The Antiquity and Ancestry of Man-Archæology-Prehis-

toric Man - The Science of Mankind, Anthropology - Primi-

tive Interpretations of Nature Prevalence of Animism in

Antiquity-Sources of Information Concerning Prehistoric and

Ancient Times -Some Ancient Lands and Peoples - Babylo-

nia and Assyria - Egypt - Phoenicia - The Hebrews - The

Emergence of European Civilization Ægean Civilization in

the Bronze Age — The Iron Age; The Greeks or Hellenes.

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1 1

Primitive Astronomical Notions- The Planets - Astrology

and Cosmology-Primitive Counting-Primitive Geometry

Relation of Greek to Older Civilizations Babylonian Arith-

metic Babylonian Astronomy Babylonian Geometry

Mathematical Science in Egypt-The Ahmes Papyrus-Egyp-

tian Land Measurement-Egyptian Geometry.

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CHAPTER III

THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE

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Geographical Boundaries - Indebtedness of Greece to Baby-

lonia and Egypt-The Greek Point of View Sources-The

Calendar-Time Measurement-Greek Arithmetic - Greek

Geometry - The Ionian Philosophers - Thales - Milesian Cos-

mology-Anaximander - Anaximenes-Pythagoras and his

School-Pythagorean Arithmetic - Pythagorean Geometry-

Pythagorean Physical Science-Terrestrial Motion: Philolaus,

Hicetas.

CHAPTER IV

SCIENCE IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE

-

Literature and Art-Parmenides-Empedocles-Anaxagoras
- The Atomists-Democritus of Abdera-The Beginnings of

58

-

-

Rational Medicine: Hippocrates of Cos-The Sophists-Hip-
pias of Elis-The Criticism of Zeno Circle Measurement:
Antiphon and Bryson, Hippocrates of Chios-Plato and the
- Platonic Cosmology -

The Analytic Method

Menæchmus: Conic Sections- A New Cosmology:
Aristotle Aristotle's Mechanics · Aristotelian
Theophrastus Epicurus and Epicureanism-

Academy

Archytas-

-

Eudoxus

Astronomy

-

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Heraclides: Rotation of the Earth.

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PAGE

CHAPTER V

GREEK SCIENCE IN ALEXANDRIA

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-

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The Museum at Alexandria - Euclid -

Influence of Euclid - Criticism of Euclid - Other Works of

Euclid - Archimedes - Archimedes and Euclid - Circle Meas-

urement Quadrature of the Parabola Spirals Sphere and

Cylinder Mechanics of Archimedes Archimedes as an En-

gineer - Alexandrian Geography; Earth Measurement - Era-

tosthenes-Apollonius of Perga― Apollonius and Archimedes-

Medical Science at Alexandria; Beginnings of Human Anatomy.

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CHAPTER VI

THE DECLINE OF ALEXANDRIAN SCIENCE .

-

Orbital Motion of the Earth: Aristarchus - Excentric Cir-
cular Orbits-Epicycles-Hipparchus: Star Catalogue -Pre-
cession of the Equinoxes Other Astronomical Discoveries;
Planetary Theory - Invention of Trigonometry Inventions:
Ctesibus and Hero- Hero's Triangle Formula Inductive
Arithmetic: Nicomachus-Ptolemy and the Ptolemaic Sys-
tem - The Almagest - Other Works of Ptolemy- Pappus-
Beginnings of Algebra: Diophantus-Conclusion and Retrospect.

87

115

. 141

The Roman World-Empire - The Roman Attitude towards
Science - Roman Engineering and Architecture Slave Labor
in Antiquity Julius Cæsar and the Julian Calendar - Vitru-
vius on Architecture · Frontinus on the Waterworks of Rome
Roman Natural Science and Medicine - Lucretius - Strabo
Pliny the Elder — Galen - Late Roman Mathematical Sci-
ence Capella Boethius Science and the Early Christian
Church The Eastern Empire; Edict of Justinian — The Dark
Ages The Establishment of Schools by Charlemagne.

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CHAPTER VIII

HINDU AND ARABIAN SCIENCE. THE MOORS IN SPAIN.

Alexandria Hindu Mathematics Hindu Astronomy –

Mohammed and the Hegira - Arabian Mathematical Science

Arabian Astronomy-Asiatic Observatories - The Moors in

Spain.

CHAPTER IX

PROGRESS OF SCIENCE TO 1450 A.D.

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The Crusades Trivium and Quadrivium; Scholasticism

Medieval Universities - Transmission of Science through

Moorish Spain - Dawn of the Renaissance Mathematical

Science in the Thirteenth Century Roger Bacon Dante

Alighieri - Computation in the Middle Ages · Mathematics

in the Medieval Universities The Renaissance Humanism

Alchemy - The Mariner's Compass - Clocks - Wool and

Silk; Textiles in the Middle Ages - The Invention of Printing.

CHAPTER X

The Age of Discovery

New Astronomy Conditions Necessary for Progress-Nico-

laus Copernicus - De Revolutionibus - Influence of Copernicus

-

Revival of Interest

-Tycho Brahe-Uraniborg-Kepler-Galileo - Medical and

Chemical Sciences - Anatomy: Vesalius

in Natural History.

PAGE

156

172

191

-

Aims and Tendencies of Mathematical Progress - Pacioli

Geometry in Art Robert Recorde Algebraic Equations of

Higher Degree-Tartaglia, Cardan― Symbolic Algebra: Vieta

- Development of Trigonometry - Map-making- The Grego-

rian Calendar - A New Invention for Computation -"Two

New Branches of Science" - A Pioneer in Mechanics; Stevinus

Giordano Bruno.

CHAPTER XII

230

Natural anD PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 255

The Circulation of the Blood: Harvey - Atmospheric Pres-

sure; Torricelli's Barometer Further Studies of the Atmos-

phere; Gases-From Philosophy to Experimentation-From

Alchemy to Chemistry-A False Theory of Combustion;

Phlogiston-Beginnings of Organic Chemistry Organization

of the First Scientific Academies and Societies - The New

Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes-Progress of Natural and

Physical Science in the Seventeenth Century.

PAGE

Mathematical Philosophy; Analytic Geometry: Descartes

Indivisibles: Cavalieri - Projective Geometry: Desargues-

Theory of Numbers and Probability: Fermat, Pascal - Me-

chanics and Optics: Huygens - Wallis and Barrow-Isaac

Newton-Optics - The Theory of Gravitation; Principia —

Newton's Mathematics; Fluxions Leibnitz-Halley: Pre-

diction of Comets.

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273

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CHAPTER XIV

NATURAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 304

Chemistry; Decline of the Phlogiston Theory-A New

Chemistry: Priestley and Lavoisier - The Synthesis of Water
- Beginnings of Modern Ideas of Sound - The Beginnings of

Modern Ideas of Heat; Latent and Specific Heat, Calorimetry

Eighteenth Century Researches on Light-Beginnings of

Modern Ideas of Electricity and Magnetism-Beginnings of

Modern Ideas of the Earth - Eighteenth Century Progress

in Botany, Zoölogy, etc.- Progress in Comparative Anatomy

and Physiology — The Industrial Revolution; Inventions;

Power - Influence of Science upon the Spirit of the Eighteenth

Century.

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CHAPTER XV

MODERN TENDENCIES IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE

Mathematics and Mechanics in the Eighteenth Century

Progress in Theoretical Mechanics - Celestial Mechanics -
The Perturbation Problem- The Nebular Hypothesis-Mod-
ern Astronomy; Telescopic Discoveries- Mathematical Prog-
ress and Physical Science- Nineteenth Century Mathematics

- Non-Euclidean Geometry — Imaginary Numbers - The Dis-
covery of Neptune - Cosmic Evolution-Distance of the Stars
– Mathematical Physies.

323

CHAPTER XVI

SOME ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE NINETEENTH CEN-

TURY. ENERGY AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Modern Physics-Heat, Thermometry: Carnot, Rumford-

Light; Wave Theory, Velocity: Young, Fresnel - The Spec-

troscope and Spectrum Analysis-Electricity and Magnetism:

Faraday, Green, Ampère, Maxwell - Electromagnetic Theory

of Light-Kinetic Theory of Gases: Clausius-The Concep-

tion of Energy - Dissipation of Energy— Modern Chemistry

-Chemical Laboratories: Liebig - Quantitative Relations;

Atoms, Molecules, Valence - Synthesis of Organic Substances

A Periodic Law among the Elements - Chemical Structure

- Physical Chemistry; Electrolytic and Thermodynamic De-

velopments of Chemistry.

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PAGE

. 348

CHAPTER XVII

SOME ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE NINETEENTH CEN-

TURY. COSMOGONY AND EVOLUTION

-

Influence of Eighteenth Century Revolutions-The Scientific

Revolution-Effects of the Rapid Increase of Knowledge –

Gradual Appreciation of the Permanence and Scope of Natural

Law-Natural Theology and an Age of Reason-Natural Phi-

losophy and Natural History; Differentiation and Hybridizing

of the Sciences-Progress in Zoölogy-Progress in Botany —

Progress in Microscopy; the Achromatic Objective-Embry-

ology - Progress in Physiology: Johannes Müller; Claude Ber-

nard Pathology before Pasteur -The Germ Theory of

Fermentation, Putrefaction and Disease: Pasteur - Antiseptic

and Aseptic Surgery: Lister-Rise of Bacteriology and Para-

sitology - Biogenesis versus Spontaneous Generation - Prog-

ress of Geological Science - Glaciers and Glacial Theories

Rise of Paleontology Ancient and Modern Theories of Cos-

mogony Relationship of the Heavens and the Earth - The

Scale of Life and the Phases of Life - General Resemblance of

Man to the Lower Animals — Anatomical and Microscopical

Similarity of Animals and Plants; Organs, Tissues, Cells and

Protoplasms Fundamental Unity of Nature; Organic versus

Inorganic World — Treviranus' Biology and Lamarck's Zoölogi-

cal Philosophy-Voyages and Explorations of Naturalists

Darwin's Origin of Species - His Descent of Man - Decline

of the Theory of Special Creation Influence of an Age of

Invention and Industry - Science in the Dawn of the Twen-

tieth Century.

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366