2. Give the converse and the contrapositive of each of the following propositions:

Revenge is a kind of wild justice.

They are rich who need little.

Not every one is candid enough to own himself in the wrong.

No vegetable substances are inorganic.

If rain falls, the farmers will rejoice.

3. State briefly the peculiarities of each of the figures of the syllogism; also the uses to which each is especially adapted.

4. Mention, with reference to each of the following syllogistic forms, the figure or figures in which it is valid, and show why it must be invalid in the remaining figure or figures:-EAE, AAI, AOO, AEE.

5. What is meant by Indirect Reduction? Give an example in the Indirect Reduction of either Baroco or Bocardo. Can other moods be subjected to this process? If so, give an example.

6. Name and describe the fallacies mentioned by Whately in which the middle term is ambiguous "from the context."

7. Examine the following arguments, stating them in logical form, pointing out fallacies (if any), and naming the mood of any valid syllogism :

(a) Freedom of speech is an advantage to the State; unlimited liberty of opinions and feelings ought allowed.

expressing one's therefore to be

(b) Every true patriot is disinterested; few men are disinterested; therefore few men are true patriots.

(c) Everything that conduces to happiness is desirable; it follows that nothing that is conducive to happiness can be vicious, for nothing that is vicious is desirable.

(d) No insincere person is virtuous; for all who are not unworthy of friendship are virtuous, and no one who is insincere deserves friendship.

8. It is known of certain things that the quality A is always accompanied by Cand D, but never by B; and further, that the qualities C and D never occur together, except in conjunction with A. What can we infer about C? Work this question by Jevons's Method of Indirect Inference.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. What doctrine do you understand Mill to hold respecting Substance, in his chapter on "Things denoted by Names"?

2. Can a valid distinction be drawn between definitions of Things, and definitions of Names? If so, what?

3. What, according to Mill, is the fundamental axiom of Ratiocination? Consider, in this connexion, his criticism of the dictum de omni et nullo.

4. What meaning is attached by Jevons and by Fowler respectively to "Imperfect Induction"? Consider, critically, the statement made by Jevons, that "Imperfect Induction is founded on Perfect Induction, but involves another process of inference of a widely different character."

5. In what sense is it true that Nature is uniform? Give as exact expression as you can to the "axiom of the uniformity of the course of Nature."

6. "Observation without experiment (supposing no aid from deduction) can ascertain sequences and coexistences, but cannot prove causation." Can you illustrate this remark by reference to any of

the inductive methods?

7. What is the problem of the Deductive Method? What operations does it involve? And what estimate do you form of its importance?

8. Is a scientific hypothesis sufficiently proved when we are able to deduce from it the facts which it is intended to explain?

your answer.

Give reasons for

9. On what grounds, and subject to what conditions, may derivative laws, which are not causative, be extended beyond the limits of observation ?

MENTAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. What is Mansel's position on the question of Human

Personality? Refer, in this connexion, to his criticism of Rational Psychology as a branch of Dogmatic Metaphysics.

2. May necessity and universality be accepted as criteria of a priori knowledge? Mention reasons which have been urged in favour of and in opposition to an affirmative answer.

3. What is Bain's statement of the "Law of Similarity"? How does he apply it (a) to Sensations; (b) to Reasoning and Science in General? Add any comments on his statement or application of the law.

4. "When," says Bain, "in order to distinguish what is common to all from what is special to each, we ascribe separate and independent existence to the common element, the Object, we not only forget that the object qualities are still modes of conscious experience, but are guilty besides of converting an abstraction into reality—the error of Realism." Explain clearly and in detail the meaning of this sentence.

5. In what sense, and in what manner, did Butler endeavour to vindicate the saying that virtue consists in following nature?

6. Explain the distinctions drawn by Kant (a) between the common rational knowledge of morality and the philosophical; (b) between popular moral philosophy and the metaphysic of morals.

7. Compare, in their leading features, the Utilitarianism of Mill and the ethical theory of Herbert Spencer.

8. On what grounds is it maintained by Spencer that no school can avoid taking happiness for the ultimate moral aim? Add any comments.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART I.

Professor Andrew.

Candidates must not answer each of two alternative questions.

Candidates must shen some knowledge in each division of the paper and a satisfactory knowledge in two divisions.

DYNAMICS.

1. Define Momentum.

The initial momentum of a Martini-Henry rifle bullet is about 62.5 (ft. lb. sec.). What number will represent it in the C.G.S. system of units?

or 1. Define the practical unit of time rate of working adopted by English engineers. How many gallons of water will a pumping engine of 15 horse-power raise 200 feet in an hour? A gallon of water weighs 10 lbs. avoir.

2. What is Static Energy? State the principle of the conservation of Static Energy and apply it to explain Roberval's balance.

or 2. Explain what is meant by Centrifugal Force, and find approximately the rate of rotation of the earth that bodies at the equator may just lose their weight.