a Baron of the middle ages could maintain his deeds and support the scriveners, cared little for collecting stale facts. They had gained a territory by the sword; they turned, by the same force, Helots from across the Border into their farms, and they followed the discipline of their ancestors in the school of Crete. In their martial service, as wanderers or precarious settlers, they had observed the prestige of an oracle, that they secured to their interests, little careful of the faith of Dryopes, or the promise of Elysian mysteries. They were glorious for some five centuries. Were they a happy community?

"The twin brother of the Didymæan God, both in origin and in the similarity of worship, is the Clarian." (Ibid, 246.) The founder, according to mythological accounts, was Manto, the daughter of Tiresias and Lacius, or Racius, a Cretan. Crete, merely topographically considered, was in the way of Syrian and Ægyptian settlement, and archæologically presents anti-Doric art; the Doric connexion was so intimate, that priority of claim to Apollo must not be settled, without considering other conditions of the subject. Telmessæ (Fellowes' "Xanthus ") exhibits masonry of the most archaic character. Delphi, by the traditions, appears to have replaced "Telphussæ ;" and the Kiwv vnλos (Müll., D., 363) there, may have reference to the elder name, as before explained; but Tiresias being placed there, in connexion with "Rhadamanthus," i. e., deep sleep, the brother of death, 17, Sarpedon, the former name, Tiresias, claims analogous meaning; it may be Tr. ishoa, ny, "Town of Salvation." With Athens, Apollo had at least a more "business-connexion" than with Delphi. He presided at the opening of all Law Courts. Patara in Lycia, in name exhibits the strict practical communication that existed between the places, TD, to open, and Delos, 7, a door; here the oblations, as at Delos, were cakes in the shapes of lyres, and bows and arrows. (Müll., "Dor.," 238.)

Mount Æta, NY, Counsel, the boundary of the Doric

Tetrapolis, suggests their own peculiar seat of a tutelary Council. But Apollo held Parnassus, beyond their southern limits. Locris Ozoleæ, olive, n, separated Doris from Phocis, and in its name preserved affinity to Apollo, which "Doris " wants.

At Troy,-nowhere else so many shrines of Apollo. (Müller),-Apollo of the "Iliad," is antagonist to the Hellenes and Achæans. At another epoch, the Delphians fled to the Achæans, showing a want of identity between the community at Delphi and the Achæan Power. In Macedonia, at Apollonia, the worship is of a Sun-God, with a legend of blindness, in those who did not join in that worship. (Müller, D., 421.) But as to Troy, there was a doubt, or opinion of great antiquity, whether all the Trojans were not settlers from Crete (Ibid., 240), and a positive fact that the Troes of Zelea, connected with Pentheus and the worship of Apollo, were mistaken by Homer, their topography being not Trojan, but Lycian (Fellowes' "Xanthus," p. 278), the antagonism of Apollo and Pentheus, as all of Sarpedon, or of Lycia and Lycian worship, recognising Apollo, was either of poetical license, or a fact.*

The Tripod of Delphi appears a derivative from Dodona, where inverted cauldrons were used in the celebration of the Hyades. Tripod reports, now, which also in its primary meaning is "business," while the approximate word, , sapha, means wisdom, oopos, the Persian Soph, giving both that idea and wool. From one of these, D, also the title of Hebrew judges, came the Tyrian and Punic "Suffetes," and perhaps the early German Schoffen.

CHAPTER VII.

§i. Athens-Ancient Territory and Institutions. § ii. The British CornEars-Dragon-Music-Woollen Fillets-Oaks. § iii. Misletoe and Druid-Faith—Marine-Oracles-Murder, a Capital Offence-The

Blue Belt.

THE case for discussion was the introduction of the Cimri or Great Ken into Europe. We have, in the last five chapters, been passing under review the settlement of "Europe," using that name in its early acceptance in the Homeric Hymn (to Apollo), i. e., Greece (out of the Peloponese): but it now appears that the classic land, in the pride of constructive art, or in the ruins that satisfy our travellers and antiquaries, is not the scene we have here to enter upon. Institutions that found and secure empires, and truths that realize an era past, the gay errors of a lettered, tasteful, and otherwise glorious antiquity, these are and were Cimric, if that race were of Europe, ere the builders, the fablers, and the trained warriors crossed the Hamus or the Ægean.

Had Europe been less accessible from Asia, BRITISH enterprise (this name is an institutional equivalent for Cimric) might, nevertheless, have been felt in that Eastern Peninsula, but their traces would have been less confused, as they are well nigh obliterated, by those of their many followers. Accurate scholarship, assigning geographical limits for the various indwellers in ancient "Europe," have done wrong to antiquity: the whole territory, but a fourth of the extent of England, had been overrun by successive hordes, or occupied by civilizing dynasties. Britain or Britons were not always shut up in Wales, nor Pelasgi

content with Pelasgiotis, nor Ionians with Peloponese or Attica.

So far, we have, perhaps, suggested sufficient, but Athens appears a contradiction; it is a barren spot, forbidding rather than inviting settlement. We are not seeking Prometheus bound to his rock, but industrious Britons in an adequate field of labour. The objection applies for an epoch, when Megara and the Argolic "Acte" ceased to contribute their harvests as tributary to, or of the appanage of, Athens. When "Cecropia" shrank to the Acropolis, and the subject acres down to the Piræus and Mynichion, spreading on a base of some twenty miles, thence to Marathon, yielding metals, marble, potters' clay, oil, figs, and honey; thenwhy, at the worst, the city anticipated its after-growth, and opened her market to the Boeotian farmers or the traders of the Cyclades.

Athens, however, is our destination, in searching for Cimric affinities in the local institutions and traditions of that celebrated spot.

North of Delphi we have no continuous track of the Britons in Greece, except an open way through the intermediate country to Thrace and their settlements, of which Lemnos has suggested itself as the outworks (chap. iii.). The Pythian procession from Delphi used to approach the coast at Pheræ, and thence take the valley of Tempe to Mount Pythium, on the confines of Macedon, or ancient" Thrace," where, after breaking off a branch of the sacred laurel, the cavalcade returned to Delphi. Between Phere and Delphi spread the territory of the Minyæ, the "Achæan mountains" bounding, to the north. Loita (, coupled figures) and Parache indicate, with the notice of Herodotus on the Loition (as the Prytanium of a race called "Gephyræans,"

, cypress), the emigrants from Achaia in Cilicia (Tπоɣαιι) and Syria, near Tyre, whose biform (Assyrian) objects of sculpture are expressed by that topographical name, as well as by the local traditions of the Gephyræans (chap. vi.). South of that barrier begins the tract of the ancient Lamia,

M

, people, on the northern boundary of Orchomenos. North of that latitude, in a more open sea, about Lemnos and Lesbos, the fleets of advanced communities, and afterwards of a strong pirate confederacy, had room for action. The iron-bound coast of Thessaly, with its stormy Pelion and Ossa, on the north, down to the Malian Bay, the harbour of the territory of the Lamia, separated by the "Achæan mountains" from the Pegasean gulf, with its inland Pheræ and tradition of the horses of the Sun-its Mount Athamas, and temple of the same name;—this was the scene of Persian civilization, and, towards the south, of Doric conflicts, where Phlegyans, Lapithæ, "Trachinis," and "Ænianes," appear (chap. v.). The principal topography of the well-watered inland country, Thessaly, is Aramitic. Iolchos, pby, leech; Lake Babæis, aya, bubos, or glandular swellings, connect it with the art of Esculapius, the traditions of which connect him with Pheræ. The Dotic is grassy, n (Aramitic; T, Hebrew); Scotussa, the ancient wateringplace, ww npw; Deucalion, on the coast, has in Pindar, the synonym Opus, shady, D. Iolchos and the talking-oaks are British; and so, perhaps, also the raven connected with Apollo, recurring at the Cimric Chersonese. The topography of Aramitic form may have been Achæan or British, or the two tribes of one family may have occupied jointly.

A glance at the early polity of Athens may precede our subject, as left in the first chapter. Attic civilization is considered identified with Theseus.

,תשע This sounds

nine, a number of high import at Athens and Delphi : the nine Muses, D, that is, the anointed: the nine families of Træzene, the evvaeтepis, or Pythian cycle of ninety-nine months, the period or cycle of coincidence of the sun and moon: this period was afterwards divided into two Olympiads of alternately forty-nine and fifty months. The Pythian cycle was in reality eight complete years, comprising nine intercalary months. Pausanias (ix. 115) says this was the period for the captivity of Hercules, prescribed by the oracle of the Ismenium: this word, o, signifies eight.