9. Discuss fully the chief theories which have been advanced to explain the convolutions of Rocks, their displacements, and their division by Faults.

10. Describe generally the "Metamorphism" of Rocks, and give specific examples of the character and origin of the more common kinds.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Logicians assert that men invariably think in accordance with the logical laws, and at the same time it is acknowledged that we frequently fall into self-contradiction. Can you reconcile

these statements?

2. Give the contradictory and the contrary of each of the following propositions:

The wise man is conscious of his ignorance.

None but honest men should be entrusted with power.

There are many actions that are not wise.

Flowering plants are either endogens or exogens, but not both.

Flowering plants are vascular, and either endogens or exogens, but not both.

3. Explain the processes of Obversion, ordinary Conversion, and Conversion by Contraposition. Illustrate your answer by examples of categorical propositions in A and O.

4. Show by means of the principal rules of the syllogism that (1) From two particular premisses nothing can be inferred; (2) The premisses of a syllogism must contain one more distributed term than the conclusion; (3) Only one predicate can be distributed in the premisses.

5. Express the following argument in as many moods of the third figure as you can, using any process of immediate inference which may be necessary:Some things which have a practical worth are also of theoretical value; for every science has a theoretical as well as a practical value.

6. Every English peer is entitled to sit in the House of Lords, and every member of the House of Commons must be elected to Parliament by a constituency; but no one entitled to a seat in the House of Lords is thus elected to Parliament. What can we conclude from these premisses about (1) an English peer, (2) any one entitled to a seat in the House of Lords? Work this question by Jevons's Indirect Method of Infer

ence.

7. Explain the meaning of "semi-logical fallacies" as used by Whately. Show how, and to what extent, definition is useful as a remedy for this class of fallacies.

8. Examine the following arguments, stating them in syllogistic form, and pointing out fallacies, if any:

(a) Some who are truly wise are not learned; but the virtuous alone are truly wise; the learned, therefore, are not always virtuous.

(b) If all the accused were innocent, some at least would have been acquitted; we may infer, then,

that none were innocent, since none have been acquitted.

(c) Every statement of fact deserves belief; many statements, not unworthy of belief, are asserted in a manner which is anything but strong; may we infer, therefore, that some statements not strongly asserted are statements of fact?

(d) That many persons who commit errors are blameworthy is proved by numerous instances in which the commission of errors arises from gross carelessness.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. What precisely are we to understand by the Import of Names, and what by the Import of Propositions? Show the connexion, in Mill's treatment, between these subjects.

2. What is the relation between Description and Induction? Was the discovery that the planet Mars moves in an ellipse, with the sun in one of its foci, a case of description merely, or was it an inductive inference? Give your reasons.

3. How would you express the Law of Causation? Must there be a relation of antecedent and consequent between cause and effect?

4. Estimate the comparative value of a law obtained by the Method of Agreement alone, and of one obtained by the Joint Method of Agreement and Difference.

5. If you introduce into known circumstances an assemblage of phenomena which we may call A, and obtain as a result the phenomenon z, which otherwise would not have been obtained, are you at liberty to infer that A is the cause of z? Test your answer by Mill's canon of the Method of Difference, or, if you prefer, test Mill's canon by the principle which you adopt in your answer. 6. Show the difficulties of experimental inquiries into the laws of compound effects. Can these difficulties be surmounted, and if so how?

7. While agreeing with Bacon in his general condemnation of induction per enumerationem simplicem as loose and uncertain, Mill holds that it is in reality the only kind of induction possible, since on it the more elaborate processes of induction depend for their validity. How does he arrive at this position?

8. What are the different meanings in which "empirical law" is used by Mill? Elucidate the following sentence: Uniformities of coexistence, then, not only when they are consequences of laws of succession, but also when they are ultimate truths, must be ranked, for the purpose of logic, among empirical laws; and are amenable in every respect to the same rules with those unresolved uniformities which are known to be dependent on causation."

MENTAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. State briefly what province you would assign to Psychology, and what to Metaphysics.

2. May the human mind be truly described as a collection, or succession, of phenomena? This question may be discussed in connexion with the doctrines of Mansel and Bain, or of any philosophers known to you.

3. What is the Law of Contiguity as given by Bain, and what importance does he attach to it? Consider its validity as thus stated.

4. What is the distinction between the primary and secondary qualities of matter as taken by Mansel? Comment on his doctrine.

5. Man, says Butler, has the rule of right within: what is wanting is that he honestly attend to it. Consider this statement as affected by the acknowledged diversity of ethical judgments.

6. What are the three forms of the Categorical Imperative as stated by Kant? Exhibit as far as you can their connexion.

7. It is maintained by Mill that "there is in reality nothing desired except happiness," and by Spencer that we may "substitute for the word Pleasure the equivalent phrase-a feeling which we seek to bring into consciousness and retain