable corruption (simulating gradale, a service-book, a gradual, also an antiphon, etc.: see grail) of ML. cratella, dim. of crater, a bowl: see crater.] In medieval legend, a cup or chalice, called more particularly the holy grail or sangreal, supposed to have been of emerald, used by Christ at the last supper, and in which Joseph of Arimathea caught the last drops of Christ's blood as he was taken from the cross. By Joseph, according to one account, it was carried to Britain. Other accounts affirm that it was brought by angels from heaven and intrusted to a body of knights, who guarded it on the top of a mountain; when approached by any one not perfectly pure it vanished from sight. The grail having been lost, it became the great object of search or quest to knights errant of all nations, none being qualified to discover it but a knight perfectly chaste in thought and act. The stories and poems concerning Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table are founded on this legend, and it has been still further developed in modern times. See sangreal. And, sir, the peple that were ther at cleped this vessell that thei hadden in so grete grace the Graal; and yef ye do my counseile, ye shall stablisshe the thirde table in the Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 59. All-arm'd I ride, whate'er betide, Until I find the holy Grail. name of the trinite. Tennyson, Sir Galahad. grail3+ (gral), n. [As used by Spenser (def. 2), spelled graile, grayle, and appar. regarded by him as a contr. of gravel; but in all senses appar. ult. OF. graile, graille, later gresle, F. grêle, fine, small (< L. gracilis, slender, thin: see gracile), confused with OF. gresle, F. gréle, hail (cf. F. grésil = Pr. grazil, sleet), < OF. gres, F. grès, grit, OHG. grioz, G. gries = AS. greót, E. grit: see grit2.] 1. Fine particles: in the quotation apparently referring to the fine beads or air-bubbles of mantling liquor. Nor yet the delight, that comes to the sight, 2. Fine gravel; sand. And lying downe upon the sandie graile Dronke of the streame as cleare as christall glas. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 6. His bones as small as sandy grayle He broke, and did his bowels disentrayle. Spenser, F. Q., V. ix. 19. 3. One of the smaller feathers of a hawk. Blome. grail4 (grāl), n. [Cf. grail3.] A single-cut file with one curved and one straight face, used by comb-makers. grail4 (grāl), v. t. [<grail4, n.] In comb-making, to treat with a single-cut file or grail. = = They [combs] then pass to the grailing department, where, by means of special forms of files or rasps, known as grails and topers, the individual teeth are rounded or bevelled, tapered, and smoothed. Encyc. Brit., VI. 178. grain1 (grān), n. [Early mod. E. also graine, grayn, grayne, etc.; ME. grayn, usually greyn, grein, a grain of wheat, etc., of sand, etc., a seed, grain (of paradise), a pearl, grain of the skin, etc., OF. grain, grein Pr. gran, gra = Sp. grano = Pg. grão = It. grano, a grain, seed, = D. graan, grain, corn, G. Dan. Sw. gran, a grain, a particle, < L. granum, a grain, seed, small kernel, = AS. and E. corn: see corn1. In sense 11, ME. grayne, greyne, a red dye, a texture dyed red, MHG. gran, a red dye, < OF. graine, grainne, greinne, etc., Pr. Sp. Pg. It. grana, f., coccus, a red dye, ML. grana, f., prop. neut. pl., grains,' in reference to the insects collectively, pl. of L. granum, a grain.] 1. A small hard seed; specifically, a seed of one of the cereal plants, wheat, rye, oats, barley, maize, or millet; a corn. 6 = Eke Marcial affermeth oute of doute That greynes white in hem [pomegranates] this crafte will die. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 116. The graine of it [Panicke] is almost as great as a beane. Coryat, Crudities, I. 103. 2. Collectively, corn in general; the gathered seeds of cereal plants in mass; also, the plants themselves, whether standing or gathered: as, to grind or thresh grain; a field or a stack of grain. Loke what is in the fyrst fruites of grayne offered, the same is generally in the whole heape. J. Udall, On Col. i. And champing golden grain, the horses stood Hard by their chariots waiting for the dawn. Tennyson, Iliad, viii. 560. 3. The smallest unit of weight in most systems, originally determined by the weight of a plump 2592 grain of wheat. In a pound troy or apothecaries' weight there are 5,760 grains, the grain being the 24th part of a pennyweight in the former and the 20th part of a scruple in the latter. The ounce of each therefore contains 480 grains, while in avoirdupois weight, in which the grain is not used, the ounce is equal to 437 grains and the pound to 7,000 grains. Abbreviated gr. 4. Any small hard particle, as of sand, gunpowder, sugar, salt, etc.; hence, a minute portion of anything; the smallest amount of anything: as, he has not a grain of wit. And for no carpyng I couth after ne knelyng to the grounde, I myзte gete no greyne of his grete wittis. Piers Plowman (B), x. 139. Arth. Is there no remedy? Hub. None but to lose your eyes. Arth. O heaven!- that there were but a mote in yours, A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair. Shak., K. John, iv. 1. Love's too precious to be lost, A little grain shall not be spilt. Tennyson, In Memoriam, lxv. 5. In bot., a grain-like prominence or tubercle, as upon the sepals of dock.-6. pl. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any grain after distillation. It is used as feed for domestic animals: in the United States, for cows, which eat it greedily, but whose milk is made thinner and less nutritious by it, though temporarily increased in quantity, while the animal is soon materially injured. 7. The quality of a substance due to the size, character, or arrangement of its grains or particles, as its coarseness or fineness, or superficial roughness or smoothness; granular texture: as, a stone or salt of coarse grain; marble or sugar of fine grain. The compass heaven, smooth without grain or fold, In any process of photograph engraving in half tones it is absolutely necessary to produce what is termed a grain, so as to obtain an ink-holding surface, and giving detail in the shadows. Sei. Amer. Supp., p. 8972. 8. Fibrous texture or constitution, especially of wood; the substance of wood as modified by the quality, arrangement, or direction of its fibers: as, boxwood has a very compact grain; wood of a gnarled grain; to plane wood with, against, or across the grain. When any side of it was cut smooth and polite, it appeared to have a very lovely grain, like that of some curious close wood. Evelyn, Forest Trees, xxx. § 12. Then what were left of roughness in the grain Of British natures . . . would disgust. Cowper, Task, v. 480. The crushed petals' lovely grain. D. G. Rossetti, Jenny. The middle of the blade [of whalebone] is of a looser texture than the rest, and is called the grain, being composed of coarse, bristly hairs. Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 362. Hence grain facture to counteract the effects of lime and make the leather soft and flexible.- Against the grain. (a) Against the fibers of the wood. (b) Against the natural temper; contrary to desire or feeling. Your minds Pre-occupied with what you rather must do Than what you should, made you against the grain To voice him consul. Shak., Cor., ii. 3. Quoth Hudibras, "It is in vain (I see) to argue 'gainst the grain." S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 478. Black in the grain. See black in the flesh, under black. -Brewers' grains. Same as draff. See also def. 6.Grains of paradise, the seeds of Amomum Melegueta and A. Granum-Paradisi, two scitamineous plants of western tropical Africa. They are feebly aromatic and have a very pungent and burning taste, and are used as a constituent in some cattle-powders, and especially to give pungency to cordials. They are also known as guineagrains or melegueta pepper, and were an ingredient in the hippocras or spiced wine of the middle ages. Look at that rough o' a boy gaun . . . into the ginshop, to buy beer poisoned wi' grains o' paradise and cocculus indicus. Kingsley, Alton Locke, viii. In grain. [OF. en graine.] (at) With the scarlet dye obtained from insects of the genus Coccus. (b) With any fast dye; in fast colors: as, to dye in grain. How the red roses flush up in her cheekes, Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 228. Oli. 'Tis in grain, sir; 'twill endure wind and weather. Vio. "Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on. Shak., T. N., i. 5. Our reason is first stained and spotted with the dye of our kindred and country, and our education puts it in grain. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 683. (c) See def. 9.-To break the grain. See break.-To dye in grain. See in grain (b). grain1 (grān), v. [< ME. greynen; from the noun.] I. intrans. 1t. To bring forth grain; yield fruit. It floureth, but it shal not greyne Gower, Conf. Amant., v. 2. To form grains or assume a granular form; crystallize into grains, as sugar. II. trans. 1t. To produce, as from a seed. Certes all maner linage of men been euen liche in birth, for one father maker of all goodnes informed hem al, and Testament of Love, ii. 2. In brewing, to free from grain; separate the grain from, as wort. all mortal folke of one seed are greined. The graining of wort from wheat is difficult on account of the tenacious layer of grains. Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 198. 3. To form into grains, as powder, sugar, and the like.-4. To paint, etc., so as to give the appearance of grain or fibers of wood.-5. In tanning, to take the hair off of; soften and raise the grain of: as, to grain skins or leather.-6. Hence-9. Intimate structure or character; To dye in grain. intrinsic or essential quality. The one being tractable and mild, the other stiff and impatient of a superior, they lived but in cunning concord, as brothers glued together, but not united in grain. Hayward. My father, as I told you, was a philosopher in grain, speculative, systematical. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 21. 10t. A spice: same as grains of paradise (which see, below). First he cheweth greyn and lycoris, Rom. of the Rose, 1. 1369. Ther was eke wexyng many a spice, Coarse complexions, Persons lightly dipped, not grained in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., i. 9. Kermes, like cochineal, were supposed to be berries or grains, and colors dyed with them were said to be grained, or engrained. O'Neill, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 302. [< Icel. grein, the branch of a grain2 (grān), n. tree, a branch, arm, point, difference, Sw. gren, branch, arm, stride, fork, Dan. gren, branch, bough, prong. Doublet, groin2, q. v.] 1. A tine, prong, or spike. See grain-staff, 1.2. The fork of a tree or of a stick.-3. The groin. Then Corin up doth take The Giant twixt the grayns. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 495. 4. A piece of sheet-metal used in a mold to hold in position an additional part, as a core. Also called chapelet and gagger.-5. pl. An iron instrument with four or more barbed points, and a line attached to it, used at sea for striking and taking fish. In the United States these fish-spears are made in many patterns, with different numbers of prongs or barbs, sometimes only one prong and a halfbarb. They oftenest have two prongs, each half-barbed inwardly. They are used for turtles as well as fish. Among seamen the plural is commonly used as a singular. Another amusement we sometimes indulg ed in was "burning the water" for craw-fish. For this purpose we procured a pair of grains, with a long staff like a harpoon, ... mak ing torches with tarred rope twisted round a long pine stick. Grains with Five Prongs. A military vest of purple flow'd, Livelier than Melibean, or the grain Of Sarra. Milton, P. L., xi. 242. 12. The side of leather from which the hair has been removed, showing the fibrous texture. The part from which the "split" is taken, called the grain, is shaved on a beam with a currier's knife. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 514. 13. In mining, cleat or cleavage.-14. pl. A solution of birds' dung used in leather-manu- ing in sheels during the summer months, and pasturing R. H. Duna, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 191. 6. pl. A place at which two streams unite; the fork of a river. The survey of 1542 describes the Redesdale men as liv grain their cattle in the grains and hopes of the country on the grain3 (grān), v. and n. A dialectal (Scotch) grain-binder (grānʼbīn ̋dėr), n. The binding passes between them. 2593 (b) In painting, the act or process of producing an imitation of the color and arrangement of the grain or fibers of wood; the appearance so produced. (e) The act of grinding lithographic stones together with fine sand to give a certain mat or grain to the surface. (d) In leathermaking, the artificial markings on the surface of a skin to imitate morocco and other varieties of leather. (e) In bookbinding, the making of a rough or fine pebbled surface, or a wrinkled or striated surface, on leather used for binding books. () In watch-making, a similar process applied to the surface of movements, etc.-Graininggraining2 (gra'ning), n. [< grain2 + -ing1.] 1. The fork of a tree. [Prov. Eng.]-2. The method or practice of taking fish with grains. See grain2. colors. See color. graining3 (gra'ning), n. [Origin uncertain.] graining-board (grā ́ning-bōrd), n. A piece of grain-car (grān ́kär), n. A box railroad-car The eggs of the silkworm, called graine, are hatched out by artificial heat at the period when the mulberry Though now this grained face of mine be hid 24. Dyed in grain; ingrained. Thou turn'st mine eyes into my very soul; And there I see such black and grained spots, As will not leave their tinct. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. 3. Painted as having a grain.-4. Formed or divided into grains or small particles.-5. In bot., having grain-like tubercles or prominences, as the sepals in some species of Rumex.-6. Characterized by a fibrous texture or grain. Let me twine Mine arms about that body, where against Grained leather. Same as grain-leather. skinners for taking the hair off of skins. grainer2+, n. [Cf. graner, granier; var. forms Grallæ [Graith with its derivatives was formerly very common; it is now only dialectal, chiefly in the form graid or grade (graidly, etc.).] graith (grath), v. t. [< ME. graithen, greithen, graiden, grathen (pret. graithede, etc., pp. graithed, etc., also contr. graiede, graied, etc.), Icel. greidha, make ready, prepare, arrange, disentangle (= AS. ger@dan, arrange, dispose, order, provide for, Goth. garaidjan, enjoin), <greidhr, ready, free: see graith, a.] To make ready; prepare; dress. [Obsolete or Scotch.] graith He bad greithe his char ful hastily. Chaucer, Monk's Tale, 1. 604. And siller shod behind. Young Waters (Child's Ballads, III. 89). (grāth), n. [< ME. graith, graythe, greythe, Icel. greidhi, preparation, arrangement, greidha, prepare, arrange, greidhr, ready: see graith, v.] 1. Preparation; arrangement; manner of doing a thing; the proper course. 2. Sire, for grete God[e]s loue the graith thou me telle, Apparatus of whatever kind, for work, for traveling, etc.; furniture; equipment. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] Then up got the baron, and cried for his graith. And think weill, throw your hie courage, Sir D. Lyndsay, Squyer Meldrum. Riding-graith, equipments for a horseman and his horse. To lift one's graith, in mining, to collect one's tools; throw up one's employment and leave the mine. graithly (grath'li), a. [Also E. dial. graidly, gradely; ME. *graithly, greithli; <graith, a., ly1.] 1t. Ready; willing; meek. + direction of the length, so that it is thickest in the mid- rous coleopteran or snout-beetle of the genus The outer sup grain-wheel (grān'hwēl), n. We watched the emmet to her grainy nest. Rogers. = graip1 (grāp), v. A Scotch form of grope. grainering (gra'nėr-ing), n. [< grainer1, 3, + A The houses consist. of the grainery, where we keep the rice... [and] the Indian corn, etc. Livingstone's Life Work. graining1 (grā ́ning), n. [Verbal n. of grain1, v.] The act or process of producing a grain or a grained or fibrous appearance on the surface of a material; the appearance so produced. Specifically (a) The milling of a coin. Mr. Lowndes tells us that the engines which put the let. ters upon the edges of the large silver pieces, and mark the edges of the rest with a graining, are wrought secretly. Locke, Further Considerations concerning Money. It is called by some the unmilled guinea, as having no graining upon the rim. Leake. Of his cosyns he cald kyde men two: Straight; direct; free. [Obsolete or prov. Heo grauntede then to ben at his grace, 2. Orderly; proper; decent. [Prov. Eng., in This a grete of the Grekes graidly beheld, waders, including forms now dispersed in several orders.-2. În Merrem's classification, the larger and chiefly altricial grallatorial birds, such as herons, ibises, storks, and spoonbills, and also præcocial forms, such as the cranes. -3. An ordinal or other group of wading birds, variously restricted. The term has been transmitted from a former stage of ornithology, and no one has succeeded in defining it with precision. It is often discarded, the waders that had been placed in it being then distributed in three groups, called Limicolæ, the præcocial shore-birds; Herodiones, the altricial waders, as herons, storks, and ibises; and Alectorides or Paludicola, the præcocial wading birds, like cranes, rails, and their allies. When the name Gralla is retained, it usually cov ers the first and third of these groups, and may be briefly said to correspond to the præcocial wading birds. These Grallæ are an extensive and varied series of about 20 families. The plovers, Charadriide, and the snipes, Scolopacida, are the largest of these families; and more or less nearly related to these schizorhinal charadriomorphs are the Chionidida, or sheath bills; the Thinocorida, or lark-plovers; the Glareolidae, or pratincoles; the Dromadida, or crabplovers; the Haematopodido, or oyster-catchers; the Jacanidee or Parride, the jaçanas; the Recurvirostridæ, or avosets and stilts; and the Phalaropodide, or phalaropes. A pair of holorhinal families of Gralle are the Edienemida, or thick-knees, and the Otidide, or bustards. The remarkable gralline genera Eurypyga, Rhinochetus, and Mesites are types respectively of three families. The remaining præcocial gralline families are the Gruida and Rallide, or cranes and rails, with which are now associated the Aramida, Psophiidae, and Cariamida. See the family names. Grallaria (gra-lā'ri-ä), n. [NL., < L. grallæ, stilts (see Gralla), +-aria.] A genus of formicarian passerine birds, a leading group of Grallaria rex. South American ant-thrushes, represented by such species as G. varia and G. rex: so named from the great relative length of the legs. Vieillot, 1816. 2594 = G. gram (> OF. grame, gramme), grief, sad- Ac the admiral was so wroth and wod 2. Grief; misery. [Obsolete or archaic.] King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 99. D. G. Rossetti, The Staff and Scrip. = = Grete Iewés thus weore gramed, And grame if it greued him. It is defined as the Richard the Redeless (E. E. T. S.), Prol., 1. 41. gram2, gramme (gram), n. [=D. Dan. Sw.gram = G. gramm = Pg. It. gramma, < F. gramme, a Grallator (gra-la'tor), n. [NL., <L. grallator, unit of mass (see def.), < LL. gramma, < LGr. one who walks on stilts, gralla, stilts: see Gralla.] A genus of gigantic animals, former- ypáupa, a small weight (the weight of two oboly supposed to be birds, now believed to be li), a particular use of Gr. ypάuua, that which dinosaurian reptiles, known by their footprints is drawn or written, a line, letter, writing, etc., in the Triassic formation of the Connecticutypage, write: see graphic, gravel.] In the metric system, a unit of mass. valley. Hitchcock, 1858. Grallatores (gral-a-to'rēz), n. pl. [NL., pl. of thousandth part of the mass of a certain piece of plati Grallator.] 1. An order or other large group of wading birds, synonymous with Gralla in any of its senses. [Little used.]-2. In Bonaparte's dichotomous physiological classification of birds, a subclass of Aves (the other subclass being called Insessores), containing those birds the young of which are hatched clothed and able to run about. As the term had before been used in a very different sense, it was afterward changed by its author to Præcoces, and contrasted with Altrices. It corresponds with Sundevall's Ptilopades. grallatorial (gral-a-to'ri-al), a. [< grallatory +-al.] Pertaining to the Grallatores or wading birds; wading; long-legged, like a wader. grallatory (gral'a-to-ri), a. [L. grallator, one who walks on stilts: see Grallator.] Same as grallatorial. [Rare.] grallic (gral'ik), a. [< Gralla + -ic.] Of or = num preserved at Paris and called the Kilogramme des ends useful on a march. graminifolious such, it has spread into some archaic literary use.] 1t. Grammar; hence, learning in general; erudition. Cowthe ye by youre gramery reche us a drink, I should Towneley Mysteries, p. 90. be more mery. 2. Magic; enchantment. [Obsolete except as a literary archaism.] Whate'er he did of gramarye Was always done maliciously. Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 11. All white from head to foot, as if bleached by some The Century, XXVII. 203. strange gramarye. All learning fell under suspicion, till at length the very grammar itself (the last volume in the world, one would say, to conjure with) gave to English the word gramary (enchantment), and in French became a book of magic, under the alias of grimoire. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 96. gram-centimeter (gram'sen"ti-me-tér), n. A unit used in measuring mechanical work. It is equal to the work done against gravity in raising a mass of one gram through a vertical height of one centimeter, and is equivalent to g ergs (g being the acceleration of gravity)- that is, to about 980 ergs. In physics, a gram-degree (gram'de-grē), ". See gram1. calory. Also called gram-water-degree. gramet, n. and v. gramercy (gra-mer'si), interj. [< ME. gramercy, earlier grant mercy, graunt mercy,< OF. grammerci, grant merci, grand merci, lit. 'great Sometimes thanks': see grand and mercy. 106. falsely explained as if grant were a verb in the Same as Graminea. 300 genera He carries a horse-cloth, a telescope, a bag of gram The ally terete and the nodes, and 2. [1. c.] A species of this genus: as, the pied grallina. gralline (gral'in), a. [< Gralla + -inc.] Of or pertaining to the Gralla; grallatorial. The large order of the Charadriornithes has split into creeping cynodon (Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.), spikelets which nified. (In left-hand figure the glumes are re Grallipes (gral′i-pēz), n. Same as Grallina, 1. Sundevall, 1873. [Origin obgralloch, grallock (gral'ok), n. scure.] The offal of a deer. gralloch, grallock (gral'ok), v. t. [gralloch, grallock, n.] To remove the offal from, as deer. In the stomach of a stag which was shot in the Duke of Portland's forest at Langwell, Caithness-shire, there were found when gralloched the brass ends of thirteen carSt. James's Gazette, 1888. tridges. gram1t, a. [ME. gram, grom, <AS. gram, grom, angry, fierce, D. gram- (in comp.) = OS. gram Icel. gramr = Sw. OHG. MHG. G. gram Dan. gram (cf. Sw. gramse, hostile) (hence, from OHG., OF. gram, graim Pr. gram = It. gramo, sad, woeful); akin to grim, q. v. In mod. E. this adj. is represented by grum, q. v.] Angry; fierce. = = = [ME., also grome, AS. gram1, grame, n. grama, anger (= MHG. gram, gloom, sadness, also creeping wheat-grass, dog's-grass (Triti- Graminea.- Flower of a Grass, much mag are variously ar- moved.) ovuled ovary, which at maturity becomes the peculiar |