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ents distinct traditions they adopt the superior, combine the best CHAP. XX elements of both, or else discover an independent standing ground for themselves. Thus vanished the historic oppositions of Israelites and Canaanites, patricians and plebeians, Romans and Goths, Gauls and Franks, Eriglish and Danes, Normans and English. Amalgamation is, then, the end term of the process of adaptation."

But no such happy ending is possible in case the physical differences between juxtaposed races offer a barrier to intermarriage. Observes Bryce: "It was the good fortune of the Roman Empire that the vast majority of the races whom it conquered and absorbed had no conspicuous physical differences from the Italians which prevented intermarriage and fusion. Race and birthplace were no great obstacle to a man of force. Two or three of the Emperors were of African or Arab extraction. Moreover, the peoples of Southern Europe seem to have less repulsion of sentiment towards the dark-skinned races than the Teutons have. The Spanish and Portuguese intermarry not only with the native Indians of Central and Southern America, but also with the negroes. The French of Canada intermarried more freely with the Indians of North America than the English have done." is

Line" is a

Structural in a Demociety

Weakness

cratic So

The color line, as it presents itself in various parts of the world "Color and particularly in our South, makes race blending impossible. This is why no "solution" of the "negro problem" is in sight, altho much may be done to improve the relations between whites and blacks. The living side by side of elements which disdain to mix is not objectionable in a society of the Asiatic type which does not aspire to spiritual unity. But in a "democratic" society, A People

14 When precious culture elements are in danger of being diluted and finally lost by fusion, the prohibition of intermarriage is justifiable. Nehemiah did the right thing on finding that the Jewish colony at Jerusalem was threatened with absorption among the heathen peoples which encircled it. In his own words

"In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab:

"And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people. "And I contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying, Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves." Nehemiah xiii, 23-25. 15" Studies in History and Jurisprudence," Vol. I, pp. 293–94.

Should
Bar out a

Race it is
Unwilling

to Mate
With

CHAP. XX which covets a social mind, a color line is a source of weakness. Such a society should guard its future by barring out any immigrating race with which its members are loath to mate.

COOPERATION

CHAPTER

XXI COOPERATION

XXII THE ORGANIZATION OF EFFORT

XXIII THE ORGANIZATION OF WILL

XXIV THE ORGANIZATION OF THOUGHT

XXV THE DETERIORATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES

CHAP.

XXI

All Large

Free

Groups Are Formed for Cooperation

Coopera

tion for
Defense
the Chief

Builder of
Large
Permanent
Unions

CHAPTER XXI

COOPERATION

ALTHO petty groupings may be prompted by craving for fel

lowship, all large permanent groupings - when they are not the product of conquest-exist for some purpose, which without them could be attained not at all or else not so well. In a word they are cooperations. This is why In union there is strength. If there be no call to cooperate, In union there is weakness; for no degree of likemindeness reconciles people to being held together in an organization which is not doing anything for them. On the open frontier the love of absolute freedom always leads to the complete independence of each family, unless there is need of cooperation. In South Africa, among the wandering or "trek " Boers, strife with the Bushmen was the one thing which made for organization.

The most ancient and frequent motive to union has been cooperation in fighting. The migrations of nomads into settled areas and their predatory invasions of strong peoples draw them into large, loose unions, such as that of the Israelites making their way into the land of Canaan, of the Vedic people descending into India, of the Cimbri, Teutones and Gauls clutching at Italy. But such unions are temporary, because attack is optional, whereas defense is imperative. For not being ready to attack there is no such penalty as for not being ready to defend. Hence fear of being attacked is the master builder of big permanent unions. The antagonism between tribes and nations has forged men into solid masses. It was not breaking into the land of Canaan which welded the twelve tribes of Israel under Saul and David, but their wars with the neighboring peoples. The Iroquois confederacy of six Indian tribes resulted from the encroachments of the English. Says Barton: "The economic purpose for which the clan organization was formed by the primitive Semitic folk was the defence of their date-growing oases and the domestic animals in their pasture lands, or for attack

upon similar possessions of their neighbors." Fearful of robber bands armed for plunder, clans "would settle on an oasis, and their older and weaker men would aid the women in cultivating the date palm, while the more hardy of the men led the small flocks and herds out into the neighboring pasture lands." 1 The mercantile city-states of the Middle Ages - Genoa, Venice, Leghorn came into being chiefly to protect their trade from piracy and to maintain consuls in the Levant who should look after their commercial interests. So long as there were Indians to be fought and so long as the Dutch were in New York and the French in Canada, the American colonists had a lively statesense. But when they no longer had cause to fear, internal liberty expanded and jealousy of the state and of the colonial governor grew.

A race too independent in spirit may be ruined from failure to cooperate when common action is imperative. Fustel de Coulanges shows that the Germans of the fifth century were the mere debris of a weakened race which had been whipped for three centuries by the Romans, vanquished by Slavs and Huns, above all torn by long internecine wars. Gone were nearly all the peoples Tacitus describes and praises. They had torn one another to pieces through inability to cooperate politically, to form a strong and stable state. We find only Franks, Alamans, Saxons; not tribes but mere bands or fighting hordes; for Franks warriors, Alamans all sorts of men, Saxons axe men. These wandering bands accompanied by their women, children, lites and serfs were without attachment to the soil, settled life, and the idea of fatherland. They no longer had stable traditions, customs, laws, elders and assemblies. The old legal and peaceful

ime Tacitus beheld had gone under in the centuries of confasion. They still chose their duke or king, but he was end wed with unlimited power on the sole condition of dividing the booty fairly.2

He insists that "Gaul was conquered by Cæsar not because the Gauls were timid but because they would not unite and fight together. In great wars and in the face of invasions personal courage is worth little. It is the strength of public institutions

1 A Sketch of Semitic Origins," p. 38.

"Histoire des Institutions Politiques de l'Ancienne France," Vol. I, PP. 353-9.

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