We have ever with us hot air, more than plenty, especially near election time-but very little hot ice. All there is so far of the latter seems to have been made by Professor Percy W. Bridgman, of Harvard University. And this ice is so hot after it has been frozen that it will boil alcohol, its temperature being 173° F. To make hot ice Prof. Bridgman puts water in a specially constructed steel bottle which is able to withstand a pressure up to 20,000 atmospheres-equivalent to 300,000 pounds to the square inch; though this is not his limit, for he has attained pressures up to 24,500 atmospheres, or nearly 400,000 pounds to the square inch. Since the ordinary atmospheric pressure on the surface of our bodies is about 15 pounds to the square inch, we must admit Prof. Bridgman has certainly achieved some pressure-indeed, ten times as great as in our mightiest cannon. The water is first heated to 173° F.; despite this temperature the H2O becomes solid and remains so as long as the hydraulic pressure is applied.

Perhaps it is just as well there isn't any of this kind of ice at present in nature, or any manufactured outside the laboratory, for the reason we shall presently see.

The scientific world knows now of five kinds of ice, as indicated in the accompanying diagram, which depicts the temperature ranges and the pressures within which each type of crystallization (that is, conversion of fluid water into solid ice) normally occurs. (0° C.=32° F.; 173° F.=78.3° C.). Ice I is our common or garden ice; and oddly enough it is the only freak ice in nature (except possibly ice IV, to be hereinafter mentioned). Ice I is a freak because it is a natural liquid which freezes to a solid lighter than the liquid itself. The science of physics knows of only one other freak that behaves in this way-liquid cast iron, which, like water, becomes lighter as it hardens. All the other of the five kinds of ice are "normal"-that is, they are heavier than the water from which they form. And as noted, there isn't much, probably not any of these forms of ice in nature; else they would sink to the bottom of lakes, ponds and seas as rapidly as formed, destroy all the fish, dam up every out

let, put every reservoir in existence out of commission, and make any kind of life, as we understand the term, impossible.

Ice II and III were first discovered and made by the German scientist Tammann. Bridgman discovered ice IV and V in the order stated. But Tammann thinks ice IV exists within ice I; perhaps the former represents a peculiar action in the latter due to dissolved air in the ice; for this reason ice IV is not represented on the diagram; and ice VI as shown represents the fifth ice, as at present isolated-the hot ice of Bridgman.

But how are these different kinds of ice evolved out of plain, everyday running water; they have all precisely the same chemical formula (H2O); but like many "isomeric" compounds they exhibit different phenomena, behave differently. To il lustrate: Oil of lemon and turpentine have precisely the same chemical formula (C10 H16) their difference in taste and other qualities being due to the various ways in which the same number of similar atoms are arranged in respect to one another in the two substances. Any one will believe this who has been "up against" the turpentine flavor in a cheap, artificial "lemon extract," in ice planation of isomeric compounds behaving cream or candy or lemon cake. The exin different ways is that forces acting between the elemental atoms act only in certain directions from each other, and so produce different arrangements, and therefore different substances, under different circumstances. It is about the same with the five different kinds of ice; except that the principle is applied to the molecules of water, instead of the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen which form the water. It used to be assumed that the forces acting between aqueous molecules act from each molecule equally in all directions from the molecule; but now it seems they act only in certain directions.

What will these experiments lead to? They help to the formulation of an adequate theory of liquids, no present theory explaining all the known facts. And geophysicists will probably have to "guess again," since they have rather assumed that the interior of the earth is liquid; Prof. Bridgman's researches would go to prove that the earth's interior is solid, and very hot too, by reason of the tremendous pressure of the earth's surface.

It is in the putting forth of the hypothesis that the true man of science shows the creative power which makes him and the poets brothers. His must be a sensitive soul, ready to vibrate to nature's touches. Before the dull eye of the ordinary mind facts pass one after the other in long procession, but pass without effect, awakening nothing. In the eye of the man of genius, be he poet or man of science, the same facts light up an illumination, in the one of beauty, in the other of truth; each possesses a responsive imagination. Such had Bernard, and the responses which in his youth found. expression in verses, in his maturer and trained mind took the form of scientific hypothesis. Foster.

The imagination of Darwin or Pasteur, for example, is as high and productive a form of imagination as that of Dante or Goethe, or even Shakespeare, if we regard the human uses which result from the exercise of imaginative powers and mean by human uses not merely meat and drink, clothes and shelter, but also the satisfaction of mental and spiritual needs.-Dr. Eliot, of Harvard.

Some day, perhaps, the mystery of life and being which presses on the physiologist as on other men, and indeed with a double man may know, not only what he is, but

*MEDICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. The Science Press. New York, and Garrison, New York. The writers whose contributions make up this book are: Richard Mills Pearce, William H. Welch, W. H. Howell, Franklin P. Mall, Llewellys F. Barker, Charles S. Minot, W. B. Cannon, W. T. Councilman, Theobald Smith, G. N. Stewart, C. M. Jackson, E. P. Lyon, James B. Herrick, John M. Dodson, C. R. Bardeen, W. Ophüls, S. J. Meltzer, James Ewing, W. W. Keen, Henry H. Donaldson, Christian A. Herter and Henry P. Bowditch. And these eminent men have dwelt upon such vital subjects as: The Efforts of Isolated Investigators in Medicine, The Development of Laboratories for the Medical Sciences, Pasteur and the Era of Bacteriology, Present Day Methods and Problems, Medical Research in American Universities, The Public and the Medical Profession, The Experimental Method, Chance and the Prepared Mind, The Medical School of the Future, The Interdependence of Medicine and Other Sciences of Nature, Imagination and Idealism in the Medical Sciences, Medicine and the University, The Relation of the Hospital to Medical Education and Research, The Medical School as Part of the University, Liberty in Medical Education, Some Tendencies in Medical Education. Certain Ideals of Medical Education, The Career of the Investigator, The Outlook in Medicine, Problems, Methods and Organization of Research with Special Reference to Physiology, The Improvement of Medical Teaching, The Educational Function of Hospitals, Clinical Medicine.

weight, may be solved. Some day, perhaps, why he is. To-day, after but three thousand years of history and three hundred of science, it is indeed difficult to imagine how this can be. We can only trust that it may be. Some far-off to-morrow may arrive when the clearer vision of a million of years of science and of history may fathom the secret and read the reconcilement of the hopes and the destiny of man. "A hair, they say, divides the false and true; Yes; and a single Alif were the clue, Could you but find it, to the Treasure-house, And peradventure to the Master, too." -Stewart.

There is one quality the possession of which is the supreme need of the physician, without which he is as unfit and useless as a tone-deaf musician or a color blind painter; that is, the faculty of exact observation. Minot.

Accurate observation is by far the most difficult art which mankind has ever essayed. A nation may count on furnishing abundance of military talent, plenty of politicians and statesmen, enough of competent lawyers; it may even hope to have gifted artists and authors; but it can scarcely expect to produce a single master of the art of observation in a century. In a century Germany produces one Helmholtz, France one Pasteur, England one Darwinan American peer of these three is yet to become known.—Minot.

The most familiar sign of the public misconception is displayed in the effort of the daily press to furnish information on medical topics. With rare exceptions these efforts consist of sensationalism, personalities, wonder-tales, absurdities, and a general display of the haste and incompetence of the writer. Every medical article written for the public press should first be submitted to a competent medical expert for revision. More pernicious still is the influence of a score of semi-medical journals which cater to the taste for misinformation and absorb a large portion of the $50,000,000 paid annually in this country in the advertisement of quack medicines.-Ewing.

The discoveries which have transformed the face of modern medicine have been in the field of infectious diseases, and in no other department of medicine could new knowledge have meant so much to mankind, for the infectious diseases have a significance to the race possessed by no other class of disease, and problems relating to their restraint are scarcely less social and economic than medical.-Welch.

We cannot agree exactly on what a "good doctor" is. Some will say "Practical"; some will say "Scientific"; some will say "Knowledge"; some will say "Heart."Lyon. (The good doctor should be all of these.)

Wonderful as were the isolated achievements of the great discoverers in medicine in the early centuries, the great continuous advance in medicine during the past eighty years resulted from organized laboratory effort based on the principle of exact experimental methods; and it is the duty of the university so to organize its laboratories and hospitals that this advance of medicine by research may continue, side by side with teaching, as a university function of benefit to students and faculty as well as to the state and the general public welfare, and thus be an aid to the advancement of civilization.Pearce.

It is well that the sciences of nature hold out attractions to so many different types of mind, for the edifice of science is built of material which must be drawn from

many sources. A quarry opened in the interest of one enriches all of these sciences. The deeper we can lay the foundations and penetrate into the nature of things, the closer are the workers drawn together, the clearer becomes their community of purpose, and the more significant to the welfare of mankind the upbuilding of natural knowledge.-Welch.

Every citizen should be inspired with love of personal and public hygiene, as were the Greeks. Every physician should be deeply grounded in physiologic medicine and provided with proper facilities for using it practically. Every public health officer should know thoroughly the contributions of etiologic medicine. All efforts should be made to promote the most fundamental needs of society.-Bardeen.

He who purposes to study medicine should have in high degree three gifts, not one of which is common among mankind, yet all of which he must have: the power of reliable observation, intellectual endurance; loyalty.-Minot.

The die is cast, the book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which. It may well wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer.-Kepler.

We may regret the loss of many charming features which have been erased from the landscape of science by all of this minute specialization, of which no one can foresee the end, and such a sentiment is much the same and as unavailing as that for the return of the days of the stagecoach. The great instruments of progress in modern life-steam and electricity in the industries, subdivision of labor and increasing specialization in science-are not altogether lovely, but they are the conditions of advancement in material prosperity and natural knowledge.—Welch.

I like to think of medicine in our day as an ever-broadening and deepening river, fed by the limpid streams of pure science. The river at its borders has its eddies and currents, expressive of certain doubts and errors that fringe all progress; but it makes continuous advances on the way to the ocean of its destiny. Very gradual has been. the progress of its widening and deepening, for it is a product of human ingenuity and artifice, and only skilled engineers could direct the isolated currents of science into the somewhat sluggish stream of medical utility.-Herter.

It is the privilege and duty of hospitals. to extend their field of usefulness by opening their wards more freely to undergraduates in medicine, to elevate the standards of work done by nurses, internes, residents and attending staff, to foster research. By so doing they are not harming the patients, but are rather insuring them better and more skillful treatment. They are serving to enlighten and educate not only the individual, but the observing public as well, eager to learn and to be instructed in knowledge of medical matters.-Herrick.

HYGIENE FOR THE WORKER, by Wm. H. Tolman, Ph.D., and Adelaide W. Guthrie (Crampton's Hygiene Series). New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, American Book Company. This book, by the Director and his Associate, of the American Museum of Safety, which has done so much for the safeguarding of the workman, presents in brief space and terse, plain language, based on actual shop conditions, and it sets forth in a practical way matters most important for good health, happiness and efficiency.

THE PEOPLE'S HEALTH, A TEXTBOOK OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, by Walter M. Coleman, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1913. $.70. Cicero, twenty centuries ago, declared saens populi suprema lex; the health of the people is the supreme law. Now, in the twentieth century, the science of preventive medicine is demonstrating wonderfully how the people's health, upon which the stability and prosperity of any nation must depend, can best be maintained. Coleman has produced an excellent and most informing book on this subject, and it is well and profusely illustrated-a very valuable feature; for it is surprising how much can be learned from pictures alone.

THE SOLDIER'S FOOT AND THE MILITARY SHCE, by Edward Lyman Munson, A.M., M.D., Major, Medical Corps, United States Army. 54 illustrations. Approved by the War Department, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This excellent "Handbook for Officers of the Line" will be found most useful and enlightening by the orthopedist and by the general practitioner as well. Although it was intended for the soldiery, it will have decided application to the footwear of women who frequently, in obedience to the dictates of fashion, wear things on their feet that produce results comparable to those obtaining among certain of their Chinese sisters.

PYORRHEA ALVEOLARIS, by Friedrich Hecker, B.Sc.. D.D.S., A.M., M.D., St. Louis, C. V. Mosby Co., 1913. $2.00 net. Dr. Hecker, after careful observation covering a number of years, believes that Pyorrhea Alveolaris (Riggs' Disease) is

the result of constitutional and exciting causes which lower the vital resistance of the alveolar process, the gum and the peridental membrane; the alveolar disease exists because the body is out of harmony physiologically. From the physician's viewpoint and understanding we believe that Dr. Hecker is right; and that his book is unusually well worth the medical consultant and the family practitioner's study. The author demonstrates a case in which pyorrhea has been artificially produced in a guinea pig. He dwells on the autogenous vaccine treatment. The book is superbly and informingly illustrated.

DORLAND'S AMERICAN POCKET MEDICAL DICTIONARY. Edited by W. A. Newman Dorland, M.D., editor "American Illustrated Medical Dictionary." Eighth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 32mo, of 677 pages. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1913. Flexible leather, gold edges, $1.00 net; thumb index, $1.25 net.

It is said that one's ordinary vocabulary seldom goes beyond several thousand words. And although the practitioner must have a medical lexicon in his library, he will ordinarily need for ready reference to know about several thousand medical terms only. For the latter purpose Dorland's is altogether adequate. It is superbly bound; and this eighth edition defines several hundred more words than did the seventh.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES. By LeRoy Lewis, M.D., formerly Surgeon to and Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses at the Lewis Hospital, Bay City, Michigan. Third Edition Revised Thoroughly. 12mo of 326 pages, with 161 illustrations. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1913. Cloth, $1.75 net.

A nurse (despite the opinions of some authorities) does not need to know so much about anatomy and physiology as a doctor has to, or ought to know. She needs, however, to acquire the established and essential facts in these sciences. Such facts are simply, comprehensively and adequately set forth by Dr. Lewis. A valuable feature of his volume is the set of review questions at the end of each chapter.

I have no hesitation in saying, from a wide experience, that a due amount of care has never yet been bestowed upon the young human being.-Clement Dukes.

IF this broad assertion by one of the leaders in pediatrics causes you some pangs of conscience, there is yet hope for you! Who ever understood a child? What one among us all has ever had the wisdom and the love to treat a child with absolute fairness? The children are our accusers today, even with all our boasted advancement in their protection and care. The children are challenging us to give them a better chance, if we expect a fair return from

them.

The forces of society were never better organized than to-day for studying and investigating child life. Never before have we had so many appliances for improving the physical and intellectual conditions of childhood. Whether we are making the best use of present opportunities only time can tell. Surely every parent, every physician, teacher, and nurse ought to know that by taking an interest in the children all the resources of society may be commanded for their benefit.

It is for the purpose of improving our understanding of the child, and especially some of the ill-favored types of children, that we print this month the excellent paper by J. H. Buchanan. A study of this paper will doubtless bring to the minds of our readers individual instances of children who have been misunderstood and neglected or mistreated. What can we do for such cases? It should be our business to find out forthwith.

Many superstititons and traditions from the dark past have to be overcome before the child of this enlightened age can receive justice at the hands of ignorant parents or nurses. Many a child is allowed to suffer torments from pediculosis because his friendly parasites are supposed to act as a preventive of the diseases incident to his age a sort of living health insurance

which costs him nothing and covers about everything.

A week ago the writer was pleading with a mother to induce her to have her child treated for a nasty running ear. No. It would be dangerous to cure the ear and drive this drainage to another part of the body. The badness was running out of the boy all right, and as long as it kept running the mother was pleased.

Children are popularly supposed to "outgrow" all sorts of physical and mental troubles; the worse the defect the more likely to disappear when the proper age arrives for that particular kind of elimination. A boy in a private school was found suffering from eyestrain and a chronic inflammation which disfigured the eyelids. The school medical inspector advised his parents to place the boy under a doctor's care, but the mother said it would be unnecessary, because her neighbor, who had seen a similar case in the Old Country, assured her that her boy's eyes would be quite well when he was twenty years old. As the boy had only nine years to wait for a spontaneous cure and nothing much to do in the meantime but go to school, of course it wouldn't be worth while to bother with a doctor.

If some thrifty folk managed their business as they do their children they wouldn't have any business. But business is business and children are only "kids”—and plenty, at that.

Sometimes it is the doctor who needs to be reminded that children have rights, even though they may be his patients. We have just learned of a lad who was taken to the hospital and properly chloroformed by one doctor while another doctor proceeded to "operate" on his adenoids. When the affair was over the operator explained to the mother that he had only lanced the adenoids. She is now looking for another doctor who will remove them.

Let us learn to know the children better, and let us stand up for their rights as firmly as we would stand for our own.