character of the court. In form the petit Jury is the counterpart of the Grand Jury. This latter may have fostered and restored the other fundamental Institution. We have only to point out how that important condition of a trustworthy body, to make presentments and return a true bill, or avow their want of sufficient information in the case: a body who impartially weigh the evidence, and scrupulously avoid trivial grounds for interfering with the liberty of the subject, and yet stand forth fearlessly as the watchmen of public order. The difficulty is met by the fact that the Grand Jury were originally all Knights. (Glo. 2, 145; Braet 116; Mirr. 209.) They were The Twelve of Arthur's Court; or, as we have attempted to develop that name, they were bound up with the old Cymric faith, and of that order of chivalry; an exceptional yet powerful element of society in the middle ages, the darkness of which parted from their path; and they were descended apparently from the remotest date of Cymric antiquity. The good offices of chivalry in dispelling the darkness of feudalism, or of military slavery and lawlessness, its service in gradually letting in ideas of international rights, and making Christian sanctions a reality: these which are apparent in the pages of history, are not more remarkable than the pointing towards Britain and Arthur as the place and fountain of chivalry. The word "Knight," or knecht (servant), appears to render "supreme servants" of the triads, and that expression seems to come from " Galovyd," Knight or servant-errant 72; such office is described in that triad which says (32 p. 63, Tr. 24 p. 5), that Sir Trystan and two others (to make out the triad) "had the privilege of going wherever they wished, in the isle of Britain, without opposition, unless they went unlawfully." In another passage (Can y Cwrwf, p. 52-6) the secresy of the Grand Jury is expressed : "The bardic art knoweth CHAPTER VIII. Celt and Gaul the same.-Celts in Britain, Cymmry in Dacia, Celts near the Cymmry on the Baltic.-Armorica explained.—Britons or Armoricans are "Conan."-Chenim.-Cheni and Veneti the same.-Pythagoras and Druidism.-" Brennus" always Celt.-Belinus Cymmric. -Coranians and Lægrians, Gwynned, Welsh, Isle of Honey.-Scot, Pict, Gwiddel, Briton, Albion, Erin.-Bretons.-Cimbri in Devon.Conan and Chenin illustrated by extracts from Poems.-Ken in Topography; minute illustration.-Kent and Gafol or Gavelkind.-The British Tribes in Cæsar.-Silures of Tacitus.-Catte.-Brigantes.Reflections on Mixed race Celto-Saxon.-Conclusion of Part I. WE are now prepared to suggest reasons for discrepancies and difficulties among our ethnological texts and authorities. "Celt" and "Gaul" were synonymous, Pausanias tells us. G sounds k in Welsh. The Celts overspread the whole of central Europe, according to Dionysius Halic. iv., 1, 2, 3. Cæsar informs us that the Gauls once made foray and settlement east of the Rhine. He also notices an existing settlement in Germany of Gallic Tectosages. a, emigrant, or, equivalent to clan, may or may not, either of them, report the name "Celt" or "Gaul." Pausanias may have been right or wrong as to identity of the two words. The Teutonic "Welsches," and Frank modification "Galles," applied to foreigners generally, may have originated in the name adopted spontaneously by Celts, when they alone were neighbours to the Teutones. There were Belgæ and other Celts in Britain, and, as Cæsar informs us, a prince of Soissons claimed homage in Britain, but apparently in right of his Celtic settlers here. We have seen the "Chiltern Hundreds" described as Celtina, on reference to Cadwallader. The possession of Dacia, whose chief was Dacobalus, by, chief of the Dykes, and whose fortified lines, from antiquity, are found available still in practical strategics, will be found to give Semitic, or plain, British topography. (See Second Part.) Semitic names extend from the mouth of the Danube to the head of the Hadriatic, as noticed hereafter. The Veneti there, and the Veneti of Brittany, may have been of kindred race; some points of approximation are hinted hereafter the latter as "Armoricæ," ar-mor (on-sea), boast a Celtic sobriquet. It is noticed by Pliny, that the Baltic is called by its bordering people, "Mormorosa," meaning "Salt-sea;" mar mor means as much in Celtic. But there are Celts to-day (Dr. Clarke's "Travels") in the steppes approaching the Baltic: these may have been nearer to Pliny's correspondent than the Baltic Cymmry were; these may have called the Baltic Eim-areim, y, upper sea. .. Northern. The Gauls are accredited with arts and civilization, extending to possession of Greek literature. What Cæsar calls Greek letters, may have been as little Greek as the Tuscan were. But not being Latin, Cæsar may have styled them Greek. But this is not material, they had not Greek literature in Cæsar's time. At that period the language of the Gauls was Celtic in the instance of the name applied to Brittany. "Armorica"-" Ar-mor," on sea, and "Morini," coast east of Calais, i.e., maritime: so in "Belgæ," and other The former instance, "Armoricæ," the people indicated, styled themselves Cheni, as "Conan" afterwards is applied to Brittany, the aspirate is represented in Latin by V, and the name given is Veneti, as also for the settlement on the Hadriatic, which heads a series of Semitic names from the East of the Valley of the Danube to its source, as in "Genounia," near Lake Bergantz, for 72 fortified, that name "Genounia" also appearing in Britain, south of the Wall of Severus. (a) cases. Pythagoras is accredited with the opening a Druid school at Marseilles, and so indoctrinating Gaul with Druidism (Ammianus), and with what not besides. He being a Brahmin in tenets, may have introduced the Hindu element in the languages ancient and modern of Europe. These usual Ethnological points are re-stated to show that too much is attempted to be proved. If we look merely to what is afloat on the surface of history, we shall find the Celtic and non-Celtic element at work. "Brennus" is the Gallic leader on all occasions in classic writ: it is Celtic, "Brennin ar yr Innis," chief of the whole island, having been frequently used here. "Brehon," judge, is of the same root. The Cymric/term is Bel, a, lord or chief,, " our chief," as in " Cunobeline,' "“ Cassivelan.” In the account (Justin) of Brennus' predatory expedition from the West to the East of Europe, including the attack of Delphi, we find the Tolosatæ, or people of Thoulouse, returning laden with spoil, and repentant of their acts, throwing into the lake an amount of wealth, a prize for a Roman Consul, who drained the waters to recover the precious deposit. The Tolosata were by this act Druid-school'd, the Cymry of harp and that high-searching Theology. Humboldt finds the people of that locality akin to those across the Pyrenees and the most ancient settlers in Europe. (b) If we look at the Insular distinctions of Cymmry, there is little to satisfy us. As to "Coranians and Lægry," in the native distinctions of community, we must be contented to leave these two as the Eastern and Midland counties, perhaps distinct from the Brigantes (where B represents, as in Persian, the aspirate, or W, or Y) or Yorkshire. Perhaps the explanation of the two former is scarcely admissible without discussion, if we should refer the one to a lamb, as being shepherds of the open downs occupied by the Cheni; and the other to, stammerer, or indistinctly understood. Perhaps the latter may have given their sobriquet to the river Loire, whence they may, at an after era, have brought it hither. The native term for North Wales "Gwynedd," is synonymous with "Venedotia," a name applicable to the Britons, as well in the north of France, as at the sources of the Danube at the Adriatic. The term "Welsh," is Teutonic, applied by them to all west of the Rhine, as to Italians; it means a "foreigner," but may have been an adopted word "Gaul," since the French (Frank) designation of Wales and Welshmen, is Galles and Gaulois. Great Britain is termed the "Beli's island of Honey," in a stanza addressed to King Manogan "Uthr Pendragon," I Arch. p. 73. Honey is referred to parted, which n is probably the original, in a passage referring to intestine divisions, to Beli (bellum) a word of the Neo-Bard era, or time of Saxon invasion. The parting may, however, refer to the British institution of Tything, i. e., honey, may express Briton. It must be confessed, that records and traditions carry Welsh, or mixed Celtic topography, back to the eleventh century in Wales. But we have to penetrate beyond a limit which found Welsh literature in a very advanced state, with all conventional terms fixed. But if we venture beyond district topography, we are at fault. "Scot," is said to be "wanderer," na gives that idea. Pict or Ficht, or Gwiddel, or "Widdel Ficht," or the same without "Ficht," apply to Lowland Scot; these were called by Scots, "Creutnach," or "Corn-eater," that idea is given by Ficht, or "Wight" nay. Their establishment in Scotland, is by some assigned to Nuil, the Irish Alexander, in 376. (c) In the ninth century, they were driven out of Scotland by Kenneth II., and took refuge in Denmark and Scandinavia. The Cimri were "Creutnach." (d) Pictones, in France, may have another root л a ditch; here the P seems radical, it is never dropped. Gweddel or Weddel, may be wattled or plaided boy, quickly turning, i. e., chequered. "Briton," is referred often to "Brith," Celtic spotted; that Celtic word may come from Bard (whence Pard or Leopard) spotted Albion . white, and Erin green, seem Semitic; the former is sometimes referred to all the myths that hang on Albis in Liguria. (e) |