(afterwards lord Cowley), minister plenipotentiary, ad int., June 14.

1845. Sir Stratford Canning (as above). The PRESENT (1850) Ambassador to Turkey.

TO THE GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY, &c.

Sir Horace Mann, bart., envoy extraordinary: died Nov. 1786, having been fortysix years minister at this court.

TO THE NEW STATES IN NORTH AMERICA.

1835. Richard Pakenham (afterwards Rt. hon. | 1847. Percy-William Doyle, again, chargé d'afsir Richard), minister plenipotentiary, to Mexico. March 12.

1849.

faires, to Mexico.

Frederick Chatfield, chargé d'affaires, to
Guatimala. June 16.

1850. The same, chargé d'affaires (in addition to
his previous appointment), to Costa Rica.
Feb. 20. The present chargé des affaires.
Charles Bankhead. The PRESENT (1850)
Chargé des Affaires to Mexico.

TO THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA.

1791. George Hammond, minister plenipoten- | 1803. Anthony Merry, envoy extraordinary tiary. July 5.

[Mr. Hammond was the first minister sent
from Great Britain to America.]

1796. Robert Liston (afterwards Rt. hon. sir
Robert), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. March 10.

1806.

and minister plenipotentiary. Sept.

16.

Hon. David-Montagu Erskine (afterwards succeeded as lord Erskine), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 22.

AMBASSADORS, ENVOYS, ETC.

1807. George-Henry Rose (afterwards Rt. hon.); special mission. Oct. 23.

1809. Francis-James Jackson, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 6.

1811. Augustus-John Foster (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Augustus), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. February.

1815. Hon. Charles Bagot (afterwards Rt. hon.

1842.

wards sir Charles), envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary. May 21.
envoy extraor-
1835. Henry-Stephen Fox,
dinary and minister plenipotentiary.
Oct. 2.
Alexander Baring, lord Ashburton; ex-
traordinary and special mission. Jan. 18.
Rt. hon. Richard Pakenham (afterwards
sir Richard), envoy extraordinary and
minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 14.
Rt. hon. sir Henry-Lytton Bulwer, envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. April 27. The PRESENT (1850)
Minister to the United States of North
America.

1843.

sir Charles), envoy extraordinary and 1849.
minister plenipotentiary. July 31.

1820. Rt. hon. sir Stratford Canning, envoy ex-
traordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary. July 18.

1825. Rt. hon. Charles-Richard Vaughan (after

SOUTH AMERICA.

TO THE EMPEROR OF BRAZIL.

extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 2.

1838. William-Gore Ouseley, chargé d'affaires.

April 20.

[Since the separation of Brazil from Portugal, 1835. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, envoy and its erection into an empire in November, 1825.] 1826. Hon. Robert Gordon (afterwards Rt. hon. sir Robert), envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. July 31. 1828. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Ponsonby, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. Feb. 12. Percy Clinton, viscount Strangford; special mission. Aug. 19.

1832. Henry-Stephen Fox, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. June 1.

1842. Rt. hon. Henry Ellis; extraordinary and special mission. Aug. 27.

1847. John Hobart, lord Howden, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary.

1850.

Jan. 25.

James Hudson, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. May 13. The PRESENT (1850) Minister to Brazil.

TO BUENOS AYRES.

la

1826. John, lord (afterwards viscount) Pon-
sonby, envoy extraordinary and mi-
nister plenipotentiary. (Rio de
Plata). Feb. 28.
1830. Henry-Stephen Fox, minister plenipo-
tentiary. July 9.

1834. Hamilton-Charles-James Hamilton, mi-
nister plenipotentiary. July 5.

1835. John-Henry Mandeville, minister plenipotentiary. Oct. 2.

1844. William-Gore Ouseley, minister plenipotentiary. Dec. 13.

1848. Henry Southern, minister plenipotentiary. May 31. The PRESENT (1850) Minister.

TO THE OTHER NEW STATES OF SOUTH AMERICA.

1826. Alexander Cockburn, envoy extraordinary 1843. Adolphus Turner, chargé d'affaires to

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.

THE higher Officers of the Government, holding their offices at pleasure, and removable on political change, are collectively called "the Administration," and are almost invariably members of one or other house of parliament. A select number of these, filling the most important offices, who assemble to concert on, and conduct the measures of the Administration, are called the CABINET, a name not known to the Constitution', but which is, in fact, a Committee of the Privy Council-constituting the responsible advisers of the Crown.

In old times the chief minister was the Chancellor, whose office originally included, besides its legal functions, the duties subsequently performed by Secretaries of State. In modern times, the extension and importance of the financial department, and, above all, the influence created by financial and fiscal patronage, have generally induced the chief minister to take the Treasury department, either as Lord High Treasurer or as First Lord Commissioner of the Board of Treasury. In the latter case, when he is a member of the house of commons, he has generally also been Chancellor of the Exchequer. We believe the only exceptions to this practice have been in the recent cases of Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell. Nor is it of necessity that the First Minister should be First Lord of the Treasury. Lord Chatham, in his first ministry (1756), chose rather to be Secretary of State, and in that of 1766, Privy Seal.

The Cabinet Ministers usually are, the First Lord of the Treasury, the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the First Lord of the Admiralty, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the three Principal Secretaries of State, and, latterly, the President of the Board of Controul, and President of the Board of Trade. To these are occasionally added one or more of the following, viz.: the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, the Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, the Secretary-at-War, the Master-General of the Ordnance, the PostmasterGeneral, the Master of the Mint, and, recently, the Chief Secretary for Ireland.

Sometimes, personages of distinguished rank and political weight are invited to a seat in the Cabinet, without office, as instanced in the late appointment of the Duke of Wellington; his grace was, however, at the time, Commander-in-Chief. Lords Sidmouth and Harrow by remained in the Cabinet for a short time after their resignation of office; and Lord Mulgrave continued a cabinet minister without office in 1820. Lord Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, had a seat in the Cabinet in the Administration known by the derisive appellation of "All the Talents." This last appointment was generally condemned as unconstitutional, but it was sanctioned by a majority in parliament. Lord Ellenborough, however, afterwards declared himself opposed to such appointments.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF ENGLAND.
(From the Accession of King Henry VIII.)
KING HENRY VIII.

1509. William Warham, archbishop of Canter-
bury, lord chancellor; Dr. Thomas
Howard, earl of Surrey (afterwards
duke of Norfolk), lord treasurer; Dr.
Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester 1514.

(former secretary to Henry VII.), privy seal; George, earl of Shrewsbury, lord steward; Charles, lord Herbert, lord chamberlain; Dr. John Fisher, bishop of Rochester and cardinal, &c. Thomas Wolsey, archbishop of York and

1 The term cabinet council is of comparatively modern date, and originated thus: The affairs of state in the reign of Charles I. were principally managed by the archbishop of Canterbury, the earl of Strafford, and the lord Cottington; to these were added the earl of Northumberland, for ornament; the bishop of London for his place, being lord treasurer; the two secretaries, Vane and Windebank, for service and intelligence; only the marquess of Hamilton, by his skill and interest, meddled just so far, and no further, than he had a mind. These persons made up the committee of state, reproachfully called the junto, and afterwards, enviously, the cabinet council.— Lord Clarendon.

There is no list of the cabinet: they are necessarily privy councillors, and have an extra official summons or notice to attend; and each member holds a master-key of the despatch boxes of all the various departments. by means of which each cabinet minister circulates, as it is called, intelligence received, or despatches proposed, &c., for the information and advice of his colleagues.

cardinal, lord chancellor; Thomas, duke
of Norfolk, lord treasurer; Charles, earl
Thomas
of Worcester, lord chamberlain;
Routhal, bishop of Durham, secretary
The
of state (made privy seal), &c.
duke of Norfolk afterwards resigned in
favour of his son.

1523. Thomas, earl of Surrey, lord high trea-
surer; Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of
London, privy seal; Dr. Richard Pace
(succeeded by Dr. Knight), secretary

of state.

1529. Sir Thomas More, lord chancellor; Thomas

Howard, duke of Norfolk, lord high
treasurer; Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of
London, privy seal; Dr. Stephen Gar-
diner, afterwards bishop of Winchester,
secretary of state; Dr. Thomas Cran-
mer, afterwards archbishop of Canter-
bury, &c.

1532. Sir Thomas Audley (afterwards lord Aud-
ley), lord keeper; Thomas Boleyn, earl
of Wiltshire, privy seal; Thomas Crom-
well, afterwards earl of Essex; Thomas
Cranmer, afterwards archbishop of
Canterbury, &c.

1540. Thomas, lord Audley, lord chancellor ;

Thomas, duke of Norfolk, lord high treasurer; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord president; Henry, earl of Surrey, bishop Gardiner, lord Russell, &c. Sir Thomas (afterwards lord) Wriothesley and sir Ralph Sadler, secretaries of state. 1544. Thomas, lord Wriothesley, lord chancellor; Thomas, duke of Norfolk, lord treasurer; Charles, duke of Suffolk, lord president; John, lord Russell, privy seal; William, lord St. John, John, lord Sir Lisle, sir Anthony Brown, &c. William Petre and sir William Paget, secretaries of state.

KING EDWARD VI.

&c. Sir William Petre and sir William
Cecil, secretaries of state.

QUEEN MARY.

1554. Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, lord chancellor; William, marquess of Winchester (late lord Wiltshire), lord treasurer; earl of Arundel, lord president; John, earl of Bedford (succeeded by Edward, earl of Derby), privy seal; William, lord Howard, lord high admiral; sir Edward Hastings, sir John Baker, Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, &c. Sir William Petre, sir John Cheke, and sir John Bourne, (three) secretaries of state.

It appears by the Council Register, folio 725, that three secretaries of state were appointed 7 Edward VI. June 2, 1553.

QUEEN ELIZABETH.

1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper and privy
seal; William, marquess of Winchester,
lord treasurer; Edward, lord Clinton,
lord admiral; sir Robert Dudley, after-
wards earl of Leicester (a favourite),
lord Howard of Effingham, lord Arun-
del, sir Francis Knollys, &c. Sir Wil-
liam Cecil, secretary of state.
last illustrious statesman (afterwards
lord Burleigh) continued secretary or
chief minister during almost the whole
of this long reign.]

1572.

[This

Sir William Cecil, now lord Burleigh, lord high treasurer; sir Nicholas Bacon, lord chancellor; lord Howard of Effingham, privy seal; Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, master of the horse, sir Henry Cocks, the earl of Sussex, &c. Sir Francis Walsingham, secretary of state. 1579. Sir Thomas Bromley, lord chancellor; William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer; Edward, earl of Lincoln, lord high admiral; Ambrose, earl of Warwick, ordnance; Thomas, earl of Sussex, Robert, earl of Leicester, sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Francis James Windebank, &c. Walsingham and sir Thomas Wilson, secretaries of state.

1547. William, lord St. John, lord keeper and
lord president (succeeded by Richard,
lord Rich, as lord chancellor); Edward,
earl of Hertford, lord protector, created
duke of Somerset, and made lord trea-
surer; John, lord Russell, privy seal;
Henry, earl of Arundel, lord chamber-
lain; Thomas, lord Seymour, sir An-
thony Brown, &c. Sir William Paget 1587.
and sir William Petre, secretaries of
state.

1551. Thomas Goodrich, bishop of Ely, lord

keeper, afterwards lord chancellor; John 1599.
Dudley (late lord Lisle) earl of Warwick,
created duke of Northumberland, lord
high admiral; William, late lord St.
John, now earl of Wiltshire (lord trea-
surer in 1550), president of the council;
John, earl of Bedford, privy seal; Tho-
mas, lord Wentworth, lord chamberlain,

Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor;
William, lord Burleigh, lord treasurer;
Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (a fa-
vourite), &c.

Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, after-
wards earl of Dorset, lord high trea-
surer; sir Thomas Egerton (afterwards
lord Ellesmere, and subsequently vis-
count Brackley) lord keeper; Charles,
lord Howard of Effingham, &c.
Robert Cecil (son of lord Burleigh),
secretary of state.

Sir

1 This nobleman was marked by Henry for death, and his escape from it was signally providential. Upon the most frivolous charges, he had been condemned, without trial or evidence, by the obsequious peers, and a bill of attainder had passed their house against him. Norfolk wrote a pathetic letter to the king, protesting his entire innocence and pleading his past services; his son had already suffered on the scaffold. But the vengeance of Henry, though his own end was fast approaching, was not to be appeased. Fearing his victim might escape him, he sent a message to the commons to hasten the bill, to which he affixed the royal assent by commission, and issued orders for Norfolk's execution on the morning of the 29th of January. News, however, having reached the Tower that the king himself had expired that night, the lieutenant deferred obeying the warrant, and it was not thought advisable by the council to begin a new reign by the unmerited death of the greatest nobleman in the kingdom. - Hume.