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chapter, describing the excesses of the early Sicilians of Himera invited as allies to Rhegium, their seizing and holding the place, with the goods and wives and children of the inhabitants, is also in character, and glimmers forth from the darkness of the Pelasgic epoch in the Mediterranean, its shores and islands.

The testimony of Trogus may be further adduced to the point, that the Phoceans or Massilians were well affected to Rome at the earliest era. The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus occupies the same chapter (xliii., c. 3) with that of Marseilles. The Phocæans, on their way to the head of the Tuscan Sea, entered the Tiber, and joined in alliance or confirmed friendly relations with Rome. And (cap. v.) the Massilian ambassadors, returning from Delphi, whither they had carried gifts to Apollo, heard that the city of Rome had been taken and burnt by the Gauls; which news, reported at Marseilles, was the cause of a public mourning, and a sum of gold and silver was sent to pay the city's ransom to the Gauls. For this a treaty of perpetual amity and immunity, and admission to the Senate of Rome, was accorded to the citizens of Marseilles.

In conclusion, we have to dispose of the opinion of a great authority, countenancing an idea we repudiate, of the Pelasgi heralding Hesperian civilization. If the Greek or Pelasgic appeared to Niebuhr the pioneer of civilization in Italy, as in the names of certain words essentially of that character or function we find, in all his cases, Semitic or Aramitic, instead of Ionic or common Greek, derivatives :-ager, bas; vinum, ¡"; olivum, (to shine); taurus, ; carpo, ; malum, b (full); jugum, py; vacca, same; Priapus, w, fruitful; Minerva,, weaver's beam. Ceres, from, to work, mechanic, to plough; as Gen. xlv. 6; Deut. xxii. 10; Prov. xx. 4. Epyov originally was ploughing, or agricultural work (Duport, "Theophrast. Ethic Char.," 269); whether ovis can be referred to 7, sheep, a word also used for a mixed flock, sheep and goats; plough, aratrum, п, to dig.

Among Semitic roots of the Greek are, 82, to go, Baivw;

, to go, eiμ;, to raise, opw;, to remain, μevw; YT, to know, edw; we, fire, eoria; D, sudden, epoŋv;

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, to hide, λnon; ¡y, to move, σew;, to overspread, protect, oakos; ybp, to hollow out, koλov, cœlo, cœlum. , empty, gave vacuus; nn, to live, Bios, Bia, vis, vita; , a stone for casting lots, λnpos;, drought, Sew; n, to engrave, xaрarтw; 15, secret, also north, Daphne; to move briskly, zephyr;, machine, payn, machina. In Latin, sanna, buffoon, va, byeword; as, tent, aula; an, to study, Xeyw, lego; arista (and Aristaus), from, y earth; haruga, n, to slaughter; 2, gelidus, are cases among

many.

The Latin and Greek numerals are from the Hindu. The following appear Pelasgic, the class of Hindu contended for in these suggestions:-Amo, camo; Campania, Camo pani, pleasant waters; Baia, the "Bahi," fortune-telling of the Sybil; Forum, Foros, city; Gela, the city; gula, sweet; ignis, yag; nomen, nao; prælium, pral, brother.

CHAPTER IV.

§ 1. Traces of Persian settlement on the Syrian coast, from Egypt to Xanthus, and relations of Persian to Tuscan art. § 2. The Amazons, Diana, and the flagellum.-Crete.-The tale of Agamedes and Trophonius, and Persian circumstances of the locality." Thracian," and "Cadmeis." § 3. Orchomenos.-Minyæ.-Andrais.-Ægidæ.— Lycian. Athamantida. Eolians.- Sun-worship. Argonaut.— "Race of Mars.”—The Wolf.—Harpy.—The District. § 4. Masonry and Sculpture at Orchomenos, Argolis, &c.

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TURNING from the usually accredited originals of Hellenic settlement and institutions, to look upon archaic monuments of art, and some other traits of civilization, we come upon undoubted Orientalism in Hellas. The ruins at Tiryus, Mycenæ, and Amyclæ, and the more stupendous remains at Orchomenos, the sphinx in sculpture, the worship of the Graces at Orchomenos, and of the sun, with a peculiar genealogy verging to the sun as ancestor, and the Perseus, Jason, and Cadmus of tradition, are among such cases.

The admission of a Hindu race into Europe, as already traced, suggests of itself an inquiry for Hellenic ancestry somewhat less remote in Asia, than whence came Ionian and Pelasgian. The intrusion of Cyrus in the Ægean, and of Darius and Xerxes on the shores of Greece, impel us to the question, Were those the first visits of the Mede or Persian thus far west of their proper border?

We will first examine the eastern coast of the Mediterranean; then make what way we can among Hellenic mythology; and, lastly, examine the archaic works of art. It must be an argument or description of circumstantial

detail, and the result can be no more than an approximation to a general truth or formula, for the further development of an ethnological case as to Persian settlement and the rectification of the series of Hellenic events. The etymological points will all be again considered collectively after chap. vi. The ancient Ecbatana or Hamadan, and province of Farshishtan, whence Cyrus issued (Gibbon, vi. 395), and the shores of the Caspian, may be considered the original place of the Persians: perhaps, the earliest civilization of Central and Western Asia may be traced thither. The most ancient Assyrian characters are similar to those discovered in Armenia, on the rock-tablet near Lake Van. (Layard's "Nineveh," 172.) Another instance is mentioned, where the Persian cuneform is accompanied by a Babylonian and Median inscription (161). This cuneform writing appears general for Assyria, Babylonia, Media, and Armenia (167). The inscription on Lake Van is of similar character (it is trilingual) to that on Nahr el Kalb (Dog River) near Tyre (182).

The last fact brings us upon the Syrian coast. The seat of the Persian empire settled down eastward of the Euphrates and Tigris, but the original settlement of Farshistan appears at a very early date to have sent branches westward. The remarks of travellers on the ruins of Carmel and Dor are suggestive on that head. Hieronymus merely has "mirati ruinas Dor," which, in his "Onomasticon," he places at twelve miles from Cæsarea. There are, however, abundant circumstances suggestive of Persian settlement on the Syrian

coast.

Egypt, in the early portions of Genesis, is "Misraim,” a word which the commentators acknowledge to be foreign to the Hebrew. In Persian, Misr means any great city. The Desert of Sinai, shut in from the north by a mountain chain extending from Elath or Akaba on the east coast to Suez on the west, and having a sea-border all round the land south of that chain, is "Zin" in Scripture. In Persian, Zenana and Zendan are guarded chamber and prison. In the Semitic, 7,

Sin, seems used for "hedge." Here Jethro (father-in-law of Moses) is called also Rouel, a Persian name; he was priest of the Madianites or Madian. The topographical notices of sacred and profane writers assign this territory to Madian. But Madianites or Midianites at some period had passed the borders of Zin. In the account of Jephtha's attack on the Midianite camp, the costly spoil is a suggestive accessory. The Madianite merchants journeying to Egypt, come on the scene in the narrative as to the patriarch Joseph. That personage, and the incidents, as given in the Scriptures, is a favourite subject of Persian poetry, as we shall mention again.

The following occur in Reland's "Palestine: "—

"Joppe," according to Gregorius Nazianzenus, is derived from "mirror of joy:" it adjoins Ashdod (separated by a stream). Aish is (Persian) delight; dod, 77, renders that name and idea in Hebrew: joy or beauty is N.

Jamnia, two miles from the last, has a spherical hill, called "Asamon." Jam is Persian for any spherical object, as a cup or bowl.

At the foot of Mount Carmel were the ruins of Dor, once a very powerful city, according to Hieronymus and others: perhaps named from "Dar," i. e., place, in Persian.

Other ruins in the same neighbourhood are mentioned, all of a very foreign character for the place. The district around Mount Carmel is called Saronis, supposed to indicate oaks. Sera, in Persian, is cypress, which agrees with the fact of the Isle of Cyprus near, and the sanctions and traditions connected with the cypress.

At Joppe, the tale of Perseus and Andromeda and Io was indigenous. Further north on the Orontes was Daphne, with its Sun-God. The word Daphne may, perhaps, be from 7, the north. Perseus and Io, or the moon, give a tradition associated with Iopolis on the same river.

Carmel (from Crimson, won, the dye found in that neighbourhood), in addition to strange ruins in its neighbourhood, was associated with worship on the high places. Tacitus

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