verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, M. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi? 24. Extulit seems to have a present forceelatum gerit.' Comp. A. 11 257, X 262, notes. But it might be explained with reference to the time when Tityrus visited Rome-'I found her raising.' 25. The cypress, though not indigenous to Italy (Pliny XVI 79), was common there in Virgil's time, so that Keightley goes too far in censuring this allusion to it as unnatural in the mouth of a shepherd. Tityrus means to say that he found the difference one of kind. ['Viburna' wholly unknown. The genus viburnum of the modern botanists includes shrubs like the guelder rose and laurustinus, but there is no evidence that this use of the word rests on correct tradition. Apparently, however, some kind of shrub or brushwood is meant, above which the cyprus towers, as in many Italian landscapes.] 27-35. I went to buy my freedom, for which I had neglected to lay by during the better years of my life, while I had an unthrifty helpmate.' 27. Slaves saved their peculium to buy their freedom; and the less inertes they were, the sooner they got the necessary sum. Tityrus, a farm-slave or bailiff, having saved enough, goes to buy his freedom from his owner, and the owner of the estate, who is living at Rome. Nothing can be less happy than this allegory in itself except the way in which it is introduced in the midst of the realitythe general expulsion of the shepherds, and the exemption of Tityrus through the divine interposition of Octavianus-which ought to appear through the allegory and not by the side of it. 'Sera, tamen respexit': Spohn comp. Prop. Iv iv 5, 'Sera, sed Ausoniis veniet provincia virgis,' id. ib. xv 35, 'Sera, tamen pietas. 28. Candidior,' growing gray. There 25 30 is some appropriateness, as Forb. re- 29. Respexit tamen:' this repetition [Postempore' Pal. originally, and so 30. Since I got rid of the extravagant Galatea and took to the thrifty Amaryllis.' These were doubtless successive partners (contubernales) of the slave Tityrus. A pastoral, especially when drawn from slave life, must have its coarser sides. Galatea' in Theocr. (Idyls vi and XI) is a Nereid beloved by Polyphemus; and so she is elsewhere represented by Virg. (VII 37, IX 39). 'Amaryllis' (áμapvoow), Theocr. III I. 32. Peculium,' here used for the pri In meis saeptis.' In Horace's appropriation of the words, A. P. 330, 'peculium' perhaps refers, as Mr. Long sug quamvis multa meis exiret victima saeptis, M. Mirabar quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares, gests, to the property which children Varro (R. R. 1 14) De saeptis, quae tutandi causa fundi fiunt.' Here it'ovilibus,' just as the voting enclosures in the Campus Martius were called both 'saepta' and 'ovilia.' 34. Ingratae,' because it did not pay him for his trouble. 'Animi ingratam naturam pascere semper,' Lucr. III 1003. All that Tityrus did in those days seemed to be thrown away. Pinguis' with 'caseus,' not, as some have thought, with victima.' The less important thing requires an epithet to dignify it. Spohn refers to Colum. VII 8, from which it would seem that 'pinguis' would denote a cream cheese as distinguished from one made with milk ('tenui liquore '). 35. So the author of the Moretum, v. 83, Inde domum cervice levis, gravis aere, redibat.' For this traffic with the country town, comp. G. 1 273, III 400. Tityrus blames the unthrift of Galatea and his own recklessness which made him take no sufficient pains about making money by his produce, though he took it from time to time to Mantua. There is no reason to suppose that he squandered his earnings directly on Galatea, which would only complicate the passage, being not quite consistent with the blame thrown on the town, v. 34. 36-39. I remember well how you were missed, both by Amaryllis and by the property under your charge, though I did not then know that you were away.' 37. Amaryllis, in her sorrow, had forgotten her careful habits. She left the fruit hanging for Tityrus, as if no hand 35 40 but his ought to gather it. 'Sua' is well illustrated by Forb. from VII 54, 'Strata iacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma;' G. 11 82, Miratur. . . non sua poma;' and A. VI 206, 'quod non sua seminat arbos.' 6 For poma' Rom. originally had 'mala :' in Gud. too 'poma' appears in an erasure. 38. Aberat : ' the short syllable lengthened as in III 97, etc. [See the Excursus at the end of the third vol. H. N.] 'Ipsae: the various parts of nature called him back, because all suffered from his absence, pines (comp. VII 65), springs (comp. II 59, V 40), and orchards, all depending on his care. Thus there is a playfulness in the passage, which Virg. doubtless meant as a piece of rustic banter. No one, except perhaps Voss, who expresses himself inconsistently, seems to have perceived the meaning of this and the following line, which is not, according to one of Voss's explanations, that Amaryllis made all nature echo with her cries (in which case the enumeration of the different objects would be jejune); nor yet simply, according to the common view, that all nature sympathized with her, as in v 62 mountains, rocks, and trees rejoice in Daphnis' apotheosis, or as in x 13 bay-trees, tamarisks, and the pine-crowned Maenalus weep for Gallus, an image which would be too great for the present occasion. 40-45. I could not help leaving them both; my only chance was by getting to Rome. And there it was that I saw my deity, a glorious youth, to whom I pay divine honours. From his lips I received a firm assurance of security.' 40. 'Alio modo,' or something equivalent, is to be supplied from alibi' in the next verse. 2 nec tam praesentis alibi cognoscere divos. hic illum vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quodannis bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant : hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti : pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri; summittite tauros. M. Fortunate senex, ergo tua rura manebunt, et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omnia nudus 41. Virg. seems to be trying to blend the two ideas of the slave's master and Octavian with each other. 'Praesens' applied to a god means not so much propitious as powerful to aid; the power of a heathen god being connected with his presence. Hence the word is applied to a powerful remedy, G. II 127. [Cognoscere,' find.-H. N.] 42. There is no getting over the confusion between the slave going to buy his freedom of his master and the ejected freeholder going to beg restitution of Octavian. V. 45 is quite inapplicable to the case of the slave. Octavian is called 'iuvenis' again G. 1 500 (note) and by Hor. Od. I i 41. Juv. V 45 gives the same appellation to Aeneas (comp. A. 1x 88). ' Quodannis' Pal. and originally Rom.-H. N. So Ribbeck.] 43. 'Bis senos dies,' i.e. twelve days in the year [perhaps once in a month.H. N. Mr. Marindin refers to Tibull. iii 34, 'reddere antiquo menstrua tura lari.'] The critics say that Octavian was to be worshipped among the Lares (Hor. Od. Iv v 34, et Laribus tuum Miscet numen'); but Cato R. R. 148 says that the 'Lar familiaris' is to be worshipped on all the Kalends, Nones, and Ides, which would make thirty-six days in all. The present 'fumant' is used because the sacrifices, which Tityrus intends to be annual, have already begun. 44. For responsum' as an answer to a petitioner, comp. Hor. Carm. Saec. 55, 'fam Scythae responsa petunt superbi Nuper et Indi.' Primus' denotes the anxiety with which the response was sought; it does not imply that any one else could have given it. Comp. A. vII 117, 'Ea vox audita laborum Prima tulit finem.' 'It was here that he gave me my first assurance.' 45. Pueri' is the common phrase for slaves, like maiç in Greek, and 'child' in old English. But observe how the alle 45 gory is sustained. Tityrus goes to Rome with his money and asks his master to emancipate him: his master answers, 'You shall not be turned out of your land by my veterans.' 'Summittere,' to raise for breeding or propagation, both, of animals and plants. Comp. G. III 73, 159, and instances from the Scriptores Rei Rusticae in Forcell. It should perhaps be strictly 'summittite vitulos' as in G. III 159; but taurus' for ‘vitulus' is a very slight impropriety of expression, and indicates, moreover, the reason for which they were bred. Feeding cattle and breeding them is a very natural description of the grazier's business. Some have taken summittite' as 'summittite iugo,' i.e. 'domate,' and the line as an exhaustive description of farming. [Non. p. 389 M. takes summitto' here and in Georg. III 73 as = 'admitto,' and so Serv. on Georg. III 73.-H. N.] 46-58. Yes, you are happy; poor as your land may be, you can enjoy it undisturbed and be content. Your flocks will be healthy, and you will live in the shade by the water, lulled by the hum of the bee, the song of the vine-dresser, and the cooing of the dove.' 46. Tua' is a predicate, like 'magna.' Wagn. refers to the phrase 'meum est,' as in IX 4. 'Manebunt' is also predicate, 'It is yours and yours for ever.' 47. You (Tityrus or Virgil) are content with your farm, though it is all covered with stones, and full of pools and rushes (so that no soldier need envy you its possession). Palus' is probably the overflowing of the Mincio; VII 13. 'Omnia can hardly be taken with 'pascua :' it must mean the whole farm, while the latter part of the description applies only to the pastures by the river. This disparaging clause presents a difficulty, which some have got rid of by supposing the words to refer to the condition not of Tityrus' own property, but of limosoque palus obducat pascua iunco. the lands about him, as in v 12; while 49. Temptabunt,' poison: so of a disease, G. III 441. The sense of 'fetus' has been doubted, as it may either mean pregnant or just delivered: but it appears to be fixed to the former meaning by the epithet gravis,' which must be equivalent to 'gravidas,' as in A. I 274. 50. 'Mala,' malignant; 'malum virus,' G. I 129. So the Homeric κακὴ νόσος : 'mala scabies,' Hor. A. P. 453, of a contagious disorder. 51. Flumina nota,' Mincio and Po, if we are to be precise. 52. Fontis sacros,' from the pretty superstition which assigned a divinity to every source and spring. So iɛpòv vowo, Theocr. VII 136, Stratus. lene caput sacrae,' Hor. Od. I i 22. 'Captabis,' 11 8. ad aquae 53. The supposed perplexities attending the construction of this sentence are all removed by Weise's suggestion of making quae semper' an elliptical relative clause in the sense of ut semper' (VI 15), like 50 55 'quae proxima, litora,' A. 1 167 (note). 'Shall lull you to sleep as it has ever done.' 'Quae' then will be used here for the corresponding adverb 'quemadmodum,' like quo,' A. 1 8, for quomodo,' 'si quem,' ib. 181, for sicubi." • Vicino ab limite' is thus seen to be an epexegesis of hinc,' a mode of expression which Wagn. has supported by various passages, e.g., A. II 18, Huc . . . includunt caeco lateri.' 54. Keightley remarks on Hyblaeis,' that it is a favourite practice of the Latin poets of the Augustan and later periods, to give things the name of the people or place famed for them, e.g. v 27, 29, IX 30, x 59. It may be set down as one of the characteristics of an artificial school, the writers of which recognize commonplaces as such, and find the poetry of objects rather in external, especially literary, associations than in any thing which they suggest to the mind directly. Salictum,' abbreviated form of 'salicetum,' used in prose as well as poetry. 'Depasta' might very well be used for depasta est,' but depasta est' could not be used for depascitur.' · 55. The susurrus' comes partly from the bees, partly from the leaves, the latter as in Theocr. 1 1, αδύ τι τὸ ψιθύρισμα καὶ ἁ πίτυς, αἰπόλε, τήνα, Α ποτὶ ταῖς παγαῖσι μeλíoderai. 56. The frondator' (Catull. LXIV 41) dressed the trees by stripping them of their leaves, which were used for the fodder of cattle. Comp. IX 60, and the whole passage G. 11 397-419. There is no need to settle whether the leaves here meant are those of the arbustum,' as the same person would naturally strip all the trees in a farm like that of Tityrus, though we may still illustrate'alta sub rupe' by comparing G. 11 522, Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis.' The words are per nec tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes, aut Ararim Parthus bibet aut Germania Tigrim, M. At nos hinc alii sitientis ibimus Afros, haps from Theocr. VIII 55, XX' vπò τ πέτρᾳ τῇδ' ᾄσομαι. Canet ad auras,' fill the air with his song; comp. A. vI 561, 'quis tantus plangor ad auras?' The description, as Spohn remarks, points to the month of August, from the mention not only of the 'frondatio' (comp. G. II 400, Col. XI 2), but of the cooing of the woodpigeons during incubation. See note on next verse. 57. Tua cura,' 'your delight' X 22, 'tua cura, Lycoris.' Pliny makes the cooing of the wood-pigeons a sign that autumn is coming on, XVIII 267, Palumbium utique exaudi gemitus. Transisse solstitium caveto putes, nisi cum incubantem videris palumbem.' 58. The Romans kept turtle-doves on their farms, Varro R. R. III 8, Col. VIII 9, Pallad. 1 25. Ulmo: Nota quae sedes fuerat columbis,' Hor. Od. I ii 10. 59-63.Nature will change her course, and nations their seats, before I forget my benefactor.' 59. Ergo' is resumptive, as in G. IV 206 (note), Meliboeus' speech forming a parenthesis. One inferior MS. has 'in aequore' [which is accepted by Ribbeck, who quotes Ovid Met. XIV 37, Calpurn. VIII 75.] But this (besides its want of authority) would not agree with 'leves,' with which Wagn. comp. A. v 838, vi 16. The main idea of this passage is worked up again in a different shape v 76, and, in heroic style, A. 607. Its source, as Keightley remarks, is perhaps Hdt. v 92, Η δὴ ὅ τε οὐρανὸς ἔσται ἔνερθε τῆς γης, καὶ ἡ γῆ μετέωρος ὑπὲρ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι νομὸν ἐν θαλάσσῃ ἕξουσι, καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες τὸν πρότερον ἄνθρωποι, ὅτε γε ὑμεῖς κ.τ.λ. 60. And fishes shall dwell on the land.' The expression, as Keightley re 60 marks, is not very happy, as there is 61. Pererratis amborum finibus' is an The 62. The Arar (Saone) is a river of Gaul, not of Germany: its source, however, in the high land connected with the Vosges (Vogesus) is not very far from Alsace, which in and before Virg.'s time, as now, was inhabited by Germans. ancients, too, frequently confounded the Germans and Celts. At all events the error, whatever it may amount to, is Virg.'s own, and not a dramatic touch of rustic ignorance. Those who make such defences should remember that a poet had better commit a blunder in geography than a platitude. 63. Before I forget the gracious look he gave me.' The notion seems to be that of a god's benign countenance. 'Cultus' is an ingenious, but by no means necessary conjecture. A correction in Pal. has labantur.' · 64-78. We have to make a change like that you speak of, wandering, it may be, to the ends of the earth. Perhaps I may never see my old home again; or, if I do, it will be in the hands of a brutal alien. I have laboured for another, and I must now bid farewell for ever to the joy of a shepherd's life.' 64. The thought of migration, as Keightley remarks, is suggested by the mode of expression just employed by |