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The conflict is carried into the sixth century by Maelgwin participating in it, and the battle of Arderydd counted Aneurin among its unsuccessful combatants, so it leads on towards the close of the century, and towards the battle of Bangor.

Contemporary with these events, are the glories of the Arthurian, Daniel Dremrud (south-subdued), in Brittany, if that name be not simply a Breton record of British events.

Gildas retired to the Continent, the Gildases and Celts were worsted in the island.

The battle of Arderydd held Merddin (rebellion), and had among its victims six brothers of Paredur-ap-Eliffir, which sounds like six British chiefs. Maelgwin, and Rhydderch of Cumberland were on one side; the antagonists seem to have been one of those ill-omened leagues, "Gwenddolen the Pict " (quare, Pict or North Welshman), "Aidan the Scot," "Ethelfled the Saxon," and Merddin, &c.

Camlan, the bloody conflict preceding the establishment of Arthur's grave at Avallon, or the establishment of the Cymry on the borders of old Celtic ground, has left no other historical features than a new base of Cymmric operations, and the introduction probably of the Welsh language, by the Cymmric occupation of Celtic territory and possessions. There escaped only three from Camlan, Morvran-ap-Tegid, (concealed, night, the west), Sanddi, or Angel-aspect (quare, double-black, or far-west), and "Gleulwyd," huge-grasp (quære, 2), glory or light of the night or west, i.e., Glastonbury.

It appears, however, from the context of Celtic tradition, so far as it appears on record, that the contest of the races of the West, Celt and Cymmry, was always enduring. The Unbennaeth, or office of "Brennin ar yr Innis," King of the whole island, was the baleful meteor of the West.

Maximus, at the close of the fourth century, had considered the Britons as completely removed from the ascendant, he removed 12,000 Celtic troops for Continental campaigns. Gildas groans for the lost warriors. Augustine found a Celt,

Cadvan, on the field of Bangor, and to him committed the long coveted Unbennaeth. The Celtic king or chief in Britanny, Riothamus, led his "free companions" from the Loire to the Gironde; did Augustine (or who?) lead them thence to their old settlements, "Celtina y Ondred," the Chiltern hundreds? (b)

Cadwallader is another case of slaps, corrections; the object of his slap was Golyddan, a round heap of records; these, the records, or Ambrosian prophecies, are said to have been applied to him as insular monarch and head of the Cymmric cause; for in their despondency, after the issue of the decisive field of Bangor, they saw a friend in whoever would enlarge that border, which seemed progressively pressing the far-travelled Cymmry into the Atlantic.

CHAPTER VII.

Popular ideas of Ancient British Civilization.-The Harp, Bards, and Bardic Rules.-The Irish Harp.-Letters confined to the Celts.Gildas.-Welsh Vocabulary decidedly Celtic, with striking exceptions.-Latin in old Welsh Poems.-Welsh Works of the Twelfth Century. University of Cambridge had a British origin.-Arithmetic of Ancient Britons.-British lines of Fortification and Sheep-walks, or Wool districts.-Kent and Kenim, the leek Chenin. "Cheld," in Ichenheld.-British Roads.-Boundaries of Wool districts.Runymede, Thamesis, Numerals in Topographical Names.-British Structures, Dacia, Coningsbury Castle, near Doncaster.-Fosse-way, Ackman-way, Gavelkind, Sarum, Poole.-British Lines and Camps. --Close of Inquiry on British Structures.-Institutions of Ancient Britons ignored by Sir J. Mackintosh, by Thierry ("History of Norman Invasion") and others.-Shires, Tythings, or Friborg," same in Spain.-Hostages, Tythings described in Poems. "Scot and Lot," "Statute Staple," "Fleet and Leet."-Uthyr Pendragon. -Sheriff-pricking, Belt of Knighthood.-The "Cat," for Punishment, Custom of the Mendip Hills.-" Melksham," "Celt."-Classic Annals as to Bonduca.-Religion.-Ancient British Marriages.— Miscellaneous Games, the "George and Garter."

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THE arts and institutions of the ancient Britons, are popularly received as parallels to New Zealand and Polynesian advancement. Even the Welsh harp with most of us passes for anything but evidence of what it seems to indicate. The tutelar saint of the principality is David. The harp is Telen, and the harper Telenor; the Psalms of David are The great anniversary of Estiddviodd crowns the Telenoor Mawr, a distinction which rests, we believe, on blind Richard Roberts, of Caernarvon, none worthier of the honour! Richard Roberts commands the harmonies of the treble harp, or instrument with triple rows of strings to vary the keys, that is the harp of the North.

.תלכת Telenoth

In South Wales, the single harp is used; and many a native artist can play in all the keys, without the usual mechanical adjustments for the purpose. In an old volume on music and the Bards, offered the writer by a harper for perusal, it appeared, that noiseless harps strung with horsehair used to be the instruments of noviciates in the Bardic colleges of old, for their practice during from three to five years. Another musical instrument of the Bards, was the guitar or viol, citar, perhaps the ancient

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Wales to the present day has the heart of David, setting saintship aside; the hostel is ill-furnished, that has not a harper within call. Whether "Bard" can be traced to the root to divide, (a) which like 7 of the same meaning, may be applied to harmonies, as μepitev in Greek, we need not pause to determine; it is plain, from former extracts, that the Neo-Bards, or Celts, did not care to let us know the origin of the word.

We have attempted to point out reputed poetry of Cymri, that would have cracked the strings of any true Cambrian harp. What Bathos has ever equalled that:

"The memory of the droppings of the Deluge,

I have been a speckled-headed cat on the triple tree;"

so we ventured to vindicate the Cymraic awen (inspiration) of a dateless antiquity.

When Bardism began to change to something besides harping and poetry is not on record. One Geraint at the Court of king Alfred is styled teliaw, which is generally referred to Telen; he appears to have been a Theological disputant. This Geraint is styled Bard glas, in which an ambiguity occurs, for glas is both blue and green in Celtic. Bards of the chair, or first class bards, were blue.

Bardism, and Neo-Bardism, and Bardhas (Rules of Bards) the latter an institution assigned to the commencement of the seventeenth century, are not like Richard Roberts' variations on an old Cambraic melody, and they have led the subject, the art, and the order down to the mummery of Bardic "properties" at the musical anniversaries across the Wye.

Neo-Bardism appears to have set in with the age of Gildas, the sixth century, and by that name (Gildas) its Irish origin is declared. The Gildas and Talhairn seem to have substituted a species of freemasonry with oaths Rhydyngiad, and secresy Cywrenid, and brotherhood Cerna Cyvænad, for old minstrelsy and the orchestra of the mysterious Druids.

The Cyvændad ap Caw, as explained by Algernon Herbert, assigns the Neo-Bardic institution to Gildas, and others at the middle of the sixth century. Caw, the father of Gildas, was son of Geraint, son of Erbin, of Plymouth, "Llongborth," A. H. "Britain after Rom."

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Plenyd, Alawn, and Gwron, "Wisdom," "Love," and Strength," are the noms de guerre of the masters of that brotherhood and age.

But what is the result of all that? the properties or mis en scene of the Bards of the Estiddviodd of the latter half of the nineteenth century. The old school of Bards were Telenoors, and Richard Roberts would be a Bard if he could "marry to immortal verse" his instrumental minstrelsy. The constellation Lyre was styled Arthur's Lyre, and it may have been so whoever had authority in bygone ages to settle the heraldry of the heavens may justly have crowned his plan of Catastracism with that title of the old Cimraic faith. We have hinted, and shall see more fully presently, that a bright star in a well-known constellation was early connected with Arthurism.

The harp of Ireland (Clarseech) is the Greek lyre of a few strings (the Arpa, whence "harp," of Scandinavia had five). Any ideas of confounding Cymry with Celt must vanish on observing the pipes (also in the Steppes ancient Scythia) here, instead of the instrument of Wales.

Letters did not keep pace with music among the Cymru, but were entrusted to the ear. Cæsar had explicitly declared that all Druidical learning rested on oral tradition, and his testimony is confirmed by other contemporary observers or writers of the classical period. As in Hellenic antiquity the "Moyoπoil," or poets, show in their name the ideas of their

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